The purpose of this study is to assess worldwide environmental-related issues in order to identify and analyze events that might trigger future international environmental treaties, conventions, or protocols and/or modifications to the existing ones.
Your views on these items and/or your suggestions of additional items are most welcome. Please email Elizabeth Florescu at acunu@igc.org.
The Millennium Project defines environmental security as environmental viability
for life support, with three sub-elements:
· preventing or repairing military damage to the environment,
· preventing or responding to environmentally caused conflicts, and
· protecting the environment due to its inherent moral value.
For an organization of the items in cathegories around the structure of this definition, please download the MsWord document ES-scanning-06.doc (items identified between August 2002 and June 2006)
For a complete version of the monthly reports with Military Implications, see
the Army Environmental Policy Institute web page http://www.aepi.army.mil/rpt-weei.html
Following below, the items are organized by the months they were identified--updated
monthly.
2006
July 2006
June 2006
May 2006
April 2006
March 2006
February 2006
January 2006
2005
December 2005
November 2005
October 2005
September 2005
August 2005
July 2005
June 2005
May 2005
April 2005
March 2005
February 2005
January 2005
2004
December 2004
November 2004
October 2004
September 2004
August 2004
July 2004
June 2004
May 2004
April 2004
March 2004
February 2004
January 2004
2003
December 2003
November 2003
October 2003
August-September 2003
July 2003
June 2003
May 2003
April 2003
March 2003
February 2003
January 2003
2002
December 2002
November 2002
October 2002
September 2002
August 2002
Hezbollah-Israeli War Threatens an Already Precarious Environment
Arab countries are among the least environmentally sustainable in the world.
The current wars are making this situation worse. The impact of the oil slick
caused by Israeli bombing of the Jiyyeh power station is an “environmental
tragedy which is rapidly taking on a national but also a regional dimension,”
warned UNEP Executive Director Achim Steiner. Long-term implications also include
the loss to fishing for the Lebanese people, and decline in tourism. Presently
the ecological damage spreads along 50 miles of the Lebanese coast; 10,000 tons
of crude oil have been released into the Mediterranean, with another 15,000
tons expected to spill very soon. According to the Environmental Sustainability
Index of Yale University, Iraq, Sudan, and Kuwait fall within the bottom 5%
of the world for sustainability and half of the remaining Arab States scored
in the lowest 25%. Without major changes, environmentally induced migrations
and more conflicts in the region seem inevitable.
Sources:
Environmental 'crisis' in Lebanon http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5233358.stm
UN environment agency backs response to Lebanon oil slick emergency
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=19351&Cr=Leban&Cr1=
Rescue Lebanon’s Coast; Oil Spill Crisis http://www.moe.gov.lb/rescuelebanon.htm
Abu Dhabi Declaration on Environment and Energy http://www.unep.org.bh/Publications/DTIE%20Final/AbuDhabiDeclarationEn.pdf
Environmental Sustainability Index http://www.yale.edu/esi/ESI2005_Main_Report.pdf
"Environmental Sustainability in the Arab World"
http://www.yale.edu/envirocenter/Environmental%20Sustainability%20in%20the%20Arab%20World_Esty%20Levy%20and%20Winston.pdf
Better International Controls Needed
to Prevent Bioterrorism
“The biological weapons threat is multiplying and will do so regardless
of the countermeasures we try to take,” warns Steven Block, a Stanford
University biophysicist and former president of the Biophysical Society. The
likelihood of SIMAD (Single Individual Massively Destructive), motivated by
ideology or personal issues, is increasing fast and there is no adequate international
treaty (the Biological Weapons Convention is not enough) or oversight agency
to prevent malicious use of biotechnology work. There is no monitoring of the
expanding gene-synthesis industry and the supervision of controversial experiments
is voluntary and irregular at universities and private laboratories around the
world. While scientists are still arguing on what approach would be the best
to increase protection against bioterrorism, they agree on the need for swift
and intensified international control to impede the accidental or deliberate
release of genetically modified organisms. Along the same lines, China has updated
its 2002 list of controlled export materials that could be used to produce biological
weapons to fight terrorism. The new list added 14 types of viruses, toxins,
bacteria, and equipment, and strengthened export control.
Sources:
Custom-Built Pathogens Raise Bioterror Fears
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/30/AR2006073000580.html
(by subscription only)
The Secretive Fight Against Bioterror
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/29/AR2006072900592.html?sub=AR
(by subscription only)
A spy among us? http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/bal-te.detrick30jul30,0,2573448.story
No action on bio-terrorism loophole http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/story/0,,1834550,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=18
China to tighten biological export control http://english.people.com.cn/200607/29/eng20060729_287991.html
EU to Introduce New Regulations to Combat Surface
Waters Pollution
The European Commission has proposed new rules regulating the amount of chemicals
and toxic substances seeping into the continent's surface waters. The new regulation
will apply to the 25-nation bloc, and would set new limits on the concentration
levels of 41 hazardous chemicals in rivers, lakes and coastal waters. The directive,
if approved by member states and the European Parliament, would require EU nations
to "achieve the proposed limits for all priority substances by 2015 and
cease discharges and emission of priority hazardous substances into water by
2025," says the Commission statement.
Sources:
Commission takes action to combat surface water pollution from dangerous substances
http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/06/1007&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
Priority substances under the Water Framework Directive
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-dangersub/pri_substances.htm
Environment to Get Crucial Role in Sudan's Future
Peace and Prosperity Strategy
UNEP is conducting detailed environmental assessments in order to identify
environmental impacts, pressures, risks, and priorities for Sudan’s post-conflict
reconstruction plans. Since December 2005, four field missions were conducted
in each of the main geographic areas. These findings will be presented in the
UNEP report Sudan – Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment scheduled for
release in October 2006 and then incorporated into national policies, plans,
and laws for resource management in Sudan. UNEP is also currently preparing
a program entitled Capacity Building for Environmental Governance in Sudan,
which will cover the period 2007-2009. The UNEP study and recommendations are
another example of the importance being accorded to the environmental dimension
in post-conflict reconstruction.
Source:
UN Environment at Sudan National Planning Environmental Management Workshop
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=483&ArticleID=5313&l
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental Security
Implications
New and Improved Water Purification Method
Delft University of Technology (Netherlands), with Merle de Kreuk as principal
researcher, and the DHV engineering consultancy, has developed a compact and
environmentally friendly water purification method, in which aerobic bacteria
form granules that sink quickly. In this new aerobic granular sludge technology
(Nereda™), aerobic bacterial granules are formed in the water that is
to be purified. These granules not only sink quickly but their use also has
the advantage that only one vessel is needed for the process. The new technique
requires 25% of the space and 70% of the energy needed for earlier methods.
Source:
New water-purification method promises radical improvement http://www.physorg.com/news70621194.html
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
UK Proposes Individual Carbon Trading
The UK Minister of the Environment has proposed a plan for individual carbon-trading
procedures. Under the proposal, all UK citizens would be allocated a certain
annual amount of carbon credits that will be reduced each time they purchase
non-renewable energy. The points will be stored on an electronic card and those
who did not use their full allocation would be able to sell their surplus carbon
points into a central bank, while those who run out of points will be charged
additionally at the point of sale for the equivalent of the missing points.
To reduce total UK emissions, the overall number of points would be reduced
each year. Details and the place for launching the pilot project should be announced
shortly. If the new UK carbon-trading scheme proves feasible and efficient,
it is likely that it will be emulated in other (if not all) EU countries and
possibly even other regions of the world strongly committed to reducing their
carbon emissions. [See also Possible Tougher European Carbon Limits in May 2006
and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Source:
Miliband unveils carbon swipe-card plan http://www.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,,1824241,00.html
(article accessible free for a limited time; otherwise, subscription required)
Europe Considers Aviation Policies to Reduce Greenhouse Gases
The European Parliament is increasing its discussions on the impact of aviation
on climate change, considering introducing kerosene taxes, and having the industry
join the Kyoto Protocol-induced obligations. The World Travel & Tourism
Council opposes such measures, which—they say—do not take into consideration
the larger picture of the challenges which need to be managed, including jobs,
economic impact, and even a negative effect on pollution.
Sources:
EU Parliament Wants Aviation Tax, Emissions Trade http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/37117/story.htm
WTTC reacts to EU aviation tax debate http://www.breakingtravelnews.com/article/2006071407510441
Climate Change
Heat Waves and Extreme Weather Conditions Attributed Mainly to Global Warming
With extreme heat waves in Europe and the hottest summer in North America, scientists
argue whether global warming is the cause; most of them agree that it is. “Ten
of the last 12 years were the warmest since 1850. The global temperature (since
then) rose 0.7 degrees Celsius and most climate models suggest it’s going
to continue to warm by 2 to 5 degrees Celsius this century,” says Philip
Jones, climate research professor at Britain’s East Anglia University.
He also adds that globally, sea levels are rising by around 1.5 millimeters
(0.06 inches) per year and have risen some 20 centimeters (7.8 inches) since
the late 19th century. Warmer seas due to global warming will most probably
also cause changes in precipitation patterns and increase intensity of hurricanes.
(The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment draft text, which will be released next
year, forecasts a 2–4.5º C warming by 2050—a faster change
than their 2001 forecast of 1.4–5.8º C warming by 2100).
New Strategy of UNESCO World Heritage Committee for Heritage Sites and Climate
Change
UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee is registering protected sites threatened
by climate change. These sites will be monitored and actions will be suggested
to prevent their damage from climate change. A policy document on the impact
of climate change on World Heritage properties will be presented to the World
Heritage Committee in 2007. Created in 1972, UNESCO's World Heritage List covers
812 sites around the world. Located in 137 countries, 628 of the World Heritage
sites are cultural, 160 are natural and 24 are mixed. [See also New Protected
Ecological Sites in July 2005, Nine New Hotspots Added to World's Protected
Areas in February 2005, Intensified Efforts Needed to Save Biodiversity
in January 2005, and related items on UNESCO World Heritage Sites in November
and June 2004, and October 2003 environmental security monthly reports.]
Mission to Study Arctic Environmental Changes
The UN launched a two-year scientific mission in the Arctic to monitor changes
in global climate, thinning of the ozone layer, and impacts of chemical pollution.
There is evidence that the Arctic climate is warming rapidly and that more serious
changes are looming, which, although with global effect, would most drastically
affect indigenous communities and polar biodiversity.
Burning Fossil Fuels Acidifies Oceans, Erodes Coral Reefs
Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers, a
report co-authored by scientists from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan,
Monaco, New Caledonia, and the United States, is a comprehensive analysis of
marine calcifiers, documenting that worldwide emissions of carbon dioxide from
fossil fuel burning is making the oceans more acidic, dramatically altering
ocean chemistry and threatening marine biodiversity, mainly causing coral decalcification.
Although recommending further research for determining the extent of the impacts,
it predicts that calcification rates might decrease as much as 60% within the
21st century.
Sources:
Climate change behind summer heat waves? http://msnbc.msn.com/id/13993578/
Earth from Space: A cloudless UK http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMHAZ715QE_index_0.html
World Heritage Committee adopts strategy on heritage and climate change http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/262
Swiss Map Permafrost After Signs Alps Crumbling http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/37442/story.htm
Global Warming Puts 12 US Parks at Risk – Report http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/37391/story.htm
Report Warns about Carbon Dioxide Threats to Marine Life http://www.ucar.edu/news/releases/2006/acidification.shtml
UN supports two-year expedition probing Arctic climate change http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=19156&Cr=UNEP&Cr1=
China Creates 11 Independent Environmental “Watchdog” Centers
China is establishing eleven watchdog centers to monitor and investigate environmental
issues free from local government interference. The centers will operate under
direct control of the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) and
will include five centers for environmental supervision, and six centers to
monitor nuclear and radiation security. The main role of this nationwide network
is to enforce environmental laws and regulations independent of local governments.
The 11 centers will be included in SEPA's 24-hour emergency response system.
[See also China’s President Hu Ordered Environmental Regulations for Military
Activities in April 2006, and Chinese Research Priorities for the Next Fifteen
Years in March 2006, and other related environmental security reports]
Source:
New environment watchdogs freed from local govt meddling http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-07/31/content_4901813.htm
Nanotechnology
Chinese and Russian New Nanotechnology Organizations
The Chinese Academy of Science's National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
and Institute of High Energy Physics have opened a Laboratory for Biological
Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety in Beijing on the IHEP campus. Russia
has opened the Pilot Scientific and Technical Center of Excellence for Nanotechnology
Development in Moscow.
Sources:
Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety Established
in China http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?newsID=2507
Russia opens new nanotech center http://www.eetimes.com/news/semi/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=190400109
UK Nanotechnology Policy Review Announced
The UK government has asked the Council for Science and Technology to review
national nanotechnology policy commitments and provide written evidence of their
findings. This review is in part a follow-up to the 2004 Royal Society report,
Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties.
Source:
UK. Nanotechnology Policy Review Announced http://www.bymnews.com/new/content/view/31988/82/
Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System Declared Operational, but Local
Coordination still Lacking
At the end of June, UNESCO announced that the Indian Ocean tsunami warning system,
coordinated by its Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, is on schedule
to become operational for the entire region by the end of July. A network of
26 national information centers will allow countries to receive and distribute
warnings of potential tsunamis. However, the tsunami that struck Indonesia on
July 17th, caused by an earthquake off the south coast of Java, killed more
than 500 people. Although the wave hit the coast 40 minutes after the quake
was detected, no warning was issued to the population. [See also Tsunami
Warning and Mitigation System in the Indian Ocean in December 2005, and
other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System up and running http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=33442&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
UN-backed tsunami early warning system set to become operation in Indian Ocean
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=19030&Cr=tsunami&Cr1=
Latest tsunami shows need for complete warning system: UN regional group http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=19286&Cr=tsunami&Cr1=
The Debate over Use of Sonar by the Navy Continues; Legal Settlement
Approved
After a temporary restraining order issued July 3, blocking the use of high-intensity,
mid-frequency sonar by the U.S. Navy during international Rim of the Pacific
(RIMPAC) war games taking place in waters around Hawaii, on July 7, the judge
has approved a settlement between the Navy and conservation groups, permitting
the use of mid-frequency sonar during the eight-nation military exercises. The
settlement agreement requires new safeguards, including a buffer zone, increased
monitoring for marine mammals through underwater detection and aerial surveillance
for marine mammals during sonar drills and the reporting of sightings to a marine
mammal response officer. This type of sonar has been associated with mass strandings
and deaths of whales, dolphins, and other marine species in U.S. waters and
around the world. The conservation groups that filed the lawsuit were: Natural
Resources Defense Council, the International Fund for Animal Welfare, the Cetacean
Society International, the Ocean Futures Society (OFS), and (OFS) founder and
director Jean-Michel Cousteau. [See also Underwater Sounds from Human Sources
Endangering Marine Life in November 2005, Coalition Urges UN to Consider
Legislation to Curb Harmful Ocean Sounds in June 2005, and other previous
environmental security reports on the same issue.]
Sources:
Court Allows Sonar in RIMPAC War Games With New Restrictions http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2006/2006-07-09-01.asp
U.S. Judge Blocks Navy Use of Sonar in RIMPAC War Games http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2006/2006-07-03-05.asp
Air Pollution Control Might Increase
Polluted Skies and Global Warming Puzzle Decoded
A team of U.S. and Israeli scientists seem to have found the link between global
warming and cloud formation. The pattern they identified shows that light-reflecting
pollution favors cloud formation, while light-absorbing aerosols impede it by
warming the air, which impedes moisture condensation. This finding helps better
understand and predict climate change, as well as the role of different kinds
of pollution in cloud formation and rain activity.
Sources:
Polluted Skies and Global Warming Puzzle Decoded http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2006/2006-07-14-01.asp
Air Pollution’s Color Determines Its Effect On Clouds http://www.jyi.org/news/nb.php?id=745
European New Web-based Air Pollution Monitoring System
Users of the new Ozone Web released by the European Environment Agency can monitor
and track ground level ozone across Europe. The Web site-based database is updated
on an hourly basis with data from more than 500 air quality monitoring stations.
Users can access the information on air quality in any part of Europe either
by entering a place name or by clicking on a map of Europe. The Web site will
also include information on the health implications of the respective ozone
values.
Sources:
New web-based air pollution monitoring system http://org.eea.europa.eu/documents/newsreleases/Ozone2006-en
The Ozone Web http://www.eea.europa.eu/maps/ozone/welcome
Reports Suggested for Review
Rising Sea Waters Linked to Loss of Pacific Islands Mangroves
UNEP’s Regional Seas Programme published a study Pacific Island Mangroves
in a Changing Climate and Rising Seas. The report assessed 16 Pacific island
countries and concluded that as much as 13 percent of mangroves in the Pacific
could be lost by the end of the century. Mangroves play a crucial role with
terrestrial and marine ecosystems and their loss can impact human populations.
Island states most vulnerable include Tuvalu, Fiji, and American Samoa. Rising
seawaters contributes to the loss of mangroves and will also further increase
the relocation of island citizens to safer grounds.
Source:
Climate change threatens Pacific Ocean mangroves – UN-backed report http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=19226&Cr=UNEP&Cr1=
“Pacific Island Mangroves in a Changing Climate and Rising Seas”
http://www.unep.org/PDF//mangrove-report.pdf
Recent Reports on Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology Risk Governance––White Paper
The International Risk Governance Council (www.irgc.org) has issued a white
paper, Nanotechnology Risk Governance, which uses the IRGC’s risk governance
framework, published in 2005, to analyze and identify current deficits in nanotechnology
risk governance, separately considering current and future developments. It
then offers initial recommendations for how decision makers may choose to deal
with these risk governance gaps. These recommendations will be subject to further
work, including discussions with appropriate stakeholders.
UNESCO Report on the Ethics and Politics of Nanotechnology
The UNESCO World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology
has published a 25-page report, The Ethics and Politics of Nanotechnology. The
work discusses "Nanotechnology Research Now" and "Ethical, legal,
and political implications of nanotech", and it concludes with a list of
the most recent reports that have been released covering nanotechnology, its
implications, and the social, political and ethical issues surrounding it.
EC Committee Issues Nanotech Risk Methodology Opinion
The European Commission Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified
Health Risks has issued a 79-page "modified opinion" on the appropriateness
of existing methodologies to assess the potential risks associated with engineered
and adventitious products of nanotechnologies. This report discusses in detail
the scientific rationale, including risk assessment methodologies and prioritization
of needs in knowledge, and concludes with Committee and minority opinions, and
references.
Sources:
Nanotechnology Risk Governance
http://www.irgc.org/irgc/_b/contentFiles/IRGC_white_paper_2_PDF_final_version.pdf
The Ethics and Politics of Nanotechnology
Report: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145951e.pdf
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON EMERGING AND NEWLY IDENTIFIED HEALTH RISKS (SCENIHR)
modified Opinion (after public consultation) on The appropriateness of existing
methodologies to assess the potential risks associated with engineered and adventitious
products of nanotechnologies http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs/scenihr_o_003b.pdf
New UN Peacebuilding Commission to
Improve Post-Conflict Planning
The UN Peacebuilding Commission for post-conflict situations
held its inaugural meeting on June 23, 2006. The new UN peacebuilding body was
created to help prevent countries from falling back into violence, by adopting
reconstruction, institution building, and other stabilization and development
strategies specific to each country/region emerging from conflict. Since environmental
issues are recognized as often being a contributing cause in conflict re-emergence,
environment is expected to occupy an important position in the strategies set
forward by the Commission. Proposed in 2004 by the Secretary General’s
High-Level Panel on Threats Challenges and Change, detailed by the In Larger
Freedom report, the Commission was endorsed by the 2005 World Summit, and became
operational in December 2005. The Commission is an intergovernmental advisory
body requiring members to act only by consensus. The Peacebuilding Commission’s
membership includes seven members of the Security Council (including its five
permanent members); seven States from the Economic and Social Council; five
top contributors to the UN budget; five top providers of military personnel
and civilian police to UN missions; and seven additional members (that have
experienced post-conflict recovery) elected by the General Assembly.
Source:
United Nations Peacebuilding Commission http://www.un.org/peace/peacebuilding/
China’s Five-Year Plan Increases
Attention to Environmental Protection
The third of six points of the Chinese 11th Five-Year Plan for
Economic and Social Development (2006-2010) states: Third, we will promote development
by relying on resource conservation and environmental protection and focus on
the fundamental change of the economic growth mode, transforming economic growth
from being driven by large amount of resources consumption to being driven by
the improvement of resources utilization efficiency.
A white paper issued by the Information Office of China's State Council entitled
Environmental Protection in China (1996-2005) is a comprehensive overview of
China’s enhanced attention to environmental protection, outlining efforts
and achievements at the internal level, as well as its international cooperation
in environmental matters, and future trends and policies. The paper stresses
the need for more stringent regulations, policies, and enforcement. China’s
monitoring and management capabilities are to be improved by an advanced environmental
early-warning system, and a sound environmental law enforcement and supervision
system. The paper also includes addressing nuclear and biological safety issues.
This is China’s second white paper on environmental protection since 1996.
Source:
The 11th Five-Year Plan: Targets, Paths and Policy Orientation http://english.gov.cn/2006-03/23/content_234832.htm
China issues white paper on environmental protection http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-06/05/content_4646390.htm
(link might work randomly)
Korean Environmental Groups Request
Release of U.S. Base Data
Green Korea and the Chuncheon Civic Group filed a lawsuit against
the South Korean Ministry of Environment demanding full release of environmental
data and the state of former U.S. military sites that are being returned to
South Korea. The request is motivated by preliminary research findings by the
Ministry of Environment leaked to Seoul’s Hankyoreh newspaper earlier
this year. Both U.S. Forces Korea and the South Korean government refuse to
comment, invoking the SOFA between the two countries. Some data, debated in
the national assembly, reveals troubling high pollution of the sites by lead,
BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene aromatic solvents), petroleum
hydrocarbons, and several chemicals. South Korean officials refuse to take over
the sites and rejected a compromise offer, USFK commander Gen. B.B. Bell told
Stars and Stripes.
Source:
Korean environmental groups sue for U.S. base data http://www.estripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=38169
(article not always available)
Stricter Measures to Protect Polar Regions
Expected
The International Polar Year 2007 is expected to intensify research
and discussions concerning climate change and its relation and effects to the
Polar Regions. The Edinburgh Declaration was adopted this month by the participants
in the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. It pledges full political and
financial support for scientific projects and assessment of existing and/or
possible new regulations to protect the Polar Regions. Some 300 scientists and
legal and political advisors from 45 countries Party to the Antarctic Treaty
participated in the Treaty’s Consultative Meeting in Edinburgh. They also
agreed that the Treaty’s next meeting in April 2007 in India would develop
a code of conduct or minimum standards for those traveling to the Antarctic.
Thousands of scientists from 60 countries will be conducting research during
International Polar Year 2007-2008. They will have access to satellite data
that cover the complete areas of the Polar Regions for the first time.
Sources:
Antarctic Treaty meeting issues historic Edinburgh Declaration (20/06/06) http://www.atcm2006.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1150455183661
Antarctic Treaty Nations Back Climate Science for 2007 Polar Year http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jun2006/2006-06-26-06.asp
'Warm' species invading Antarctic http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/5101790.stm?ls
Earth Observation satellites contribute to International Polar Year 2007-2008
http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMABMVT0PE_planet_0.html
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental
Security Implications
Models for Photochemical Pollution Assessment in Urban Areas
A new multimedia mass balance model might improve knowledge and therefore actions
concerning volatile organic compounds (VOC) that may impact the ozone in urban
environments. The model can estimate VOC’s emission source, level and
fate, thus helping to focus resources and regulation efforts on VOCs of major
concern. The authors underline though that the model’s outcome should
be complemented by better quantification of certain parameters. This work was
funded by the American Chemistry Council, and the study was published in Atmospheric
Environment (subscription required).
Sources:
Improved assessment of photochemical pollution in urban areas http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/newsalert/pdf/25na5.pdf
Canadian Environmental Modelling Network, Spring 2006 Newsletter http://www.trentu.ca/cemn/NewsReports/CEMNnews200604.pdf
Polymer Nanofibers Provide Chemical Warfare Defense
Researchers at the Nanobioengineering Labs of the National University of Singapore's
Faculty of Engineering have developed a polymer nanofiber membrane on which
chemical warfare agents, like nerve gases, are physically adsorbed and then
catalytically decomposed. Previous protective materials have only adsorbed the
toxin, so their disposal presented a problem; here the chemical is actually
destroyed.
Source:
Novel Use of Polymer Nanofibers as Filters for Chemical Warfare Defense http://www.newswiretoday.com/news/6042/
Two New Nanotech-based Power Source Improvements
Nanotechnology has pointed the way to two new improvements in portable power
sources, suitable for environment-sensing devices. In the first, a team under
Prof. Joel Schindall of the Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems
at MIT has developed a capacitor whose electrodes are covered with a forest
of millions of nanotubes, enormously increasing their effective surface area,
the governing factor for the amount of charge a capacitor can hold. Such a device
can compete with a conventional battery in terms of the total amount of power
it can deliver over a period of time, and, since it does not involve a chemical
reaction, has the added advantages that it is almost instantly chargeable and
would not wear out with hundreds of thousands of recharging cycles, avoiding
the used battery disposal problem.
The other new technology comes from France, where Prof. Patrice Simon of the
Université Paul Sabatier, who was aided also by colleagues at the Université
Picardie Jules Verne, describes the development of lithium-ion battery electrodes
that have several times the energy capacity by weight and volume of existing
electrodes. As in the scheme above, the electrodes are covered with a forest
of nanotubes. This 3D configuration provides 50 sq cm of active area for each
sq cm of base area.
Sources:
Super Battery http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218392803&cat=3_all
Higher-Capacity Lithium Ion Batteries http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=17017&ch=nanotech
Study Finds TiO2 Nanoparticles as Possibly Brain-damaging
Preliminary results in a new study from EPA's National Health and Environmental
Effects Research Laboratory indicate that titanium dioxide nanoparticles may
cause a reaction that could seriously damage brain cells. The particles trigger
the release from some cells of biologically active molecules, known as reactive
oxygen species (ROS), which can damage surrounding cells.
Source:
Study links TiO2 nanoparticles with potential for brain-cell damage http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/esthag-w/2006/jun/tech/lt_nanoparticles.html
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
International Controversies over REACH
Thirteen of the EU's top trading partners, including the United States, Australia
and Japan, urged the EU to reconsider some of the harsh terms of its REACH (Registration,
Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) bill, since they are hard to implement
and thus might hurt trade. REACH would require that the properties of about
30,000 chemicals produced or imported in the EU be registered with a central
agency, while those of highest concern, like carcinogens, would require further
testing and authorization. REACH is expected to get a second reading in the
European Parliament later this year. [See also Integration of Chemical Regulations
(REACH) Approved by European Council in December 2005, The REACH Program
Closer to Entry into Force in March 2005, and other related items in previous
environmental security reports.]
Sources:
US, Others Press EU to Re-Think Chemicals Bill http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/36730/story.htm
REACH http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/chemicals/reach.htm
Global Warming Linked to Hurricanes in 2005
A new study by the National Center for Atmospheric Research demonstrates that
global warming played an important role in 2005’s record 28 tropical storms
and hurricanes in the Atlantic. The study also predicts that, although not necessarily
setting another record, 2006 might also experience a ‘very active’
season, with 13-16 named storms, 8-10 hurricanes, and 4-6 major hurricanes.
The researchers warn that in the long-term, ocean warming will raise the baseline
of hurricane activity.
New scientific evidence that the increased number and intensity of extreme weather
events is linked to climate change were presented at the 40th annual Canadian
Meteorological and Oceanographic Society (CMOS) congress in Toronto. Over 800
scientists discussed evidence and debated strategies to cope with climate change
effects. There is unanimous agreement that reducing greenhouse gas emissions
should be high on political and industrial business agendas.
Sources:
New Data Clearly Links Storms and Warming http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=33533
Global Warming Kicked 2005 Hurricanes Up A Notch http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jun2006/2006-06-26-01.asp
Dossier about Drylands and Desertification Launched by Scidev.Net
With the occasion of this year’s World Environment Day, June 5, which
had the theme Deserts and Desertification, SciDev.Net launched an online dossier
resource addressing science and policy issues relating to drylands and desertification.
The dossier will be continuously updated with news, features and opinion articles
addressing different models, uncertainties, and possible implications of drylands
and desertification phenomena, including policy briefs and case studies, and
progress reports on the UN Desertification Convention. It is a valuable service
for those wishing to keep abreast of dryland issues. SciDev.Net's desert science
dossier has been produced with the support of the Consultative Group on International
Agricultural Research (CGIAR). About 2 billion people live in the world’s
drylands and 250 million people already left their homes because of unproductive
soils. [See also International Year of Deserts and Desertification—2006
in January 2006, and Desertification Synthesis (MA report 3) in June
2005 environmental security monthly reports.]
Source:
SciDev.Net's desert science dossier http://www.scidev.net/desertscience
7.4 Small Low-laying Island States in Jeopardy
If ocean waters keep rising, low-lying states might disappear, making entire
nations (such as the 12,000 people of Tuvalu) become environmental refugees
forced to resettle elsewhere. Small island states like Tuvalu may take legal
action against high greenhouse gas emitters like the U.S. The situation of these
island nations topped the agenda of the tri-annual gathering of the Pacific
Leaders Meeting (PALM) held in Okinawa, Japan, in late May. Acknowledging the
critical situation of the small island countries, the leaders of 14 Pacific
island nations and Japan, adopted the Okinawa Partnership Declaration, which
considers a new approach to the dispatch of aid assistance. [See also Future
Sea-level Rise will make Freshwater Brackish in March 2006, Several Small Asia/Pacific
Countries at Risk because of Rising Sea Levels in January 2006 and other related
items in previous environmental scanning reports.]
Sources:
INTERVIEW - Situation in Sinking Tuvalu Scary, Says PM http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/36546/story.htm
Japan courts Pacific island states in summit http://today.reuters.com/News/CrisesArticle.aspx?storyId=T79196
Japan lavishes aid on Pacific Islands http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/28/2003310408
(link works randomly)
Japan increases aid to Pacific Is. http://www.matangitonga.to/article/spnews/pacificislands/palm_japan2_290506.shtml
Trans-boundary Pollution Regulations Need Better Enforcement
A joint lawsuit by Canada and the U.S. against U.S. coal-burning power plants
brought back on the agenda the danger that air pollution generated in any one
part of the world poses to other countries and regions. Although regulations
exist, their effectiveness is hindered by insufficient adherence or lack of
successful enforcement. Better detection and tracking of pollution, global information
sharing, and an increasingly informed and active civil society, might change
this situation. “Review of compliance by the Parties with their obligations
under the Protocols to the Convention” is one of this year’s work
plan objectives of the Air Pollution Convention. [See also Study Proposes
an International Air Pollution Treaty and Protocol to Control Heavy
Metals to Enter into Force in October 2003 and EU Parliamentary Committee
Moves to Strengthen Air Pollution Laws in January 2004 environmental security
reports.]
Source:
Air Pollution Goes Global http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=33482
Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/
ICJ Set to Hear Argentina-Uruguay Pulp Mills Case http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/36715/story.htm
Green Buildings in North America Project Started
The Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) officially begins its study,
Green Building in North America: Opportunities and Challenges, hoping to increase
the role of environmental considerations in the design of buildings across the
continent. A 20-member interdisciplinary and international advisory group will
assess the current status and prospects for green building, and identify eventual
obstacles as well as potentials—including environmental benefits. Green
building is very weak in North America, although it is estimated that U.S. buildings
consume 65% of all electricity generated, 40% of raw materials and generate
about 30% of all greenhouse gas emissions. The advisory group will present a
report and provide the CEC Secretariat with recommendations for the final report,
expected in the fall of 2007. [See also Two Global Alliances for “Greener”
Buildings Around the World in April 2006 environmental security reports]
Source:
Advisory group named to CEC study on green building
http://www.cec.org/news/details/index.cfm?varlan=english&ID=2707
Earth’s Biodiversity Decline Increasing
The recently released 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species by The World
Conservation Union reveals that Earth’s biodiversity continues to decline.
According to the latest assessments, globally, the number of known threatened
species has reached 16,119. New species on the list include the polar bear,
ocean sharks, freshwater fish and Mediterranean flowers. [See also International
Biodiversity Meetings Make Decisions in March 2006, New Protected Ecological
Sites in July 2005, and other related items in previous environmental security
reports.]
Source:
2006 IUCB Red List website http://www.redlist.org
Addressing Nanotechnology Risks
New Regulations Suggested to Address Nanotech-related Hazards
Citing gaps in regulating future uses of nanotechnology (including those relating
to particle size, the use of nano versions of already approved ingredients,
and packaging), the British Food Standards Agency suggests in its recently released
regulatory review that legislation be speedily amended to require that all nanocomponents
be subject to their own risk assessment. The Royal Society has also issued a
statement, following up its 2004 report on nano hazards, saying that Industry
should disclose how it tests products containing nanoparticles. Further, the
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) is currently working
on extending their regulatory framework to include nanomaterials.
Germany also is also beginning a risk survey on nanotechnology in food, cosmetics,
and other commercial products. The survey will be conducted by ZIRN (Center
of Interdisciplinary Risk-science and Sustainable Development of Technology)
and will investigate current and future nanotechnology applications, as well
as potential risks. Its results will be discussed in two subsequent workshops
and then transformed into a "risk barometer" for the information of
the public. They could also lead to new regulations.
Nano-Regulation: A multi-stakeholder-dialogue-approach towards a sustainable
regulatory framework for nanotechnolgies and nanosciences report has been
issued by the Innovation Society Ltd., an independent consulting company, based
at the Technology Centre of the Federal Institute of Materials Science &
Technology (EMPA) in St. Gallen, Switzerland, as part of its Platform “Nano-Regulation”
project, in cooperation with NanoEurope and NanoCluster Bodensee. The report
presents the results of a Delphi process undertaken with 35 expert representatives
of all stakeholder communities in nano regulation.
Nanoforum, an all-Europe nanotechnology network funded by the EU and its Institute
for Environment and Sustainability, has released a report outlining the conclusions
from its workshop, ‘Nano and the Environment’ held in Brussels in
March 2006. The workshop brought together stakeholders from all sectors of the
nanotech world to discuss key issues surrounding nanotechnology and the environment,
including monitoring, pollution and remediation, and resource saving. The report
covers detection of air and water pollutants; life-cycle analysis; applications
for energy sustainability; risk assessment; nanotechnology applications for
remediation of environmental toxins; commercialization; challenges of communication
within the nanotech field, regulatory policy initiatives; public education;
and societal and ethical implications.
Along the same lines, Taking Action on Nanotech Environmental, Health, and Safety
Risks, report by Lux Research, concludes that nanotechnology environmental,
health, and safety risks have to be promptly addressed, urging the government
to consider comprehensive and clear regulations.
Sources:
UK food regulator finds 'gaps' in regulating nanotechnology http://foodproductiondaily.com/news/ng.asp?n=67935-nanotechnolgy-fsa-novel
Germany Begins Risk Survey on Nanotechnology http://www.foodproductiondaily.com/news/printNewsBis.asp?id=68637
Nano-Regulation Report http://www.innovationsgesellschaft.ch/images/publikationen/Nano_Regulation_final3.pdf
Nano and Environment Workshop Report http://www.nanoforum.org/nf06~modul~showmore~folder~99999~scid~383~.html?action=longview_publication&
Lux Research Inc. email newsletter, June 2006
Nanotube Toxicity Results Vary with Test Context
Recent results have shown the need for great care in interpreting results on
the toxicity of nanotubes and other nano materials. They show major differences
between in vitro and in vivo tests, and among tests using different culture
media. The reasons for these discrepancies are not clear.
Source:
Nano World: Nanotube Toxicity Exams Differ http://www.upi.com/Hi-Tech/view.php?StoryID=20060601-111345-7376r
Reports Suggested for Review
Implications of the Growing Biofuels Industry
Global ethanol production more than doubled between 2000 and 2005 and biodiesel
expanded nearly fourfold versus oil production that increased by only 7% over
this period, notes Biofuels for Transportation: Global Potential and Implications
for Sustainable Agriculture and Energy in the 21st Century report by Worldwatch.
Since the world’s oil demand and prices are increasingly hindering energy
security and development, there are strong growing incentives for the biofuels
industry and increased trade. Furthermore, 25 of the world’s 47 poorest
countries import all of their oil, while having a substantial agricultural base
to grow energy crops. While noting the advantages of biofuel industry, the report
also warns of the problems such as replacing food crops for energy crops, expansion
of agricultural land, and water needs. International biofuel trade regulations
and standards will be needed.
Source:
Biofuels for Transportation: Global Potential and Implications for Sustainable
Agriculture and Energy in the 21st Century http://www.worldwatch.org/node/4078
Assessment and Recommendations for Biosecurity
The Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences report by
the Committee on Advances in Technology and the Prevention of Their Application
to Next Generation Biowarfare Threats of the National Research Council, assesses
the concerns related to developments in biomedical research under the circumstances
of globalization. It reinforces the role of international scientific exchange;
the need for national and international codes of ethics and conduct for researchers
and scientists working in life sciences; and the need for improved health infrastructure
to respond to emergencies such as bioterrorist attacks or pandemics. It also
recommends better integrated work between the scientific and intelligence communities
to anticipate and manage the potential misuse of biomedical research and the
technologies it generates.
Source:
Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11567.html
Deep Seas and Open Oceans Need Urgent Conservation Actions
Ecosystems and Biodiversity in Deep Waters and High Seas, a joint UNEP and World
Conservation Union (IUCN) report, calls for urgent measures to conserve the
world’s entire marine environment––including areas beyond
national jurisdictions. More than 90% of the planet’s living biomass is
found in oceans and seas, and is jeopardized by human activity, according to
the report. Present institutions and conservation efforts are primarily focusing
on coastal waters where, until recently, most human activity, like fishing and
industrial exploration, took place. As these activities extend beyond those
limits, so should the conservation measures. Given that over 60% of the marine
world and its rich biodiversity are beyond the limits of national jurisdictions,
international guidelines, rules and actions are needed to protect this ecosystem
critical to the very existence of life on the planet.
Sources:
Action Urged to Avoid Deep Trouble in the Deep Seas http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=480&ArticleID=5300&l=en
Ecosystems and Biodiversity in Deep Waters and High Seas http://www.unep.org/pdf/IUCN_Report_16June06.pdf
European Adaptability to Climate Change is Questioned
A June 15, 2006 report for the Director General for the Environment of the
European Commission explores the secondary and tertiary social impacts of climate
change and finds that: 1) indirect effects may be more important than the direct
effects of climate change (ripple effects of changes in agricultural cycles
and changing demands); 2) impacts are likely to be uneven across sectors and
communities; and 3) national preparations may not have sufficiently considered
the difficulties of those in marginal areas or conditions.
Sources:
Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change May be Overestimated http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/newsalert/pdf/26na1.pdf
Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War
Comes into Effect
Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War, part of the UN Convention on Certain
Conventional Weapons (CCW), will enter into force on 12 November 2006. The Protocol
stipulates that parties to armed conflicts must mark, clear, and destroy all
explosive remnants of war on the territory, including internal waters, under
their control; offer assistance in areas not under their control; and share
information with organizations involved in clearance activities. It applies
to ordnance that existed even prior to the entry into force of this Protocol
(Art. 2, Par. 5).
Sources:
Treaty on explosive remnants of war to enter into force
http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/treaty-weapons-news-160506!OpenDocument
Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V to the 1980 Convention)
http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/610?OpenDocument
New “European Citizens’
Initiative” Could Affect Environmental Politics
A coalition has formed to establish the "European Citizens’
Initiative" as a tool of direct democracy to bypass the need for EU parliamentarians
to introduce legislation. If the ECI becomes law, then any EU citizen(s) that
secures one million signatures supporting a proposed law would have it autocratically
introduced for a vote in the EU. The campaign also plans to get at least one
million signatures within 18 months to prove viability of the concept. Since
the ECI would enable European citizens to directly influence the political agenda
of the EU, and there are many grass roots environmental organizations, then
it is reasonable to expect an increase in environmental politics if the ECI
becomes law.
Sources:
An alliance of European civil societies have launched a campaign entitled the
"European Citizens’ Initiative"
http://www.epha.org/a/2225
European Citizens’ Initiative http://www.citizens-initiative.eu/
Call for International Intervention
to Save the Jordan River
During a session at the Woodrow Wilson Center, mayors and executives of the
EcoPeace/Friends of the Earth Middle East asked the international community
to increase efforts to save the Jordan River and the ecosystem it supports,
including the Dead Sea. They want the governments of Jordan, Israel, Syria and
the Palestinian Authority to develop a regional integrated rehabilitation plan.
The international community does not understand how serious the issue is becoming,
since much of the river flows through a closed military zone. Without intervention,
the river’s deterioration is expected to increase conflict in the region.
Note: The Third International Symposium on Transboundary Waters Management is
being held from 30 May–2 June 2006 in Ciudad Real, Spain.
Sources:
Rehabilitating the Jordan River Valley Through Cross-Border Community Cooperation
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1426&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&event_id=177929
Vanishing Jordan River Needs Global Rescue Effort
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2006/2006-05-16-10.asp
Third International Symposium on Transboundary Waters Management
http://www.uclm.es/congresos/twm/Index.htm
African Security and Environmental Matters
Should Be Addressed Together
Scholars agree that Africa’s deteriorating environment means that the
continent’s security and poverty problems cannot be solved without improved
environmental management. Ways have to be found to integrate security, poverty,
and environmental programs on the continent. Note: The European Union Environmental
Diplomacy Network created in 2003 could serve as an example for a similar African
Diplomacy Network [See June 2003 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Report of the AU Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction
http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/Past/2006/May/infrastructure/22-May/EX.CL.%20228%20(VIII)%20-%20Disaster%20Risk%20Reduction.1.doc
11th Regular Session of the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment
in Brazzaville, Congo on 24 May 2006
http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/Past/2006/May/infrastructure/22-May/welcome-en.htm
Conflict and Cooperation in Eastern Africa: Making the Case for Environmental
Pathways to Peacebuilding (VIDEO)
http://wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1413&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&event_id=181986
Cattle Disease, Ethnic Tension Strain Uganda Border Region
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2006/2006-05-11-03.asp
Their animals are dead. These people are next
http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,1784611,00.html
UN Commission on Sustainable Development
Fosters Energy Security
The 14th session of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) reviewed
progress of the efforts on energy for sustainable development, climate change,
air pollution/atmosphere, and industrial development. Energy security issues
dominated the discussions along with the urgency of achieving Agenda 21, and
the cost of inaction, as well as the need for addressing climate change and
its consequences, including a long-term, predictable policy framework to move
to a low carbon emission society. Meantime, the UN Environment Program (UNEP)
report Class of 2006: Industry Report Cards on Environment and Social Responsibility,
analyzing progress across some 30 industry sectors since the 2002 World Summit
on Sustainable Development, notes that industries are trying to improve environmental
and social performance, mainly related to climate change and greenhouse gas
emission issues.
Sources:
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Division for Sustainable Development.
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/review.htm
Summary of The Fourteenth Session Of The Commission On Sustainable Development
http://www.iisd.ca/vol05/enb05238e.html
UNEP DTIE contribution to CSD 14 (Class of 2006: Industry Report Cards on Environment
and Social Responsibility) http://www.unep.fr/outreach/csd14/
UN Launched the Principles for Responsible
Investment
The Principles for Responsible Investment, launched by the UN and backed by
many of the world’s largest investors from 16 countries representing more
than $2 trillion in assets owned, is an effort to include the environmental
and social dimensions in global financial markets. Developed by the UNEP Finance
Initiative and the UN Global Compact, the six overarching Principles, which
are voluntary, are backed by a set of 35 possible actions that institutional
investors can take to integrate environmental, social and corporate governance
(ESG) considerations into their investment activities.
Source:
Principles for Responsible Investment website http://www.unpri.org/
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental
Security Implications
New Opportunities for Old Engine Idea
One of the areas currently attracting the attention of the alternative energy
sector is the Stirling engine, an alternative to the internal combustion engine,
which turns any source of heat into mechanical power, sufficient, for example,
to run an electrical generator. The fact that the heat can be created by any
external source, from biomass to solar, means that the energy generation can
be much more environmentally friendly than other schemes. STM Power, of Ann
Arbor MI, says that its use of the Double Acting Swash Plate Drive External
Heat (DA/SH) design avoids the problems that have kept Stirling engines from
wide acceptance.
Sources:
5 A Sterling Solution http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10020271/site/newsweek/page/5/
Manufacturer's site: www.stmpower.com
Possibilities to Considerably Increase Solar Cells Efficiency
Solar power technology might become more efficient and economic due to a new
discovery by Victor Klimov, a physicist at Los Alamos National Laboratory in
New Mexico, who has shown that each photon captured by a solar cell reduced
to nano-dimensions can be made to generate not one, but two or even more charge
carriers. This discovery could change the whole energy debate by giving a considerable
boost to solar power research. In all solar cells now in use, each incoming
photon contributes a maximum of one energized electron to the electric current
it generates.
Source:
Solar power - seriously souped up
http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19025531.600;jsessionid=LDLFFIFHFLJB
(by subscription only)
New American Association for the Advancement
of Science (AAAS) Global Website on Sustainability
AAAS has announced the opening of its new website "Forum:
Science and Innovation for Sustainable Development" (< http://sustainabilityscience.org
>). This new service builds on a site previously operated by Harvard University,
but is greatly expanded from being primarily a repository of scholarly works.
It will now serve that library function and also add discussion forums, commentary,
and international event listings. It is formatted to ensure that limited bandwidth
users can have access. Institutions from across the spectrum of society are
acceptable as members, in order to ensure that the range of scientific and related
societal issues aired will be as complete as possible. The intent is to provide
a growing, interdisciplinary forum that will be flexible and long-lived to meet
many needs. Currently, the Forum has 300 members in 41 nations.
Source:
AAAS, Partners Launch Global Web Site on Sustainability Science
From Vol. 312 SCIENCE, 28 April 2006, page 542 http://sustainabilityscience.org
Over 4,000 Chemicals in Use in Canada
to be Assessed for Safety
A comprehensive review of chemicals in use in Canada has determined
that about 4,000 of 23,000 reviewed should have additional safety assessments
as to their potentials for persistence in the environment, ability to bio-accumulate,
direct health threats to humans or wildlife, and whether their extensive use
poses a health or environmental threat. The list will be released September
14, 2006 by Environment Canada and Health Canada. They escaped previous detailed
scrutiny because they were developed before modern pollution laws existed. Once
the testing is complete, Canada will be ahead of Europe and the US in chemical
safety assessments.
Source:
Canada's Chemical Reaction
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20060527.CHEMICALS27/TPStory/Environment
(article available for a limited time on the website)
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
RoHS Closer to Deadline (July 1)
Under the Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive,
beginning July 1, the European Union will bar the import of electronic components
that include lead, mercury, cadmium and several other substances. [See Recycling
Regulations in the EU in August 2005 and Two E-waste laws entered into force
in the EU in February 2003 environmental security reports.]
Source:
EU’s lead-free law will also affect U.S. IT products
http://www.computerworld.com/hardwaretopics/hardware/story/0,10801,110944,00.html?source=NLT_AM&nid=110944
National Initiatives for Implementing the Stockholm Convention
At the second meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention
on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) (COP-2), governments focused on concrete
measures to be taken at the national level for implementing the Convention and
eliminating 12 extremely hazardous chemicals. Parties have to submit their National
Implementation Plan (NIP) that establishes particular priorities and detailed
action plans within two years of joining the Convention and then report on progress
every two years. Several countries have already submitted their NIP. The Stockholm
Convention targets 12 hazardous POPs; it entered into force on May 2004. [See
also Stockholm Convention Updates in November 2005 and other related
items in previous environmental security scanning reports.]
Sources:
Second meeting of the Conference of the Parties (CoP-2) of the Stockholm Convention
http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/oewg_nc/notice.htm
National Plans for Eliminating 12 Extremely Hazardous Chemicals http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=475&ArticleID=5263&l=en
Five Countries Organize CWC National Authorities
The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) announced that
five member states (Haiti, Niue, Suriname, Tanzania, and Yemen) have established
national authorities to assure proper implementation and compliance with the
Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Additionally, these national authorities
have the role of liaison with the organization and other states parties.
Source:
OPCW Press Releases 2006 (see press releases #26: United Republic of Tanzania
Establishes OPCW National Authority; #25: Haiti Establishes OPCW National Authority;
# 24: Suriname Establishes OPCW National Authority; #23: Yemen Establishes OPCW
National Authority; #22: Niue Establishes OPCW National Authority)
http://www.opcw.org/pressreleases/2006/index.html
Indonesia Joins the Partnership to Improve Environmental Governance
Indonesia became the seventh national government and the first in Asia to join
the International Partnership for Principle 10 (PP10) of Rio Declaration on
Environment and Development that advocated citizen participation in environmental
matters. In joining the PP10, the Indonesian government commits to implementing
a series of activities designed to increase access rights in the country, including:
increasing public involvement in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process,
responding to public grievances in environmental cases, and publishing more
environmental information on the Internet, as well as issuing environmental
regulation booklets. [See also Meeting of the Parties (MOP-2) to the Aarhus
Convention in May 2005, and other related items in previous environmental
security scanning reports.]
Sources:
Partnership for Principle 10 http://www.pp10.org/index.htm
Indonesia joins partnership to improve environmental governance, public access
to information http://governance.wri.org/newsrelease_text.cfm?NewsReleaseID=360
EU Imposes New Battery Restrictions
The European Union has imposed new requirements on the manufacture and disposal
of batteries. Limits are placed on the amount of mercury and cadmium portable
batteries may contain (Certain classes, such as those for emergency systems
and handheld tools, are excepted.) The new law also prescribes minimum used
battery collection rates of 25% of annual sales by 2012 and 45% by 2016. [See
also Two E-waste laws entered into force in the European Union (EU)
in February 2003, EU to Ban the use of Cadmium in Batteries in December
2004, and WEEE comes into effect in August 2005 environmental security
reports.]
Source:
EU to mandate battery recycling http://www.computerworld.com/newsletter/0,4902,111106,00.html?nlid=PM
Iraqi Chemical Attack Victims Seek Compensation from Supplying Companies
On behalf of the survivors, the Halabja Chemical Victims’ Society is seeking
compensation from the companies and governments that helped former Iraqi President
Saddam Hussein’s regime acquire the weapons for the 1988 chemical attack
on the Kurdish town of Halabja. Over 5,000 people died in the attack, the survivors
continue to have serious health problems, and the environment was never cleaned
up. The commercial firms and governments involved in chemical weapons-related
trade have never been publicly identified, according to AFP. [See also War
in Iraq triggers UNEP environmental study and plans for post-conflict clean-up
in March 2003, and UNEP’s Post-conflict Environmental Assessment’s
May One Day Get Extended to On-going Environmental Assessments in February
2003 environmental security reports.]
Source:
Halabja wants Saddam’s chemical suppliers to pay http://www.kurdmedia.com/articles.asp?id=12383
Germany Sets BioFuel Quota in Fuel
Germany is introducing compulsory quotas of biofuels to be mixed with fossil
fuels by refiners effective at the beginning of 2007. Until 2009, German oil
refineries will have to blend 2% biofuel content in petrol and 4.4% biodiesel
content in conventional diesel. [See also Biodiesel Increasingly Considered
a Viable Alternative to Crude Oil in February 2006 and New European Energy Policy
Developments in March 2006 environmental security reports.]
Source:
Germany Sets BioFuel Quota in Fuel http://www.petrolworld.com/news/europe/?guid=7e7bda97-cf92-4f58-9a26-91b14acb626e
Climate Change
Greenhouses Rising, Show NOAA 2005 Index
The Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) compiled by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is 1.215 for 2005 (vs. 1.00 at the 1990 benchmark),
reflecting a continuous rise in the accumulation of greenhouse gases as well
as a positive change in the amount of radiative forcing. The AGGI increase is
mostly due to considerable growth of carbon dioxide (CO2) and rise of nitrous
oxide (N2O), while methane (CH4) seems to level off, and the two chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) are decreasing. During 2005, global CO2 increased from an average of
376.8 parts per million (ppm) to 378.9 ppm; the pre-industrial CO2 level was
approximately 278 ppm. The AGGI will be included in the World Meteorological
Organization’s annual Greenhouse Gas Bulletin to be published in November.
International pressure and more serious incentives to persuade developing countries
to adopt environmentally friendly practices seem inevitable, considering the
size and scope of countries like India and China. According to the Little Green
Data Book 2006, annual publication of the World Bank, although the worldwide
average CO2 emissions increase was 15% in the period 1992-2002, in developing
countries it was much higher, with China and India showing the highest increase,
with 33% and 57%, respectively, in the interval. With their sustained economic
growths, unless drastic measures are taken, this trend will probably continue.
Possible Tougher European Carbon Limits
Due to a huge decrease of CO2 emissions prices after several countries lowered
demand for carbon credits thus weakening the incentive to clean up, it is likely
that the EU will introduce toughen pollution targets. Polls indicate that 75%
of Britons would favor a new law forcing successive governments to commit to
reducing CO2 emissions by 3% each year, as a contribution to tackle climate
change.
New Evidences on Climate Change and Its Consequences
Two recent research projects concluded that if the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere
were to double, global average temperature could rise by between 1.5°C and
4.5°C, which is more than previous studies have estimated. The two scientific
teams, from Berkeley, U.S., and Europe respectively, used different methodologies
and data from different historical periods. The consistency of the results indicates
validity. The Australian Greenhouse Office endorses the results.
Scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences have announced that the glaciers
of the Tibetan plateau might be reduced by 50% every decade, with devastating
environmental consequences, such as drying out many of the world's greatest
rivers, increasing droughts and sandstorms over the rest of the country as the
ice-capped “roof of the world” would turn into desert.
Glaciers in East Africa (including Kilimanjaro [in Tanzania] and Mount Kenya),
and Equatorial icecaps in the Ruwenzori Mountains are also shrinking, researchers
warning that they might disappear within the next 20 years, with catastrophic
impact on water resources in Africa.
According to current predictions, Africa will be the most affected by climate
change. In sub-Saharan Africa, in addition to increasing poverty, global warming
could increase the spread of disease and kill an estimated 185 million people
by the end of the century, reveals The climate of poverty: facts fears and hope,
a report by Christian Aid.
Post-Kyoto Agenda Agreed
Delegates to the UN conference on climate change agreed on a long-term agenda
of discussions for the post-Kyoto Protocol period, aiming to build consensus
on how to address greenhouse gas emissions reduction, and climate change. “There
is strong consensus about the urgency of the problem; that there really needs
to be action taken and that the international community needs to work together
to address the problem,” said Richard Kinley, acting head of the Climate
Change Secretariat. The “Dialogue on long-term cooperative action”
is open to all 189 parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change,
the Kyoto Protocol’s parent treaty. It was agreed that negotiations should
be based on the latest scientific data and reduction policies be focused on
technology development and research. Developing countries and Europe called
for much more significant reduction targets for industrialized countries than
those stipulated by the Kyoto Protocol (the EU had suggested 15–30%, compared
to the average 5% called for by the Kyoto Protocol.) The meeting was held in
Bonn, Germany, May 15-16. The next round of negotiation will take place in Nairobi,
Kenya, in November. Meantime, the UN Climate Change Secretariat said that there
had been an exponential rise in investment in emission reductions through the
Kyoto Protocol, referring to the carbon market growth and the clean development
mechanism (CDM) that now has more than 176 registered projects and approximately
another 600 in the evaluation process.
Sources:
NOAA Issues Greenhouse Gas Index http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2006/s2621.htm
Global warming risk 'much higher' http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5006970.stm
Ice-capped roof of world turns to desert http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article362549.ece
(by subscription only)
Equatorial African Icecaps Melting Away http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2006/2006-05-17-04.asp
UN conference agrees agenda for negotiations on new emission reduction targets
under the Kyoto Protocol
http://unfccc.int/files/press/news_room/press_releases_and_advisories/application/pdf/20060526_final_26_may_press_release-english.pdf
Reports Suggested for Review
OECD Workshop on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) released a
report on its Workshop on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials. The workshop
was held to identify the human health and environmental safety issues related
to manufactured nanomaterials, as well as to identify opportunities for other
forms of cooperative activities in the area of nanomaterials. The workshop dealt
with current information on the field, and also recommended the establishment
of an OECD Working Group to advise on planning for future safety-related work,
and the implementation of a collaborative program with the OECD Business and
Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC) to create a public database on the health
and environmental effects of nanomaterials.
New Essays in Nanotech Journal
The Center for Responsible Nanotechnology published eleven new essays about
molecular manufacturing in the journal Nanotechnology Perceptions, including,
"Considering Military and Ethical Implications of Nanofactory-level Nanotechnology",
by Brian Wang. This is a relatively new journal, now producing its 2006 four-issue
Volume 2.
Nanotechnologies for Wearable and Non-Wearable Textiles
This comprehensive report includes in depth profiles of R&D centers and
technologies under commercialization or in research related to wearable and
non-wearable textiles using nanotechnology. It covers textiles based on nanofibres,
nanotubes, nanocapsules, and nanoparticles with new functional properties, such
as soil repellence, UV protection, anti bacterialism, abrasion resistance, and
healing textiles.
Nanotechnologies for Anti-Bacterial and Self-Cleaning Coatings
Anti-bacterial and self-cleaning protective coatings have many applications
and therefore represent an area of strong interest for industry. This report
covers: prevention of biofilm formation in medical devices; anti-microbial surfaces
for food and drink applications; anti-microbial encapsulation; photocatalytic
coatings for anti-soiling and anti-bacterial; self-cleaning coatings for tiles,
glass and steel; and hydrophilic and super hydrophobic coatings.
Sources:
Report of the OECD Workshop on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials Building
Co-operation, Co-ordination and Communication
http://appli1.oecd.org/olis/2006doc.nsf/43bb6130e5e86e5fc12569fa005d004c/b69b32217944d8a1c125715e0038d403/$FILE/JT03208175.PDF
Nanotechnology Perceptions. A Review of Ultraprecision Engineering and Nanotechnology
http://pages.unibas.ch/colbas/ntp
(synopsis; full text by subscription only)
The Institute of Nanotechnology. State of the Art and Future Outlook Reports
http://www.nano.org.uk/reports.htm
(synopsis; reports available for purchase)
Upcoming Events with Environmental Security Implications
Water Disinfection Conference to be Held in February 2007
The Disinfection Committees of the Water Environment Federation, American Water
Works Association, and the International Water Association are sponsoring DISINFECTION
2007, a specialty conference to be held February 4-7, 2007, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
The conference will focus on all aspects of the disinfection of water, wastewater,
reuse water, and biosolids. Current key disinfection issues include the following:
bioterrorism; pathogen detection and treatment; microbial risk assessment; research
and application of UV, ozone, and halogens; membranes; microbial indicators
in the environment; biosolids; future trends; infrastructure security and sustainability;
and integrated and sustainable disinfection approaches.
Source:
Disinfection 2007. Current Practice and Future Trends in Disinfection: Water,
Wastewater, Stormwater, Water Reuse, and Biosolids
http://www.wef.org/ConferencesTraining/Conferences/SpecialtyConference/Disinfection2007.htm
China’s President Hu Ordered Environmental Regulations for Military Activities
The People’s Liberation Army of China has been directed by President
Hu Jintao to submit its construction and training plans, as well as materiel
transfer, weapon purchases, repair, and disposal to local authorities for approval
regarding environmental impacts. The President also issued new regulations that
specify assessment procedures and penalties for infractions. Construction of
military bases, ports, logistics centers and exercise fields is to be approved
only after the project passes environmental evaluation, including approval by
local environment authorities.
Source:
China moves to curb military pollution http://news3.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-03/18/content_4314926.htm
(Article stored for a limited time)
Two Global Alliances for “Greener” Buildings Around the World
The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and major companies worldwide in the construction
industry launched the Sustainable Building and Construction Initiative (SBCI),
whose purpose is to promote environment-friendly practices throughout the industry.
According to Monique Barbut, director of UNEP’s Division of Technology,
Industry and Economics (DTIE), which hosts the SBCI secretariat, the project's
objectives include the worldwide adoption of sustainable building and construction
practices that can help deal with problems like climate change, waste disposal,
and depletion of natural resources; the development of pilot projects that embody
its recommendations; and the inclusion of sustainability considerations in legislation
and building standards. Another alliance initiated by the World Business Council
for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) of such companies as United Technology and
Lafarge Group is promoting construction standards that would make new buildings
energy self-sufficient (no dependency on external power grids) and carbon-neutral.
Their initial focus is on new buildings in China, India, Brazil, the United
States and the EU.
Sources:
U.N. Environment Program Launches Green Building Initiative http://www.greenbiz.com/news/news_third.cfm?NewsID=30459
Buildings of the Future Energy Self-Sufficient, Carbon Neutral http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2006/2006-03-29-03.asp
Indian Military Upgrades its Counter-WMD Strategies
The Indian Union Home Ministry and the Health Ministry are to prepare “standard
operational procedures to deal with terror attacks using biological weapons.”
Indian military chiefs and senior military scientists held a week-long conference
to examine their troops’ preparedness in the eventuality of conflicts
involving nuclear, biological, or chemical (NBC) weapons. The meeting discussed
progress in protective technologies (such as anti-radiation clothing and tanks,
and armored carriers resistant to WMD attacks). Last month, an Indian paramilitary
unit tasked with protecting key installations announced that it would organize
two specially trained anti-WMD battalions by the end of 2006.
Sources:
Indian military ready to fight all out nuclear, chemical and biological warfare
http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/8048.asp
Indian military kicks off nuclear warfare conference http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20060417/wl_sthasia_afp/indiamilitarynuclear_060417114817
Plan to deal with germ warfare by terrorists http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEH20060427131917&Page=H&Title=Top+Stories&Topic=0
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental Security
Implications
Sugar-Coated Gold Nanoparticles Detect Toxins
Researchers at the UK's University of East Anglia have developed a new method
for detecting toxins based on the use of 16-nm-sized sugar-coated particles
of gold. The sugars used are tailored to be sensitive to specific substances;
a solution containing the particles will change color in the presence of the
target material. The scientists speculate that a portable detector using this
scheme could be ready in five years.
Source:
Gold nanoparticles to trap toxins http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4872188.stm
Fast Bacteria Detection from Bacteriophage/Quantum Dot Complexes
Scientists from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) have developed a technique for the fast and
sensitive identification of bacteria. A selected type of bacteriophage attacks
a specific bacterium and produces phage particles that bind to specially treated
quantum dots (nanoscale semiconductor particles that give off stronger and more
intense signals than conventional fluorescent tags). Fluorescence of the phage-dot
complexes can be detected by conventional microscopy or other means. The method
can use several different types of complexes simultaneously and can detect and
identify up to ten target bacterial cells per milliliter of sample in about
an hour.
Source:
Quantum Dot Method Rapidly Identifies Bacteria http://www.physorg.com/news62951476.html
Anti-anthrax Protein Found
A lysin (specialized enzyme protein) that selectively destroys the anthrax bacterium
has been identified by Vincent Fischetti, professor and co-head of the Laboratory
of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology at Rockefeller University. The new
protein, PlyPH, which is found in a bacteriophage, has the advantage of working
over a wide range of pH values and also of killing only anthrax and not any
other possibly beneficial organisms. The researchers hope to combine PlyPH with
another compound that causes anthrax spores to germinate, and thus become vulnerable
to destruction.
Sources:
Newly Discovered Protein Kills Anthrax Bacteria http://www.emaxhealth.com/39/5607.html
Protein Found That Explodes Anthrax Bacteria on Contact http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2006/2006-04-21-03.asp
Genetically Engineered Virus May Improve Future Batteries
A genetically engineered virus has been used by scientists at MIT to produce
the positive electrode of a lithium-ion battery. The virus proteins contain
an amino acid that binds to cobalt ions in a solution, giving the proteins,
after some treatment, a coating of cobalt oxide, which has much higher storage
capacity than the carbon-based materials now used in lithium-ion batteries.
A further improvement was obtained by adding gold as an ingredient, in addition
to cobalt. This technique holds a promise for much improved battery manufacturing
methods, although much development remains to be done.
Source:
Virus-Assembled Batteries http://www.technologyreview.com/BizTech/wtr_16673,296,p1.html
Computer Simulation Planned to Predict Where Epidemics Will Strike
Next
World Health Organization researchers are developing a global epidemic simulator
(GES) based on the model of climate monitoring systems. GES would record the
location of disease outbreaks and their trajectory and then allow one to enter
alternative mitigation measures to see the results. GES would integrate epidemiological
and biological models of disease, to model the world’s disease status.
The system would be connected to major elements of the built environments such
as airlines, buildings, etc. to help spot outbreaks and the movements of people.
WHO is seeking funding to complete the project.
Source:
Simulator could predict where epidemics will strike next
From issue 2545 of New Scientist magazine, 30 March 2006, page 27
http://www.newscientisttech.com/article/mg19025456.000.html
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
PrepCom to Set Agenda for the BWC Review Conference
The Preparatory Committee for the Sixth Review Conference of the Biological
Weapons Convention met in Geneva to prepare the agenda along with organizational
and financial matters for the Review Conference to be held in November 2006.
The Review Conference will examine the operations of the Convention since its
review in 2002. It will also discuss new technological developments, and further
actions necessary to strengthen the BWC (formally called the Convention on the
Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological
(Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction). Masood Khan, Pakistan’s
ambassador to the UN and expected president of the review conference, chaired
the meeting. [See also Recommendation for a Biosecurity Watchdog in February
2006 and Time to Strengthen the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention in December
2004 environmental security reports.]
Source:
At UN, parties to Biological Weapons Convention plan to review effectiveness
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=18286&Cr=biological&Cr1=weapon
Biological Weapons Convention Meeting To Prepare For 2006 Comprehensive Review
http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/news_media.nsf/%28httpNewsByYear_en%29/4C9CAE0B7A909C4FC125715A002FDB60?OpenDocument
Climate change
Research Documents Continued Global Warming Effects
At the European Geosciences Union meeting in Vienna, several scientists revealed
recent research and data on greenhouse gas emissions; global warming and its
consequences; glaciers' unprecedented melting rates; and the increasing acidity
of oceans and its consequences on marine life. There was consensus that human
activity is an important driver and that swift action to change current trends
and practices should be mandatory.
UK Calls for Worldwide Action for Addressing Global Warming
The British government is intensifying its call for immediate worldwide consensus
and action for addressing global warming, which would include the economically
booming China and India, even if it would take decades to see the results. The
government's chief scientist, Sir David King, warned that, even by the most
optimistic forecasts, carbon dioxide levels are set to double those of the pre-industrial
era, leading to a three-degree centigrade rise in temperature, jeopardizing
eco-systems, raising sea levels and flooding coastal areas, and causing the
hunger of 400 million people. The Blair government claims that Britain will
exceed the Kyoto Protocol target of 12.5% emissions reductions by 2012, but
not its own goal of 20% reduction by 2010, in spite of the plans for stricter
emission regulations introduced last month.
East Asia and Climate Change
The spotlight of the latest East Asia Update report by the World Bank, “Climate
Change and East Asia––Challenges and Opportunities” warns
that climate change is likely to significantly affect economies in the Asia-Pacific
region, threatening the coastal area and jeopardizing the region's economic
growth. Rising sea levels, more intense storms and greater extremes of droughts
and floods will threaten the livelihoods of millions of poor and cause mass
migration. Another report, State of the Environment in Asia and the Pacific
2005 by the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP),
is assessing the implications of the region’s rapid economic growth, revealing
that present patterns are unsustainable and urges adoption of “green”
policies and standards. Along the same lines, experts and policy-makers attending
the “Asia-Pacific Dialogue on Innovative Options for Non-Annex I Countries
Participation for Climate Change Action” held in Bangkok, discussed strategies
for the regions’ developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
in the framework of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The meeting was co-organized
by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) and UNESCAP. Little
progress has been made, because many developing countries are worried that binding
targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions would jeopardize their economic growth.
Rising Sea Level Triggers Rising Refugee Move
Further to the Rising Concerns over Rising Seas item of the February 2006 report
on the 11,000 inhabitants of Tuvalu facing the threat of the rising ocean level:
now, seeing themselves as climate refugees, some Tuvaluans are leaving their
Pacific island homes and moving their communities to safer ground in New Zealand,
thus officially becoming environmental refugees. [See also Several Small
Asia/Pacific Countries at Risk because of Rising Sea Levels in January
2006, First People Displaced Due to Rising Sea Levels in December 2005.]
Sources:
European Geosciences Union––Media http://www.egu-media.net/content/category/3/39/49/
Top UK Scientist Sees Dangerous Rise In Global Warming http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Top_UK_Scientist_Sees_Dangerous_Rise_In_Global_Warming.html
Earth's Ice Melting Under Blanket of Greenhouse Gases http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2006/2006-04-04-04.asp
East Asia Update - News Release http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/EXTEAPHALFYEARLYUPDATE/0,,contentMDK:20865282~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:550226,00.html
(see “Download the Report” for more details)
Asia-Pacific Dialogue on Innovative Options for Non-Annex 1 Countries' Participation
for Climate Change Action http://www.iges.or.jp/en/cp/activity07.html
Launch of the State of the Environment in Asia and the Pacific 2005 Report http://www.unescap.org/unis/press/2006/apr/n19.asp
Early Signs: New Zealand’s Climate Refugees http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.htm?programID=06-P13-00013&segmentID=6
(audio transcript)
Northwest Passage to Become “Canadian Internal Waters”
The Canadian government mounted an expedition to defend the Northwest Passage
as Canadian territory. This is the largest Canadian expedition in 60 years in
the Arctic, with troops traveling 2800 miles across the region that is changing
rapidly as a consequence of climate change. In addition to sailing, the opening
of the Northwest Passage is an opportunity for access to rich resources, including
oil. Recent research suggests that the passage could become ice-free and open
for navigation as soon as 2015. While Canada claims sovereignty over the region,
it is at odds with other countries including Denmark and Russia who argue that
the area is a continuation of their territory. [See also Arctic Northern
Passage Opens New International Issues of Regulation in February 2006 environmental
security report.]
Sources:
Canada troops mount big Arctic sovereignty patrol http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N09308393.htm
Northwest Passage gets political name change http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/story.html?id=6d4815ac-4fdb-4cf3-a8a6-4225a8bd08df&k=73925&p=1
New UK Chemical Data Base for Regulatory Compliance
The UK's Chemical Industries Association has set up the ReachReady organization
and database at www.reachready.co.uk to aid organizations in complying with
the EU's REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals) regulations.
[See also Integration of Chemical Regulations (REACH) Approved by European
Council in December 2005, The REACH Program Closer to Entry Into Force
in March 2005, and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Source:
ReachReady www.reachready.co.uk
Stockholm Convention Meeting to Look at Concrete Actions and Policies
The Second Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention
(COP 2) on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) will be held in Geneva, May
1–5. Representatives of Parties to the Convention will review progress
and discuss specific activities, policies, and investments at the national and
community levels that would help POPs reduction. The conference agenda includes:
strengthening of a global monitoring network to track the levels of POPs in
the environment; technical assistance; non-compliance; liability; and the redress
of issues. Presently there are 12 POPs covered by the Convention and more chemicals
are under technical review and expected to be added to the list in coming years.
[See also Stockholm Convention Updates in November 2005 and other previous environmental
security scanning reports.] Note: we will report on the COP-2 outcomes in the
May environmental security scanning report.
Source:
National Plans for Eliminating 12 Extremely Hazardous Chemicals http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=475&ArticleID=5263&l=en
Second Meeting of the Conference of the Parties of the Stockholm Convention
http://www.iisd.ca/chemical/pops/cop2
Study Says Mobile Phones Raise Tumor Risk
A study by the Swedish National Institute for Working Life has indicated that
the use of mobile phones over a long period of time can raise the risk of brain
tumors. The criterion for heavy use was 2000 hours or more, equivalent to ten
years use at an hour a day. The work involved 2200 cancer patients and an equal
number of controls. According to a Reuters dispatch, one of the scientists said
that the results pointed to a 2.5× higher risk of a malignant tumor on
the side of the head the phone is used. These results are at odds with earlier
Dutch and British research, which found no such correlation. [See also Cell
Phones Damage Rat Brains in February 2004 environmental security report.]
Source:
Long mobile phone use raises brain tumor risk http://go.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=technologyNews&storyID=11714735
Heavy Use of Mobile Phones Increases Cancer Risk, Study Finds http://environment.about.com/od/healthenvironment/a/cancerphones.htm
(Article stored for a limited time on the website)
Space Technology for Improving Planetary Knowledge and Security
Over 8000 scientists convened in Vienna, Austria, April 3–7 for the third
annual European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly. The discussions through
the 400 thematic sessions revealed the importance of space technology in contemporary
planetary sciences. Prominent subjects included changes in CO2 levels and their
impact on biodiversity; the use of satellite technology in enhancing weather
predictions; greater understanding of polar ice loss; deep sea research using
marine mammals; the use of solar-powered robots for polar research; and satellite
altimetry to predict sea level change and predict its impacts. [See the Appendix
for more details on the issues discussed at the EGU General Assembly] Space
technology proves to be of great help in monitoring present flooding in Europe
and world population mapping, increasing timely and more efficient response.
NASA’s CloudSat and CALIPSO research satellites launched this month will
help scientists refine computer models that forecast the weather and chart global
climate change. [See also Satellite Technology Use for Environmental-related
Issues Expands in December 2005, Space Technology to Help Enforce Environmental
Regulations in November and Climate Change--Improved Satellite Climate
Change Monitoring in June 2005 and other related items on the same issue
in previous environmental security reports.]
Source:
European Geosciences Union––Media http://www.egu-media.net/content/category/3/39/49/
Geoinformation from space sharpens population density maps http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMZWFOFGLE_economy_0.html
Massive German floods monitored from space http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMRPVNFGLE_environment_0.html
NASA launches climate satellites http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=topNews&storyid=2006-04-28T110208Z_01_B193600_RTRUKOC_0_US-SPACE-SATELLITES.xml
ANSI to Carry Out Survey on Needs for Nanotech Standards
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has announced the initiation
of a survey developed by the U.S. Technical Advisory Group to ISO Technical
Committee 229–– Nanotechnologies. According to the ANSI announcement,
"Input from the survey will help to shape the U.S. position on international
standardization activities in nanotechnology. The survey asks U.S. industry
stakeholders to identify market needs and areas of standardization that they
believe will lead to the commercialization of nanotechnology applications. The
ISO effort currently focuses on three main areas: terminology and nomenclature;
metrology and instrumentation …; and science-based health, safety and
environmental practices." [See also ISO to Establish Standardization
in the Field of Nanotechnologies in the October 2005 environmental security
report.]
Sources:
Nanotechnology Survey Launched to Assess Industry Needs http://www.ansi.org/news_publications/news_story.aspx?menuid=7&articleid=1202
The survey: www.zoomerang.com/survey.ZGI?p=WEB22598kqraad
Reports Suggested for Review
Assessment of Toxicity Testing for Environmental Agents
In view of new directives and initiatives for toxicity testing in the U.S. and
Europe, and the new testing technologies and methods that are emerging, EPA
called for a comprehensive review of the present testing methods and strategies
and recommendations for improvement. To that effect, the National Research Council
(NRC) designated a Committee on Toxicity Testing and Assessment of Environmental
Agents to conduct an independent two-part study. The focus is human toxicology
and not ecologic effects of environmental agents. The first part of the study,
Toxicity Testing for Assessment of Environmental Agents: Interim Report is a
comprehensive analysis of the current approaches to toxicity testing and data
needs to meet regulations. The committee agrees that new strategies and protocols
are needed to improve the efficiency of toxicity screening and address some
of the data gaps identified. The second part, expected to be completed by fall
2006, focuses on developing long-range vision and strategy to advance the practices
of toxicity testing and human health risk assessment of environmental contaminants.
Source:
Toxicity Testing for Assessment of Environmental Agents: Interim Report (2006)
http://darwin.nap.edu/books/0309100925/html
UK Analysis of Current Green Energy Options
The Which Energy? report by the Institute of Science in Society is an assessment
of many energy options regarding accelerating global warming and depleting fossil
fuels. Bringing together the science, ethics, economics, safety, and politics
of available energy options, the report puts forward recommendations for cleaner
energy policies and actions, including ruling out nonrenewable sources and techniques
that are not environmentally friendly and/or safe for society (e.g. nuclear),
and advocating energy self-sufficiency as the best guarantee for energy security.
Although this report does not include such high tech items as genetically engineered
photosynthesis to produce hydrogen or orbital solar power satellites for base
load electricity, it is nevertheless a very good review of current alternative
“green” energy solutions.
Source:
Parliament Launch of ISIS 2006 Energy Report
http://www.i-sis.org.uk/PLOIER.php
and for the executive summary, see: http://www.i-sis.org.uk/ISIS_energy_review_exec_sum.pdf
Mediterranean Threatened by Development Pressures, Says Blue Plan Report
A Sustainable Future for the Mediterranean: the Blue Plan’s Environment
& Development Outlook, a report by the UNEP’s Mediterranean Action
Plan, states that if current trends continue, the region’s ecosystem will
be severely jeopardized by 2025. The report suggests an alternative based on
the principles of sustainable development that could boost the quality of life
over the coming decades while protecting the environment. The report was commissioned
by the 21 nations bordering the Mediterranean Sea and is the result of the cooperation
of 300 experts.
Source:
Mediterranean Threatened by Development, says Blue Plan Report http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=475&ArticleID=5248&l=en
World Water Forum
"Lack of water or its poor quality, last year [2005], caused 10 times
more deaths than all the wars waged on the planet together," noted Loïc
Fauchon, President of the World Water Council, in addressing the 4th World Water
Forum held March 16-22 in Mexico City. About 20,000 participants from 141 countries
participated. There were over 200 sessions and 1,600 local actions were presented.
The dominating discussions were on: universal access to clean water--without
border constraints; recognition of water as a fundamental human right and key
to development; access to water-related technologies; and improved water management
and capacity building. At the Ministerial Conference concluding the Forum, high-level
officials adopted the Ministerial Declaration, calling for intensified national
and international action on water and sanitation issues by including water and
sanitation as priorities in national processes, and support for integrated water
resources management. See Appendix for sample of reports launched in conjunction
with World Water Forum.
Sources:
4th World Water Forum http://www.worldwaterforum4.org.mx
At Mexico forum, UN official outlines plans to improve water access globally
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17827&Cr=water&Cr1=
Summary Of The 4th World Water Forum http://www.iisd.ca/ymb/worldwater4/html/ymbvol82num15e.html
Stronger Regulations to Protect Ocean
Marine Environments
The Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution
by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter Enters Into Force
The 1996 Protocol to the 1972 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution
by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention) entered into force
on March 24, 2006. The Protocol is a comprehensive and restrictive set of regulations
regarding dumping of wastes at sea. The new rules prohibit dumping of any materials
except for those on an approved list. The 1972 Convention permitted dumping
of wastes at sea, except for those materials on a banned list. This is the first
international maritime treaty regulating storage of wastes in the seabed, as
well as the abandonment or toppling of offshore installations, and it includes
the "polluter pays" principle. Although the Protocol's dumping provisions
do not cover internal waters, Parties to the Protocol have the option to apply
its rules to their internal waters if they wish (Article 7). The Protocol also
has linkages with other international environmental agreements that have been
developed since 1972; for instance, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary
Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. The U.S. is a Party to the
1997 London Convention, but is not a Contracting Party to the 1996 Protocol.
Source:
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other
Matter 1972 and 1996 Protocol Thereto http://www.londonconvention.org/
Greenpeace Calls for Oceans Natural Reserves
A new report by Greenpeace, Roadmap to Recovery: A global network of marine
reserves, is a comprehensive assessment of the present status of the high seas
and threats to them, suggesting that 40% of the world's oceans should be declared
natural reserves and protected in the same way as land areas are (according
to UN data, at present just 0.6% of the oceans are protected compared with 12%
of the world's land). The report outlines a global marine reserve network for
the high seas, documenting why it is needed, investigating candidate sites for
protection, and indicating some principles of marine reserve networking, as
well as suggesting implementation strategies.
Sources:
Roadmap to Recovery: A global network of marine reserves
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/press/reports/ocean-maps
http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/ocean-maps.pdf
(the report)
Stronger Guidelines for UN Fish Stocks Agreement
Delegates attending a preparatory meeting for the review of the UN Agreement
for Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory
Fish Stocks, agreed on guidelines to strengthen the treaty in order to better
manage the world's fish stocks. The guidelines will serve to: evaluate the adequacy
and implementation status of the Agreement, assess what new political commitments
are needed, establish new regional management organizations, and strengthen
international cooperation. The "Fish Agreement" entered into force
in December 2001; the review conference will be held in New York, May 22-26,
2006.
Sources:
At UN, countries agree on guidelines to better manage the world's fish stocks
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17937&Cr=fish&Cr1=
Review Conference on the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions
of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating
to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory
Fish Stocks
http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/review_conf_fish_stocks.htm
European Waters to Get More Protection
New Baltic Sea Action Plan Based on Ecosystem Approach
The kick-off Stakeholder Conference of the Helsinki Commission approved the
first steps in drafting the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) to protect and restore
the Baltic Sea marine environment. The Plan includes intergovernmental cooperation
among the countries bordering the sea--Denmark, Estonia, the European Community,
Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Sweden. The BSAP will
be part of the new EU Marine Strategy for a healthy marine environment. "The
BSAP will apply the ecosystem-based approach to management of the Baltic Sea.
In setting a definition of 'good ecological status' for the Baltic Sea, as well
as specific environmental targets and necessary measures, the BSAP will be instrumental
to the successful implementation of the [EU Marine] Strategy in the region,"
said Peter Gammeltoft, Head of the Water and Marine Unit in the Directorate
General for Environment at the European Commission. The Plan is expected to
be adopted in late 2007.
Sources:
HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan receives strong support at Stakeholder Conference
http://www.helcom.fi/press_office/news_helcom/en_GB/StakeholderConf_Outcome/
New Baltic Sea Action Plan Relies on Ecosystem Approach http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2006/2006-03-10-01.asp
The Agreement on International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland
Waterways (ADN) Closer to Entry into Force
The European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods
by Inland Waterways (ADN) is two ratifications away for entering into force.
The ADN aims to set up high-level safety standards for the entire European Inland
Waterways Network by a main legal text and regulations concerning the international
carriage of dangerous goods by inland waterways; and effective prevention of
pollution resulting from accidents or incidents during the carriage; while facilitating
transport operations and promoting international trade in chemicals.
Sources:
Bulgaria joins the ADN Agreement http://www.unece.org/press/pr2006/06trans_p02e.htm
The ADN http://unece.org/trans/danger/adn-agree.html
International Biodiversity Meetings Make Decisions
The third Meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (COP/MOP-3)
was held from 13-17 March 2006, in Curitiba, Brazil, preceding the eighth meeting
of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD
COP-8) held 20-31 March. COP/MOP-3 adopted 18 decisions ranging from requirements
for handling, transport, packaging and identification of living modified organisms
(LMOs) to capacity building and funding. The most important achievement was
the adoption of the documentation requirements for LMO shipments for food, feed
and processing (LMO-FFPs).
The Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD
COP-8) focused on concrete actions and policies to achieve the 2010 biodiversity
target. Global Biodiversity Outlook 2, by the secretariat of the UN CBD, released
at the opening of the Conference, reveals that human activity might be the cause
of the worst extinction since the dinosaurs' era. Some notable outcomes of the
CBD COP-8 include:
- call to use zoning schemes, special management areas, and policies to preserve
endangered species
- designation of several new protected areas
- rejection of lifting the moratorium on terminator seeds
- set of measures and objectives for the protection and sustainable use of the
vulnerable biodiversity of islands, and another on arid lands
- new initiatives to raise awareness globally on the consequences of the biodiversity
loss
- an alliance among the world's top research centers and agencies specializing
in biodiversity to cooperate with the UN CBD to reduce the rate of loss of biodiversity
by 2010
- Conservation of Biodiversity Rich Sacred Natural Sites initiative
- a 2010 Biodiversity Forum with preparations to begin this year
The ninth Conference of Parties will be held in 2008, in Germany. The Convention
on Biological Diversity has 188 Parties (168 Signatures), and the Cartagena
Protocol on Biosafety has 132 Parties (103 Signatures). The United States is
not Party to any of them.
Sources:
Third meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety http://www.biodiv.org/doc/meeting.aspx?mtg=MOP-03
Summary of The Third Meeting of The Parties to The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
http://www.iisd.ca/vol09/enb09351e.html
Africans missing at key biosafety talks http://www.panos.org.uk/global/cbd2006_summit1.asp
Eighth Ordinary Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on
Biological Diversity http://www.biodiv.org/doc/meeting.aspx?mtg=COP-08
Global Biodiversity Outlook 2 http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=10107
Conserving Biological Diversity Becomes a Sacred Quest http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=471&ArticleID=5162&l=en
Eighth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP-8)
http://www.iisd.ca/biodiv/cop8/
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental
Security Implications
New Microcantilever for Biochemical Detection
Researchers at the Nanomaterials for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics Center
for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence at Northwestern University have developed
a new device that generates a direct electrical signal from the bending that
occurs when a suspect biological molecule bends a cantilever in binding to an
antibody or complementary nucleic acid sequence attached to it. The cantilever's
motion has been detected optically in previous devices, but here the tiny beam
forms part of a MOSFET semiconductor, and causes a sharp change in current when
displaced. The device can be mass-produced using standard computer chip design
and manufacturing techniques, and can detect bending of as little as 5 nm when
triggered by DNA or antigens.
Source:
Transistor-Cantilever Combo Detects Biomolecules with High Sensitivity http://nano.cancer.gov/news_center/nanotech_news_2006-02-27b.asp
Chopped-up DNA Strands Speed Bacterial Identification
A team of researchers at the Brookhaven National Laboratory has developed a
new technique for rapid and efficient identification of pathogenic bacteria
within an unknown mixture of microbes. An enzyme is added to the mixture that
chops up the bacterial DNA into short segments, which can be individually isolated
and identified, thus enabling the detection of harmful organisms in the environment.
This is much faster than preparing bacterial cultures and avoids the possibility
of favoring the detection of certain bacteria over others.
Source:
New Technique Rapidly Detects Harmful Bacteria http://www.nationalacademies.org/headlines/20060313.html
New Spectroscopy Technique with Superior Results
Scientists at JILA (originally the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics,
but presently having no definition), the institute jointly sponsored by the
National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Univ. of Colorado - Boulder,
have developed a new technique for spectroscopy as used in the identification
of minute quantities of chemicals in gas samples, such as in environmental monitoring
stations, or screening for explosives or biochemical weapons. The JILA system
uses an ultrafast laser-based "optical frequency comb" as both the
infrared source and as a means for precisely measuring the wavelengths produced
after interactions. Its sensitivity of one part in 108, and an acquisition time
of 7 ms for its 100 nm wavelength range indicate its increased capability for
use in systems for monitoring the environment.
Source:
New JILA Technique Using Infrared Laser Light to Identify Trace Levels of Different
Molecules http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?newsID=1999
Sanitizing Fabrics for Environmental Workers
Researchers from Cornell University and the University of California, Davis,
have developed a technique for incorporating bacteria-killing halamides into
fabrics that can then be used to produce protective clothing for personnel working
in biologically hazardous environments, such as where anthrax may be present.
They expect testing in 2006 and commercialization in 2008.
Source:
New Nano-Fabrics to Safeguard Agricultural, Medical, and Military Workers http://www.nanotechbuzz.com/50226711/new_nanofabrics_to_safeguard_agricultural_medical_and_military_workers.php
Drug Metabolites Identified in Wastewater--Removal
Possible
University of Buffalo researchers announced (Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical
Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy in Orlando, FL, March 16, 2006) that metabolites
of two antibiotics and a medical imaging agent have been found in wastewater
treatment plants. "Current wastewater treatment processes are optimized
to reduce nitrates and phosphates and dissolved organic carbon, the major pollutants
of concern in domestic wastes," said Diana Aga, UB's research leader, "However,
treatment facilities don't monitor or measure organic microcontaminants like
residues of pharmaceuticals and active ingredients of personal care products."
The team described methods for identification and treatment of these pollutants.
Such antibiotics and their metabolites can increase drug resistance among disease
organisms and synthetic hormones can act as endocrine disruptors. Italian researchers
also found high concentrations of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments at
levels close to those that may induce adverse ecotoxicological effects.
Sources:
Pharmaceutical Metabolites Found in Wastewater. March 15, 2006 http://www.buffalo.edu/research/article.html?id=78260009
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/integration/newsalert/pdf/13na3.pdf
Chinese Research Priorities for the
Next Fifteen Years
The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) announced its research priority for the
next fifteen years. Areas of research are: drug and biofuel development; nanotechnology
and new materials; genomics and proteomics; renewable energy and technologies
for capturing carbon dioxide emissions; sustainable agriculture; and the next
generation of information technology (IT). The academy investment is expected
to grow by 70% in the next five years and then by about 12% annually until 2020
making it a major player in the future of science and technology.
Note: East Asian Strategic Review 2006, a recent report by the Japanese National
Institute for Defense Studies, warns that increasing Chinese research on the
development of technologies for mounting "China's military muscle can be
seen as major destabilizing factors in East Asia."
Sources:
Chinese Academy of Sciences gets first constitution http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2735&language=1
CAS publishes its blueprint for development http://english.cas.cn/eng2003/news/detailnewsb.asp?InfoNo=25962
East Asian Strategic Review 2006 Executive Summary http://www.nids.go.jp/english/dissemination/east-asian/pdf/east-asian_e2006s.pdf
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Increasing Nuclear Safety and Security
The first International Conference on Effective Nuclear Regulatory Systems was
held in Moscow, 27 February-3 March 2006. The 216 participants from 57 countries
and seven international organizations discussed the full range of issues of
nuclear security and safety in light of the potential revitalization of nuclear
energy for meeting world energy requirements without greenhouse gas production.
Triennial forums will review progress in creating effective nuclear regulatory
systems and deepening international collaboration.
On March 23, Slovakia became the first country to ratify the International Convention
for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism; to date, 100 States have signed
it. [See also Nuclear Terrorism Convention Signed by 82 Countries at the UN
Summit in the September 2005, and UN Agency to Intensify Tracking of Illicit
Nuclear Trafficking in the September 2004 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
International Conference On Effective Nuclear Regulatory Systems http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Meetings/Announcements.asp?ConfID=150
World nuclear regulators agree to meet again in three years http://www.platts.com/HOME/highlights/2006/homep_inrc_031306.xml
Slovakia first to ratify UN-administered pact on nuclear terrorism http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17912&Cr=terror&Cr1
Climate Change
Compliance Body Set Up for Kyoto Protocol
The Compliance Committee for the Kyoto Protocol "designed to ensure the
environmental integrity of the agreement and to contribute to the credibility
of the carbon market created by the Protocol" has begun its operations,
announced the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The 20-member Committee
has two branches: the Enforcement Branch of the Committee that deals with non-compliance
consequences for Parties that do not meet their commitments under the Protocol,
and the Facilitative Branch of the Committee, that would provide advice and
assistance to countries having difficulties meeting their commitments. The Committee
deals with individual cases as they come up, and reports annually to the meeting
of the Parties to the Protocol.
A European study, An economic assessment of the Kyoto Protocol application,
states that the United States' stand on the Kyoto Protocol influences the economic
consequences of the Protocol implementation more than any other factor or region.
The analysis considered four main factors: the participation of the United States--the
major emissions-producing country; and the role of Russia--the potential major
emission credit seller; the Marrakech Accords' CO2 sinks; and the trading mechanisms
and related trade restrictions defined by the Protocol; and boycott movements.
The report aims to help assess the most cost-effective options to reduce greenhouse
gases emissions globally. [See also Montreal Conference on Climate Change Reached
New Agreements in December 2005, UN Meeting Fails to Agree on Post-Kyoto Strategy
in May 2005 and other previous environmental security reports.]
Polar Ice Melting Faster than Forecasted
Several studies have recently revealed that ice at both poles is melting faster
than previously forecast. Using satellite technology, scientists found that
sea levels rise by 0.4 millimeters a year, due to water pouring into the seas,
mainly caused by the bulk loss of ice sheets. Although there is evidence that
while the West Antarctic is thinning the East of the continent is thickening,
and similarly, Greenland's interior is becoming heavier due to more snowfall,
while the edges are thinning, the overall melting is more. A model developed
by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), also reveals that ice
sheets and glaciers in the Arctic and Antarctic have been melting steadily.
The model is based on observations of the Last Interglaciation period when shifts
in Earth's orbit caused the Arctic to warm by 3-5 ºC and the sea level
to rise by some 5 meters. The scientists note that half of the sea level rise
predicted in 2001 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to
occur this century has already taken place in the past decade. They warn that
passing the 560 ppm CO2 concentration threshold in the atmosphere (now it's
about 380ppm) might trigger unpredictable changes with catastrophic consequences,
and are calling for increased efforts to curb greenhouse gases emission and
tackle global warming.
Greenhouse Gases at Rise, Show Several Recent Reports
Greenhouse-gas concentrations reached new highs in 2004, reveals the first annual
Greenhouse Gas Bulletin published by WMO. Globally, average concentrations of
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the Earth's atmosphere
exceed those of pre-industrial times by 35%, 155%, and 18% respectively, reaching
their highest-ever recorded levels. The WMO prepared the Greenhouse Gas Bulletin
in cooperation with the World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (that archives
observations from some 44 WMO Members), and with assistance of the U.S. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Earth System Research Laboratory. The
bulletin with 2005 data is expected in November 2006. NOAA reports that in 2005,
the CO2 average atmospheric concentration reached 381 ppm, an increase of 2.6
ppm since 2004 (although compared to WMO data, the difference would be 3.9 ppm),
noting that half a century ago, the annual increase was less than 1 ppm.
Sources:
Groundbreaking Kyoto Protocol Compliance system launched http://unfccc.int/files/press/news_room/press_releases_and_advisories/application/pdf/20060303_compliance_committee_1st_meeting.pdf
Economic Implications of the Kyoto Protocol http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/integration/newsalert/pdf/14na4.pdf
Polar ice sheets show net loss http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4790238.stm
Arctic, Antarctic Melting May Raise Sea Levels Faster than Expected http://www.ucar.edu/news/releases/2006/melting.shtml
Ice and History. Donald Kennedy and Brooks Hanson, Science, 24 March 2006 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/311/5768/1673
First WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin http://www.wmo.int/web/arep/gaw/ghg/ghg-bulletin-en-03-06.pdf
Global Atmosphere Watch http://www.wmo.int/web/arep/gaw/gaw_home.html
Future Sea-level Rise will make Freshwater Brackish
The southern Pacific region experienced "king tides" on February 28,
2006, as a result of the 26-year cycle of essentially perfect gravitational
alignments of the Sun, Moon and Earth. The island of Funafuti, Tuvalu (max.
elevation = 3.7 meters) had tide swells of 3.4 meters above normal in calm weather.
While this rise is only minimally attributable to global warming sea-level rise
at this stage, it does point to impacts to be expected well before actual inundation
of low-lying regions might result from that phenomenon. While only three of
the lowest situated homes experienced yard flooding, Dr. Mark Hayes of the University
of Queensland observed water bubbling up to emerge on top of the soil. This
would have occurred from rapid, significant intrusion of seawater below the
lens of brackish and freshwater held in pores and cavities of the island's rocky
structure and soil. Such intrusion will have contaminated some of the freshwater
upon which residents depend for direct use and for agriculture. In low rainfall
regions, such damage will not self-repair quickly. It is likely that well before
physical inundation from general sea-level rise forces residents to flee, they
will have to abandon the island owing to unavailability of potable water and
water for even salt-tolerant crops and trees. Funafuti is one extreme case,
but represents a snapshot of the future for all low-lying islands and littoral
zones. [See also Several Small Asia/Pacific Countries at Risk because of Rising
Sea Levels in January 2006, First People Displaced Due to Rising Sea Levels
in December 2005 and other related items in previous environmental scanning
reports.]
Sources:
High Tides Flood Funafuti http://www.tuvaluislands.com/news/archives/2006/2006-03-04.htm
Meteorologists Warn of King Tides to Sweep in Today http://www.pacificislands.cc/pina/pinadefault2.php?urlpinaid=20566
'Move Tuvalu Population To A Fiji Island To Ensure Survival, Scientist Says'
Feb.20th, 2006 http://www.tuvaluislands.com/news/archives/2006/2006-02-20.htm
"Hayes Tuvalu Radio New Zealand International"
New European Energy Policy Developments
A European Commission new Green Paper sets the basis for a common energy strategy
for the 25-nation European Union, since energy security and the fight against
climate change are common challenges and therefore should be addressed by common
and coordinated efforts. The paper includes six specific priority areas with
over 20 suggestions: establishing an internal EU energy market; solidarity among
EU Member States, including setting up a European Energy Supply Observatory
and revision of the present supply framework; a sustainable, efficient, and
diverse energy mix ("This in turn may eventually lead to objectives being
established at Community level regarding the EU's overall energy mix to ensure
security of supply, whilst respecting the right of Member States to make their
own energy choices" states the EU Press Release); global warming response,
including an Action Plan on energy efficiency to be adopted by the Commission
later this year; strategic energy technology plan that would assure EU competitiveness
for efficient and low-emission technologies; and a common external energy policy
to reflect an EU common view in the international arena, including a new Community
mechanism to enable rapid and coordinated reactions to emergency external energy
supply situations.
In order to reduce dependency on non-European countries' energy sources, European
leaders are planning to raise the share of energy generated from renewables
from 12% to 15% by 2010 and increasing the proportion of biofuels used in transport
from the 5.75% target by 2010 to 8% by 2015. Meanwhile, the EC's "Euro
5" proposal seeks to impose stricter rules on new car emissions, calling
for diesel particulates to be cut by 80%, gasoline hydrocarbons by 25%, and,
for both gasoline and diesel, NOX cut by 20%. Individual countries advocate
even stronger measures. The new standards, if approved, could enter into force
in mid-2008.
Source:
Fuelling our future: the European Commission sets out its vision for an Energy
Strategy for Europe http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/06/282&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
EU Leaders Seek Stronger Renewable Energy Targets http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/35802/story.htm
EU Ministers Push for Tougher Car Pollution Rules http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/35571/story.htm
Nanotechnology
German NanoCare Project to Evaluate Nanoparticles
This month marks the beginning of the NanoCare project under the auspices of
the German Ministry of Education and Research. This project brings together
thirteen companies, universities and research institutes, and focuses on "the
properties of nanoparticles to ensure that they pose no risk to humans and the
environment when used in chemical materials." It will operate for three
years and has €7.6 million in funding from government and industry.
Sources:
Bayer joins nanotechnology research project http://www.pharmaceutical-business-review.com/article_news.asp?guid=30C47C4C-F0EC-42EA-84BA-2DA6FF8C92BF
Project site: http://www.nanopartikel.info/
(in German, under construction)
Nanotech Consumer Products Data Base
The Emerging Nanotechnologies Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center
for Scholars has launched the first publicly accessible on-line 'Nanotechnology
Consumer Products Inventory.' The database lists over 200 nanotech-related consumer
products by name, manufacturer, country of origin, and category, and includes
a product photograph, description, and Web link. The database is available at
http://www.nanotechproject.org/index.php?id=44 and is still being expanded.
Source:
A Nanotechnology Consumer Products Inventory http://www.nanotechproject.org/index.php?id=44
Online List Details 200+ First Generation Nano Products Available Today on Store
Shelves and via Internet http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/03-10-2006/0004317584&EDATE
Grant for Review of Best Practices in Nanotech Safety
Researchers at the University of California, Santa Barbara received a grant
from the International Council on Nanotechnology (ICON), a multi-sectoral consortium,
to conduct a "Review of Best Practices for Nanotechnology Safety",
to be completed by the end of 2006. The first phase will involve a comprehensive
review of all existing "best practice" development efforts. The second
will conduct interviews of a broad range of companies internationally to determine
current practices, having as a goal, "to identify critical needs for the
standardization and implementation of safe practices in the nanotechnology industry
in different parts of the globe." A project official, Barbara Herr Harthorn,
commented, "The ICON-funded study will provide essential data on current
nanotech industry standards and practices for enhancing the environmental and
health safety of nanomaterials. By providing comparative data on companies in
the US, Europe and Asia, it will help shed light on new safety models as they
are being implemented and also help identify where they are most needed. This
work will provide important baseline data for … research … UCSB
is planning on risk and society issues."
Source:
International Council on Nanotechnology studies occupational safeguards
http://www.physorg.com/news11773.html
Upcoming Conferences on Nanotechnology Safety
A conference on "Nanoparticles for European Industry - Manufacture, Scale-Up,
Stabilization, Characterization and Toxicology'" will be held 2-3 May 2006,
at the Olympia Conference Centre, London. The meeting, sponsored by the Institute
of Nanotechnology and the European Nanotechnology Trade Alliance, will present
the latest views on issues of critical importance to industry, including innovations
in manufacturing techniques, and scale-up and stabilization of nanoparticles.
The conference will include sessions on toxicology and characterization, plus
presentations on current approaches to regulation.
The International Symposium on Nanotechnology in Environmental Protection and
Pollution will be held in Hong Kong, China 18-21 June 2006. One of the three
sections of the Symposium is directed toward Nanotechnology Toxicity and Environmental
Pollution, including Environmental Cleanup, Filters and Membranes, Nanoelectromechanical
Systems (NEMS) and Advanced Devices for Environmental Monitoring, Environmental
Impact and Assessment, Nanotechnology Defense, Responsible Commercialization,
and Nanotechnology Industry Standards.
Sources:
Nanoparticles for European Industry -Manufacture, Scale-Up, Stabilization, Characterization
and Toxicology http://www.nano.org.uk/conferences/nanoparticles/flyer.pdf
International Symposium on Nanotechnology in Environmental Protection and Pollution
http://www.isnepp.org/
Reports to Review
Environmental Change and Security Program 11th Report
The 11th report of the Woodrow Wilson Center Environmental Change and Security
Program discusses the implications and eventual links among environmental problems
and population dynamics, and conflict. According to the international panel
of experts, stabilizing population growth, and protecting natural resources
and the environment should be part of the long-term strategy for resolution
and avoiding of conflicts around the world. The report emphasizes that more
research is necessary for understanding regional aspects of the links connecting
environment, population, and security.
Source:
Environmental Change and Security Program Report http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1413&fuseaction=topics.publications&group_id=173708
Tougher Systems to Control GMO Suggested
GM Contamination Report 2005, by GeneWatch UK and Greenpeace International,
warns that current practices and legal frameworks are not adequate to protect
against GMO spread in unwanted places and to other plants. Reviewing cases of
contamination and negative side effects of genetically modified organisms, the
report reveals that over the past decade, GM crops have been planted illegally,
or have pollinated non-GM food in 39 countries, which is nearly double the number
of countries that introduced GM crops since 1996, when they were first commercialized.
The report calls for an independent international commission to be set up to
investigate, and for an international register of such incidents to be set up
under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.
Sources:
Greenpeace and GeneWatch UK call for urgent adoption of international biosafety
standards http://www.genewatch.org/Press%20Releases/pr85.htm
GM Contamination Report 2005 www.genewatch.org/publications/reports/contamination
report final.doc (might take longer to open)
Arctic Observing Integrated Network
Toward an Integrated Arctic Observing Network, by the Committee on Designing
an Arctic Observing Network, National Research Council, discusses the need,
scope, and implementation of an international observation system for the Arctic
region. The Arctic Observing Network (AON) would coordinate existing national
and international efforts for reliable and timely detection of conditions and
variations in the Arctic for a better understanding of the arctic system's functions
and changes. The network would serve both scientific and operational needs,
also contributing to other programs and research studies that help understand
the consequences of arctic changes and thus improve decision-making and timely-action.
Sources:
Toward an Integrated Arctic Observing Network http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11607.html
Draft Political Turmoil Global Energy Scenario (See "The Arctic")
http://www.acunu.org/millennium/energy-political.html
UN Reforms in Development, Humanitarian Assistance, and Environment to be Proposed by High-Level Panel
The UN Secretary-General has appointed a 15-member international high-level
panel to explore how to improve the work and efficiency of the UN system in
the areas of development, humanitarian assistance, and environment. The study's
outcomes will be used for the comprehensive UN management reform, complementing
such other major reform initiatives as the new Peacebuilding Commission and
the new Human Rights Council. The study is expected to be completed by the summer
and its recommendations formally presented to the UN General Assembly in September
2006, with possible implementation in 2007.
Source:
Secretary-General Announces Formation of New High-Level Panel on UN System-Wide
Coherence in Areas of Development, Humanitarian Assistance, Environment
http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2006/sgsm10349.html
New International Strategy for Chemicals Management and 9th Special Session of the UNEP Governing Council
The International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM) focused on safe
handling of chemicals in order to minimize adverse effects on human health and
the environment by improving the production, trade, transportation, and storage
of chemicals worldwide. The large number of chemicals already on the market,
and the expected 80% growth over the next 15 years, has made it impractical
to deal with separate regulations for individual compounds or groups of chemicals.
As a result, the Conference adopted the Strategic Approach for International
Chemicals Management (SAICM), a voluntary and comprehensive framework of measures
pertaining to risk assessment, labeling, and stockpiling of chemicals, as well
as handling of obsolete products. It also covers capacity building and staff
training--primarily in the developing countries--in chemicals safety issues
such as spills and accidents. UNEP will house the SAICM secretariat. The conference
was held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, from 4-6 February 2006, prior to the
9th Special Session of the UNEP Governing Council and Global Ministerial Environment
Forum, which formally approved the SAICM.
The 9th Special Session of the Governing Council and Global Ministerial Environment
Forum discussed strengthening international environmental governance, including
transforming UNEP into a United Nations Environment Organization (UNEO) and
the proposal to introduce universal membership of the Governing Council. No
agreement was reached, but negotiations are expected at the next meeting. Other
issues included environmental aspects of energy, tourism, and chemicals; assessment,
monitoring and early warning; and revitalization of the Environmental Management
Group.
Sources:
International Conference on Chemicals Management, Dubai, 4-6 February 2006 http://www.chem.unep.ch/ICCM/ICCM.htm
9th Special Session of the Governing Council /Global Ministerial Environment
Forum
7 - 9 February 2006, Dubai, UAE http://www.unep.org/gc/gcss-ix/
New Global Chemicals Strategy Given Green Light by Governments http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=469&ArticleID=5137&l=en
9th Special Session of the Governing Council /Global Ministerial Environment
Forum 2006
4-9 February 2006, Dubai, United Arab Emirates http://www.gcssdubai.com/welcome.htm
Summary Of The International Conference On Chemicals Management And Ninth Special
Session Of The UNEP Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum
http://www.iisd.ca/vol16/enb1654e.html
Void in High Seas and Coastal Governance
The Third Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands, "Moving the
Global Oceans Agenda Forward," organized by the Global Forum on Oceans,
Coasts, and Islands, took place at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris, January
24-27. Over 400 participants from 78 countries agreed to accelerate progress
for achieving the international ocean policy targets, including integrated ocean
and coastal management, and examined two major emerging ocean policy issues:
high seas governance and the effects of climate change on oceans and coastal
environments. No international organization holds responsibility for tracking
the progress of programs in integrated coastal and ocean management, and there
is no regular collection of information on the social and economic well-being
of coastal communities, where half of the world's population lives.
Sources:
Third Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands Moving the Global Oceans
Agenda Forward http://www.globaloceans.org/paris3/
UNESCO conference eyes planet's threatened oceans and coastal communities http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17341&Cr=ocean&Cr1=coast
3rd Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts and Islands Bulletin http://www.iisd.ca/ymb/globaloceans3/ymbvol68num3e.html
Arctic Northern Passage Opens New International Issues of Regulation
Thawing of the Arctic sea ice opens up the Northern Passage as an international
shipping route, triggering international disputes over sovereignty and ecological
implications. Although scientists, politicians, and environmental activists
are increasingly warning about the complexity of the problem, no international
regulations are yet in place for this fragile region. Alex Wolfe, from the University
of Alberta and leading researcher on the Arctic, says that besides the sovereignty
and ecosystem issues of the opening of the Northern Passage, there are also
shipping safety problems that are not yet adequately addressed. As of our information,
there are no international shipping standards or regulations in place for ecosystem
protection for Northern navigation. Canada claims that the waterway is Canadian
territory, while other countries consider it international waters. There is
no international treaty dividing the Arctic between the eight countries with
claims: Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the U.S.
This exposes the northern passages to other possible problems, such as: transportation
of illicit materials and illegal immigrants and as a place and route for terrorism,
as well as difficulty in solving eventual disputes over tanker accidents, contamination,
and overfishing. In March 2006, Canadian military forces will begin Operation
Nunalivut ("land that is ours" in Inuktitut, the Inuit language),
over the Arctic islands and sea ice of the Northwest Passage.
Sources:
As the Arctic ice retreats, the old Great Game begins to boil over. Ben Macintyre,
Norway http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,13509-2034643,00.html
Forces plan Arctic 'land is ours' mission. National Post (Canada), 02.09.06
http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=d75acb3e-7643-4f47-8a62-d21c9e001002&p=1
The Need to Defend Our New Northwest Passage http://thetyee.ca/Views/2006/01/30/DefendNorthwestPassage/
Alex Wolfe, Ass. Prof., Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Univ.
of Alberta, and leading international researcher of Arctic region. "Futures
First Tuesday" Teleconference
Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study http://www.cases.quebec-ocean.ulaval.ca/CASES06_detailed_agenda_Final.pdf
Sixth UN Forum on Forests Agrees to Multi-Year Work Plan
The two-week UN Forum on Forests held in New York, February 13-24, assessed
the issues of management, conservation, and sustainable development of all forests
worldwide. The focus was on re-assessing the International Agreements on Forests
(IAF), and the establishment of an international legally binding instrument
(LBI), promoted by members such as Canada and China; however, countries like
Brazil emphasized voluntary measures. The accord on the LBI will be concluded
and adopted next year, at the Seventh UN Forum on Forests. Agreement was reached
on a multi-year program of work, including more substantial progress on reporting.
Most speakers highlighted that besides the forests' ecological role, their management
has important security implications, since the livelihood of millions of people
depends on forests.
Military Implications:
The International Agreements on Forests and the multi-year work program should
be reviewed for opportunities to express the Army Strategy on the Environment,
other military implications affecting its exercises, and eventual support for
compliance offered to local authorities in some areas.
Sources:
Sixth Session of the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF-6)
http://www.iisd.ca/forestry/unff/unff6/
Sixth Session of UN Forum on Forests Opens at Headquarters
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/envdev883.doc.htm
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental Security Implications
Inorganic Fullerene-like Materials May Lower Hazards
The Nano-materials Synthesis Group in the Israeli Weizmann Institute has developed
a new class of nanomaterials, inorganic fullerene-like substances, based on
tungsten disulphide and similar compounds, rather than carbon. These materials,
marketed commercially by ApNano, have many of the physical properties of true
fullerenes, but are reported to be easier and cheaper to produce, chemically
stable and less reactive, and less flammable. They also have been tested and
purportedly found to be safe.
Sources:
Nano-Armor: Protecting The Soldiers Of Tomorrow http://www.isracast.com/tech_news/091205_tech.htm
Nano this, Nano that, what the... http://www.physorg.com/news10452.html
Microlenses for Bio-Chemical Detection
Scientists at the Georgia Institute of Technology's School of Chemistry and
Biochemistry have created a promising new detection device for environmental
biological or chemical threats, in the form of reusable hydrogel microlenses
that swell and hence change focal length when they come in contact with a particular
agent. The change in optical properties can be instantly detected; the change
is reversible, so the lens is reusable. The lenses used in the experiments (which
detected biotin, a B-vitamin) are 2µm wide, are compatible with existing
optical techniques, and are suitable for hand-held devices. Lenses with different
sensitivities could also be assembled into a detection array. The hydrogel microspheres
are initially coated with an antigen to the sought-for agent, and a photo cross-linking
compound. They are then attached to a surface, deforming them into lenses. When
the coated lens is exposed to the agent, the reaction between the agent and
the antibody causes the swelling.
Source:
Reversible Microlenses to Speed Chemical Detection http://www.gatech.edu/news-room/release.php?id=812
New Nanotechnology Batteries with Long Shelf Life
Scientists at Lucent Technologies Bell Labs have developed a new class of batteries,
which they call "nanobatteries". They are estimated to have a shelf
life of at least 15 years, and are based on a silicon "nanomembrane"
whose tiny honeycomb-like grid holds the electrolyte away from the electrodes
until power is needed, at which point it becomes liquid-permeable, releasing
the electrolyte drops to pass through, activating the cell.
Source:
Long Life Battery
http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218392734
Hydrogen Farming as a Possible Alternative to Petroleum
If biological and technological obstacles (already identified) can be resolved,
then hydrogen farming might become an alternative to petroleum production in
10-20 years, according to Tasios Melis of the University of California, Berkeley.
His research is one of several funded by the DOE, aimed at trying to use algae
to provide cheap and environmentally friendly hydrogen. It is based on the use
of transparent tubes full of water inoculated with the green alga Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii, which when put out in the sun naturally produces hydrogen as a
by-product of photosynthesis. A system of such tubes with hydrogen collection
capacity would form a hydrogen farm. "To displace gasoline use in the US
would take hydrogen farms covering about 25,000 square kilometers" (less
than a tenth of U.S. soy bean fields), says the researcher.
Source:
Growing hydrogen for the cars of tomorrow. By Peter Aldhous, New Scientist,
25 February 2006
http://www.newscientist.com/channel/mech-tech/mg18925401.600;jsessionid=IAACLHIKFBBN
(by subscription only)
Biodiesel Increasingly Considered a
Viable Alternative to Crude Oil
Growing demand for green fuels brings biodiesel into the spotlight of the global
oils industry. It was the focus of the two-day Price Outlook Conference for
edible oils, held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, as Southeast Asian countries are
looking into increasing their biofuels production. Malaysia and Singapore are
the world's leading palm oil producers. Solomon Islands plans to replace its
imported fuel with internally produced coconut oil with the help of three Australian
companies. Major increased biodiesel demand is expected to stem from the EU
policy that, by 2010, 5.7% of its diesel fuel must be biodiesel.
Sources:
Rapeseed and palm oil in biofuel race. The National Papua New Guinea http://www.thenational.com.pg/022706/column6.htm
Traders upbeat on palm oil's performance. Business Time, Malaysia http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BT/Saturday/Nation/BT553096.txt/Article/
Govt Pushes for Biodiesel http://www.solomonstarnews.com/drupal-4.4.1/?q=node/view/6966
(website works randomly)
Coconut Oil as a Biofuel http://www.solomonstarnews.com/drupal-4.4.1/?q=node/view/7019
(website works randomly)
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Climate Change
Rising Concerns over Rising Seas
Several recent articles have again raised the threat of rising sea levels that
could ultimately cause massive coastal and island destruction. A U.S. analysis
of satellite data has indicated that the volume of ice falling into the sea
from Greenland's ice cap has doubled over the past ten years, and that the current
contribution of Greenland to oceanic level increase is 0.57 mm/year. Australian
research has determined that the average level of the oceans has risen 19.5
cm since 1870 and the rate is increasing, with a prediction of a 31 cm rise
by 2100. British reports suggest the possibility of a 5?meter increase over
the next several centuries, and mention the effect of increased river outflows
on ocean levels.
The nine tiny atoll islands of Tuvalu, with the highest point merely 4.5 meters
above water, are expected to receive their worst high tides ever. In January
2006, Tuvalu had already experienced the highest January tides on record. Australian
scientists from the South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project have
predicted that as of 17:56 pm February 28th 2006, the country would face the
highest tide from the period 1990 to 2016 [at the time of this writing, there
was no published information available as to whether this had actually occurred].
Should this prediction become true or not, Tuvalu is definitely facing future
widespread flooding affecting the human security of the islands' 11,000 inhabitants.
[See also Several Small Asia/Pacific Countries at Risk because of Rising Sea
Levels in January 2006, First People Displaced Due to Rising Sea Levels in December
2005 and other related items in previous environmental scanning reports.]
Sources:
Studies back fears sea levels are rising rapidly
http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5744,18002634%5E30417,00.html
Greenland's less-icy mountains. The Economist print edition, Feb 16th 2006
http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=5518916
(by subscription only)
Scientists Warn of Melting Ice in Arctic. Anchorage, Alaska, Feb. 7, 2006
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/07/ap/tech/mainD8FK1HMO0.shtml
Full to bursting. The Economist print edition, Feb 16th 2006
http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displayStory.cfm?story_id=5518909&subjectid=348924
(by subscription only)
'Extreme high tides expected to hit Tuvalu'. Solomon Star, Monday 13th February
2006 (no online link; article sent in by Eric St-Pierre <ericstpierre@gmail.com>,
ACUNU intern, presently in the Solomon Islands)
Climate Change Dialogue Initiative Launched
Government officials and business leaders of G8 and five major developing countries
(India, China, Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa) launched the Climate Change
Dialogue initiative to campaign for more aggressive action to tackle climate
change. Part of the new group are also institutions such as the World Bank,
International Energy Agency, and oil giant BP. The group hopes to attain some
concrete policy proposals for the G8 summit in Japan in 2008.
Source:
World lawmakers set up global warming monitor group http://go.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=scienceNews&storyID=11333880&src=rss/scienceNews
New REN21 Report Links Renewable Energy to Climate Change Solutions
Changing Climates, the Role of Renewable Energy in a Carbon-Constrained World,
a new report by Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21),
was launched during the 9th Special Session of UNEP's Governing Council/Global
Ministerial Environment Forum [see Item 2 above]. Noting "emerging consensus"
in both the scientific and political communities that renewable energy is a
major player in meeting the growing global energy demand and the increasingly
serious environmental and economic threats of climate change, the report highlights
the need for more aggressive strategies and specific economic and policy tools
adapted to local circumstances. Also, remarks the report, with the current development
of the global market for renewable energy, "it is not necessary to wait
for strengthened global agreements before taking action at the national level."
Source:
New REN21 Report Links Renewable Energy to Climate Change Solutions http://www.ren21.net/climatechange/default.asp
Second Australia-New Zealand Climate Change and Business Conference
"Climate change responses are going to be delivered by business, responding
to Government policy-setting," said Gary Taylor, Environmental Defence
Society chairman at the second Climate Change and Business Conference held in
Adelaide, February 20-21. Over 300 delegates representing business, environmental,
and governmental organizations, discussed how individual businesses could help
in coping with climate change and greenhouse gas emission issues. Many suggested
that Australia would continue to get hotter while New Zealand would continue
to get wetter. The problem posed for Australia would be lower crop outputs and
higher pest problems, with consequent food security implications.
Sources:
'2nd Australia-New Zealand Climate Change and Business Conference' in Adelaide
http://www.climateandbusiness.com/
Call for businesses to act on climate change http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/0,2106,3577681a13,00.html
Biotechnology and Biodiversity
The Debate over Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) Continues
A preliminary ruling by the World Trade Organization established that the EU
regulatory framework of GMOs is in non-concordance with its obligations under
the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS
Agreement). The EU defends its legislation as being consistent with the internationally
recommended approach and the requirements of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.
Several environmental groups consider the WTO ruling conflicting with the democratic
principle of peoples' right to know and decide, and, along with the EU, argue
that the WTO is not the appropriate forum for this kind of decision.
Meantime, the biotechnology industry is pushing to abolish the Genetic Use Restriction
Technologies (GURTs) (de facto moratorium on sterile seed technologies) at the
next high-level meeting of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to be
held in Curitiba, Brazil, March 20-31, 2006. Over 300 organizations worldwide
campaign for a global ban on Terminator technology, asserting that sterile seeds
threaten biodiversity and food sovereignty, and undermine the livelihood of
the 1.4 billion people who depend on farm-saved seed.
A new report by experts of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC),
New case studies on the coexistence of GM and non-GM crops in European agriculture,
concludes that the unintended occurrence of GMO content threshold of 0.5% in
harvested crops is safe for coexistence farming of crops like maize, cotton,
and sugar beet before the grain has to be labeled as biotech. This is still
under the EU's 0.9% threshold for food and animal feed. Reducing the threshold
under 0.5% would require extra farming measures like arranging seed plots as
a function of dominant wind patterns, notes the report. [See also GMOs Controversy
Continues in July 2005 and other related items on the same issue in previous
environmental security reports.]
Sources:
WTO GE Crop Ruling a Setback for National Safeguards http://www.iatp.org/
WTO ruling's conclusions and recommendations http://www.tradeobservatory.org/library.cfm?refid=78475
Monsanto May Commercialize Terminator http://etcgroup.org/article.asp?newsid=544
New report considers co-existence of GM and non-GM crops and seeds
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/06/230&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
New case studies on the coexistence of GM and non-GM crops in European agriculture
http://www.jrc.es/home/pages/eur22102enfinal.pdf
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety--Second Working Group on Liability and
Redress
The second meeting of the international working group on liability and redress
in the context of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, held February 20-24,
2006 in Montreal, Canada, discussed the issues of damage caused by trans-boundary
movements of living modified organisms and further considered options available
for liability and redress. Specific talks focused on options for elements of
rules and procedures as referred to in Article 27 - Liability and Redress. The
discussions included definition of damage, effectiveness criteria, functional
scope, clear rules on burden of proof and standing, and rules and procedure
on compensation beyond national jurisdiction. Although no agreement was reached
on any of the substantive issues, the final report acknowledges progress in
mapping out the issues and in articulating their underlying legal rationales.
There are presently 132 Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety; the
U.S. is neither Party, nor signatory. [See also The First Meeting of the Conference
of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (COP MOP 1) in February
2004 environmental security report]
Sources:
Second Meeting of the Open-ended Ad Hoc Working Group on Liability and Redress
under the Biosafety Protocol. 20-24 February 2006 | Montreal, Canada
http://www.iisd.ca/biodiv/wglr2/20february.html
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety http://www.biodiv.org/biosafety/default.asp
Europe to Redouble Efforts to Stabilize Biodiversity by 2010
At the fourth Intergovernmental "Biodiversity in Europe" Conference,
held February 22-24 at Lake Plitvice National Park, Croatia, officials from
40 European governments and 32 environmental organizations agreed to redouble
their efforts to achieve the goal of halting Europe's biological diversity decline
by 2010. Climate change, human activities, and low political priority of biodiversity
were noted as the main factors that should be addressed to curb present trends.
The benefits of the development of the Pan European Ecological Network and the
initiatives of several banks to establish European biodiversity investment funds
were stressed. The conclusions of the Conference will be advanced at next month's
meeting of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Source:
Fourth Intergovernmental conference 'Biodiversity in Europe' and 10th meeting
of the Council of the Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy
http://www.strategyguide.org/200602/Documents.html
Nanotechnology--Health Implications of Quantum Dots
Quantum dots (QD) are nanoparticles that consist of a metalloid core and a shell
that surrounds the core and makes the particle biologically active. They form
an important class of elements in nanotech-based applications, particularly
biological ones, but raise the same environmental safety questions as other
nanomaterials. A recent toxicological review of QD at Duke Univ. indicated that:
- "QD toxicity depends on multiple factors including their physico-chemical
properties (e.g. size, charge, concentration, outer coating bioactivity, and
stability) and environmental conditions.
- "Human exposure to QD may result from environmental, workplace and therapeutic
exposure. There may be a risk of bioaccumulation of these materials within organs
and tissues (e.g. in lungs) with still unexplored or under-explored health risks."
- QDs may enter the environment in wastes from any (QD) activity, their persistence
may be long, and the exposure risk varies with the host material - water, air,
or various soil types.
- The principal concern with QD relates to the possible effects from toxic metals
(e.g. Cd, Se) in the metalloid core, in particular as determined by the physical,
chemical, and physiological properties of the core/coating complex. Some in
vitro studies suggest that prolonged exposure may be toxic to cells.
[See also Nanotechnology in January 2006 and previous environmental
security reports.]
Source:
A Toxicologic Review of Quantum Dots: Toxicity Depends on Physicochemical and
Environmental Factors
Environmental Health Perspectives o VOLUME 114 | NUMBER 2 | February 2006 http://www.ehponline.org/members/2005/8284/8284.pdf
Mercury Instruments May Be Banned in EU
The European Commission has proposed a ban on the use of mercury in new fever
and room thermometers, barometers and blood pressure gauges because of the serious
risk the heavy metal poses to human health. The proposition will go for further
debate to the European Parliament and European Ministers. Specialized applications,
in particular medical measuring devices, where adequate substitutes may not
be available, would not be subject to the restriction. [See also Recycling Regulations
in the EU in August 2005, EU Sets 2011 Deadline to Ban Mercury Exports in June
2005, and Governments Call for Global Assessment and Control of Mercury Pollution
in February 2005 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Commission proposes to ban mercury in fever thermometers
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/06/193&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
EU Plans to Ban New Thermometers with Toxic Mercury http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/35234/story.htm
Recommendation for a Biosecurity Watchdog
Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences, a report by
the U.S. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine of the National
Academies assesses the evolution of science and technology capabilities over
the next 5-10 years with implications for next-generation bio-threats. Acknowledging
that the accelerating pace of life sciences discoveries worldwide has fundamentally
changed the spectrum of threats, it looks into next-generation bio-weapons and
recommends ways to prevent misuse of science, including strengthening the scientific
expertise of security organizations, and the creation of an independent science-and-technology
advisory committee for intelligence agencies, as well as the promotion within
the international scientific community of a common culture of awareness and
responsibility to prevent misuse of science. In that context, one of the co-authors
of the report, Canadian Peter A. Singer, suggests the creation of a global advisory
group that would act as a watchdog to prevent science being misused to produce
biological weapons. He advocates that Canada should advance the idea of such
a network at the upcoming G8 Meeting to be held this summer in Russia and which
would have infectious disease as one of its three priorities.
Note: the preliminary negotiations for setting up a verification body to strengthen
the Biological Weapons Convention, failed. The talks took place this month in
Tokyo in preparation for the next review conference to be held in November,
in Geneva. [See also Codes of Conduct for Scientists to Strengthen the Biological
Weapons Convention in December 2005, and Time to Strengthen the 1972 Biological
Weapons Convention in December 2004 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences (prepublication
copy) http://newton.nap.edu/books/0309100321/html
Working together against bioterror http://www.utoronto.ca/jcb/home/news_bioterror.htm
Talks to Prepare for BWC Negotiations Conclude http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2006_2_15.html#809EF5F4
Bird Flu Spreads Increasing Threats of a Human Pandemic
Bird flu is spreading around the world with new cases confirmed in Europe and--as
feared--in Africa, where poverty and disease, and humans' intimate proximity
to poultry increases the potential of a human pandemic. Scientists argue that
since a global flu pandemic cannot be avoided solely by containing an outbreak
at its source, plans should focus on how to limit the chance of pandemic-forming
viruses emerging in the first place. There are also debates that migrating wild
birds might not be the only cause of the worldwide spread. Dr. David Nabarro,
the UN System Coordinator for Avian and Human Influenza, sketched a framework
of a global four-prong approach to control the spread of the deadly avian influenza
virus, highlighting the different roles of governments, civil society, the private
sector, and the media. [See also Bird Flu Updates in November 2005 and other
previous environmental security reports on this issue.]
Sources:
Containing outbreak 'would only delay a flu pandemic' http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2671&language=1
UN bird flu coordinator advocates multi-prong effort to control deadly virus
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17458&Cr=bird&Cr1=flu
The aves, and ave nots. Avian influenza is spreading to many new countries.
But migrating wild birds may not be the only culprits. The Economist,
Feb 24th 2006
http://www.economist.com/agenda/displaystory.cfm?story_id=5515929&fsrc=nwl
(by subscription only)
Bird flu update: 27 February 2006 http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2681&language=1
Improving Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements
The High-Level Meeting on Compliance with and Enforcement of Multilateral Environmental
Agreements (MEAs), organized by UNEP, took place in Colombo, Sri Lanka, 21-22
January. The meeting reviewed and assessed the problems impeding the full implementation
of MEAs and the best procedures to help governments comply with their obligations
under the various international treaties for protecting the global environment.
In addition to looking into the technical aspects of compliance, the meeting
also explored new legal, structural, and institutional improvements, such as
synergies, inter-linkages, and clustering of MEAs. The draft Chair's Summary
identifies 23 challenges grouped in 3 categories (institutional structures;
interlinkages; and instruments to improve implementation) that need further
consideration, capacity building, and resources. The Summary will serve UNEP
in developing an action plan to improve MEAs' compliance and enforcement. The
plan is expected to be presented to the UNEP Governing Council in 2007.
Note: The UNU Inter-Linkages Initiative helps the governments of 14 Asian and
Pacific Countries understand and implement multilateral environmental agreements
at national and regional levels http://www.unu.edu/inter-linkages [See Developing
countries' compliance with environmental regulations is expected to improve
via new modes of international assistance in January 2003 environmental security
report]
Sources:
Envisioning the Next Steps for MEA Compliance and Enforcement http://www.unep.org/dec/support/mdg_meeting_col.htm
MEA Enforcement and Compliance Meeting Bulletin http://www.iisd.ca/ymb/unepmea/ymbvol121num1e.html
China and India Sign Precedent-Setting
Energy Agreement
How the world prepares for the advent of "peak oil," will be a major
factor in determining the future of war and peace. Will the major consumers
and producers plan for the peaceful decline in oil and gas supplies or…?
India and China have decided to cooperate and have signed the "Memorandum
for Enhancing Cooperation in the Field of Oil and Natural Gas" which outlines
comprehensive cooperation concerning hydrocarbons, including trading and joint
bidding in third countries; research and development; exploration and production;
conservation; and promotion of environment-friendly energy. A joint committee
will be established to monitor implementation and facilitate dialogue and information
sharing. This new agreement is in addition to the two nations' previous commitments
to cooperate for accelerating the development of new energy sources.
Sources:
China, India sign energy agreement http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2006-01/13/content_511871.htm
(article stored for a limited time on the website)
Petroleum Minister's Opening Remarks At The Delegation Level Talks With Chairman,
NDRC Of China http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=14918
Sino-India energy accord difficult in practice: analysts http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C01%5C14%5Cstory_14-1-2006_pg5_24
Energy Efficiency Guide for Asian Industries Debuts in Bangkok http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2006/2006-01-18-03.asp
Take your partners. The Economist, Jan 19th 2006
http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displayStory.cfm?story_id=5420659&subjectID=381586&fsrc=nwl&emailauth=%2527%252E5%252F4Q%252CKH%2521A%25244%250A
(by subscription only)
State of the World 2006: China and India Hold World in Balance http://www.worldwatch.org/press/news/2006/01/11/
International Year of Deserts and Desertification--2006
The UN has declared 2006 the International Year of Deserts and Desertification
to help raise global public awareness of the threat that advancing deserts and
desertification represent to humanity, and consequently to increase efforts
to explore ways to cope, counter, or even reverse these phenomena. "…desertification
has been seen as a threat to human security," notes UN Convention to Combat
Desertification Executive Secretary, Hama Arba Diallo. The southern progression
of the Sahara increases famine and migration, escalating conflicts across Africa.
December 2006 is the 10th anniversary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification
with 191 states parties.
Sources:
2006 International Year of Deserts and Desertification http://www.iydd.org/
Life Saving Anti-Drought Measures Must Include Investment in Nature http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=467&ArticleID=5077&l=en
INTERVIEW: Advancing deserts fuel African conflicts http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/reliefresources/113804548788.htm
In Kenya, 'Why Does This Keep Happening?' By Emily Wax, Washington Post Foreign
Service, January 8, 2006; Page A20
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/07/AR2006010701024.html
(subscription required)
UNEP and 150 Labor Unions Agree on Environmental
Objectives
The Trade Unions' Assembly on Labour and the Environment, a joint meeting of
UNEP and representatives from over 150 trade unions, set forth "a wide
ranging strategy to mainstream environment and sustainable development within
the trade unions movement", embodied in the "Workers' Initiative for
a Lasting Legacy". The unions agreed to support the UN Millennium Development
Goals, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, action on climate change, and
promotion of sustainable production and consumption patterns. According to the
UNEP announcement, "Other areas include working for the ratification and
implementation of key treaties that promote important social, economic and environmental
objectives alongside monitoring of governments so that their purchasing, regulation
and land-use policies meet sound social and environmental targets."
Sources:
Labouring Together for a Cleaner, Greener and More Just Planet http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=467&ArticleID=5078&l=en
WILL 2006 Conference: Trade Unions Agree Action on Environment with Key UN Bodies
http://www.icftu.org/displaydocument.asp?Index=991223286&Language=EN
Environmental Performance Index to Help Improve Policymaking
The Pilot 2006 Environmental Performance Index measures countries' performance
relative to environmental targets, and aims to provide an analytical and empirical
tool for improving policy choices. The Index is composed of 16 indicators from
six policy categories: environmental health; air quality; water resources; biodiversity
and habitat; productive natural resources; and sustainable energy. The indicators
included in the index are: child mortality, indoor air pollution, drinking water,
adequate sanitation, urban particulates, regional ozone, nitrogen loading, water
consumption, wilderness protection, ecoregion protection, timber harvest rate,
agricultural subsidies, overfishing, energy efficiency, renewable energy, and
CO2 per unit of GDP. Based on the Index, the five top ranked countries are:
New Zealand, Sweden, Finland, Czech Republic, and the UK. The U.S. is ranked
28th. However, the report also shows the ranking based on the components of
the Index, thus providing countries useful information to review their policies
and improve environmental decisionmaking. The Pilot 2006 Environmental Performance
Index was developed by the Center for Environmental Law & Policy at Yale
University and the Center for International Earth Science Information Network
(CIESIN) at Columbia University in collaboration with the World Economic Forum
and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission and was formally released
at the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum, in Davos, on January 26,
2006.
Source:
Pilot 2006 Environmental Performance Index http://www.yale.edu/epi/
Dechlorane Plus® Detected in Atmosphere
An atmospheric monitoring network in the U.S. Great Lakes region has detected
the presence of Dechlorane Plus, an organochlorine flame retardant, the limited
preliminary data for which indicates that it is persistent, bioaccumulative,
and potentially toxic. This is the first report of the presence in the environment
of this widely used chemical. Major uses of Dechlorane Plus are in electrical
wires and cables and in computer connectors. Some of its properties may be similar
to those of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) compounds already banned
in Europe and in some parts of the U.S.
Source:
A new flame retardant in the air
Science News, January 4, 2006 http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/esthag-w/2006/jan/science/kb_dechlorane.html
Marine Biodiversity Protection Regulations
Need Improvement
Greenpeace and 17 countries have asked Japan to "cease all its lethal
scientific research on whales," that seems to violate international regulations
for whales' protection. Japan's scientific research on whales caused the death
of a significant number of protected species. In the first weeks of January,
Greenpeace and Japanese whaling fleets have twice come into collision. Greenpeace
and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society are trying to raise international
awareness to increase pressure upon Japan to stop its whaling operations. Although
the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, which was pursuing Japanese whaling operators,
has said that Japan's whaling operations have been in violation of many international
laws, no reprimands have been issued. It takes 75% of the International Whaling
Commission's 66 members to support and make substantive changes to the International
Convention for the Regulation of Whaling.
A similar case was brought forward to the UN Law of the Sea Tribunal in the
case of Chile v. European Commission on the conservation of swordfish. Both
parties submitted the case to the Tribunal at the international level for clarification
of several aspects pertaining to marine biodiversity protection. The Tribunal
extended the deadline on the proceedings until January 1, 2008.
Sources:
17 Governments Ask Japanese to Stop Antarctic Whaling http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2006/2006-01-19-03.asp
Whaling Protest: Greenpeacer Knocked Overboard, Sea Shepherd Out of Fuel http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2006/2006-01-16-03.asp
Whaling Battle Heats Up the Icy Southern Ocean http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2006/2006-01-09-05.asp
UN Law Of Sea Tribunal Extends Deadline In Case Of Chile v. European Community
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17065&Cr=Chile&Cr1=EU
Fisheries scoreboard: Member States must do more to prevent overfishing
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/06/52&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
New Norwegian Emergency Force Set Up
Norway has set up a special emergency force of 1,000 soldiers from the Army
prepared to handle national emergency situations mainly related to terrorism,
and natural and environmental catastrophes. This is the first time since the
Cold War that Norway has established such a unit.
If not already in planning or implementation, military personnel with environmental
catastrophe missions and experience should consider cooperation with the Norwegian
special force.
Source:
New Norwegian emergency force set up http://norwaypost.imaker.no/cgi-bin/norwaypost/imaker?id=21411
Repeated Spills in China Threaten Human
Health and the Environment
After last November's catastrophic slick of several toxic chemicals into the
Songhua River following an explosion at a petrochemical plant in China's northern
Jilin Province, several new major toxic spills have threatened the environment
and health of millions of Chinese in other parts of the country. One spill of
diesel oil into the Yellow River forced the shutdown of 63 pumping stations
cutting off the water supply to six million inhabitants of the Shangdong capital
city of Jinan. A cadmium spill in southern China's Guangdong province cut tap
water supply to tens of thousands of people for more than a week in December,
and another cadmium spill that occurred recently in Hunan was neutralized faster
with less implication for the population. A field mission report by UNEP following
the Songhua River spill makes several recommendations to the Chinese authorities
for overcoming and coping with such incidents, including considering the implementation
of a program such as UNEP's Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local
Level (APELL). The report also highlights that the environmental and health
implications of the spill can't be completely assessed yet.
Sources:
New Chemical Spills Threaten Water Supply For Millions In China
http://www.terradaily.com/news/New_Chemical_Spills_Threatens_Chinese_Water_Supply.html
Report from the United Nations Environment Programme Mission to China
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=467&ArticleID=5076&l=en
Effects of China's Songhua River Chemical Spill Still Emerging
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2006/2006-01-13-05.asp
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Carpathian Convention Comes Into Force
The Carpathian Convention came into force on January 4, 2006. Although covering
just seven European countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Slovak Republic,
Ukraine, Poland, Romania, and Serbia and Montenegro, out of which just the first
four are States parties), the Convention has considerable global importance,
being seen by other regions as an example to follow. There are already requests
for UNEP to expand the Convention to adjacent regions, as well as to consider
designing similar treaties for other mountain regions of the world. [See also
Fifth Environment for Europe Ministerial Conference in May 2003, and Carpathian
Mountain office of the United Nations Environment Programme in July 2004 environmental
security reports.]
Sources:
Mountain Region in the Heart of Europe gets Legal Protection
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=467&ArticleID=5072&l=en
The Convention on the protection and sustainable development of the Carpathians
http://www.carpathianconvention.org/index.htm
Denmark to Sue EU Over Annulling Flame Retardant Ban
The Danish government announced its intent to sue the European Commission over
annulling the ban on deca-BDE, a brominated flame-retardant, since it might
cause birth defects and cancer. Brominated flame-retardants are a group of chemicals
used in electronic devices. The deca-BDE was to be banned starting on July 1,
2006, under the EU Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive, which
will regulate the use in new products of certain hazardous substances--lead,
cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls, and polybrominated
diphenyl ethers (PBDE). However, in October 2005, the European Commission decided
to exempt decaBDE from the RoHS Directive. [See also Recycling Regulations in
the EU in August 2005 and Two E-waste laws entered into force in the European
Union (EU) in February 2003 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Denmark to Sue EU Over Flame Retardant Linked to Birth Defects
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2006/2006-01-04-01.asp
COMMISSION DECISION amending for the purposes of adapting to the technical progress
the Annex to Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical
and electronic equipment [see article 3]
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_271/l_27120051015en00480050.pdf
RoHS & WEEE -- Info Guide to Compliance for the RoHS and WEEE Directive
http://www.rohsguide.com/
Climate Change Updates
Meeting of Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
The Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, comprising Australia,
U.S, Japan, India, South Korea, and China, a group accounting for about 50%
of global greenhouse gas emissions, held its meeting on January 11-12 in Sydney.
The Partnership is intended to be consistent with the countries' commitment
under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and "complement, but
not replace, the Kyoto Protocol." The six nations did not set any binding
targets or regulations to cut greenhouse gases, but adopted a Charter that outlines
the purposes, organization, functions, funding, and terms of the Partnership.
The meeting also prepared the Partnership Work Plan that sets the framework
of the partnership, based on collaboration among private, research and government
organizations to accelerate the development and implementation of advanced clean
and efficient technologies that would increase energy security and reduce greenhouse
gases without hindering economic development. The eight public-private sector
Task Forces established would be covering "(1) cleaner fossil energy; (2)
renewable energy and distributed generation; (3) power generation and transmission;
(4) steel; (5) aluminum; (6) cement; (7) coal mining; and (8) buildings and
appliances." The task forces will submit plans by mid-2006. It was also
proposed to establish an Asia-Pacific Energy Technology Co-operation Centre,
for the "development and implementation of an energy audit program and
its follow-up projects."
Sources:
Asia-Pacific Partnership for Clean Development and Climate (APP) http://www.state.gov/g/oes/climate/c16054.htm
Charter for the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/or/2006/59162.htm
Communiqué for the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and
Climate http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/or/2006/59158.htm
World's Big Polluters Fund Cleaner Fossil Fuels http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/34475/story.htm
Why NZ wasn't at the Climate Change Conference http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/SC0601/S00013.htm
Global Warming Threshold Might Have Been Crossed
In the preamble to his upcoming book, 'The Revenge of Gaia', James Lovelock,
who formulated the Gaia theory- a planetary system which keeps the Earth fit
for life-made the astonishing statement that climate change has reached the
point of no return due to humans' abuse of the environment. He argues that before
the end of the century the devastating effects will be considerable, as the
result of an uncontrollably accelerated process of warming mainly caused by
huge emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2. He suggests that governments'
efforts -mainly in Europe-should concentrate more on preparedness to cope with
consequences of climate change than countering it. The temperature might rise
8oC in the temperate regions and 5o in the tropics. Although some consider Lovelock's
assumptions controversial, there is consensus that the situation is critical
and more intense actions are needed to curb global warming. Scientists studying
the Arctic are also noting that the polar region is close to or on the edge
of the "no return" point. They warn about the effects that the thaw
will have all over the world, not just in the north: accelerating global warming,
possibly even changing the Earth's weather systems, including significantly
changing Europe's climate.
responsiveness.
Sources:
James Lovelock: The Earth is about to catch a morbid fever that may last as
long as 100,000 years
by James Lovelock. The Independent, 16 January 2006 http://comment.independent.co.uk/commentators/article338830.ece
Environment in crisis: 'We are past the point of no return' By Michael McCarthy
Environment Editor, The Independent, 16 January 2006
http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article338878.ece
Green campaigners support Lovelock for sparking fresh debate on global warming.
By Michael McCarthy, Environment Editor, The Independent, 17 January 2006
http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article339066.ece
Rapidly shrinking Arctic ice could spell trouble for the rest of the world http://www.realcities.com/mld/krwashington/13593302.htm
Several Small Asia/Pacific Countries at Risk because of Rising Sea Levels
Possible rising sea levels of over 30 centimeters by the middle of this century
would drown or make uninhabitable several small Pacific countries. Although
discussions related to the implications for the region's security have begun,
there are no regional and/or international policies and procedures to address
displaced populations from small island countries.
Source:
SOS call as island nations go under
By Cynthia Banham and Richard Macey, The Sydney Morning Herald, January 5, 2006
http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/sos-call-as-island-nations-go-under/2006/01/04/1136050496795.html
Nanotechnology
New Patent Office Nanotech Index Should Speed Research
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office is about to unveil its new expanded classification
schedule for its cross-reference art collection (XRAC) of Nanotechnology, Class
977, material. This schedule will have 263 new subclasses (or categories) in
which nanotech-related items can be filed and organized, compared to only one
massive subclass at present.
Source:
USPTO Poised to Ring in a New Era of Simplified Search and Better Visibility
for Nano Patents http://www.nsti.org/news/item.html?id=35
NIOSH to Form Field Research Team for Assessing Nanotechnology Processes
Safety
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) will form
an interdisciplinary Field Research Team for assessing occupational health and
safety practices related to nanotechnology operations. The interdisciplinary
team will include researchers representing areas such as industrial hygiene,
engineering, occupational medicine, and risk assessment, who will serve in limited-time
assignments in the field, in those locations where nanomaterials are developed
or utilized. The information and insight provided by the team will periodically
update NIOSH's "Approaches to Safe Nanotechnology" on-line guidance
document www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotech/nano_exchange.html.
Source:
NIOSH To Form Field Research Team for Partnerships in Studying, Assessing Nanotechnology
Processes http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/updates/upd-12-28-05.html
Managing the Effects of Nanotechnology
Managing the Effects of Nanotechnology by J. Clarence (Terry) Davies, is a comprehensive
overview of the existing legal framework that would apply to nanotechnology,
and outlines aspects that should be covered by new regulations. The author notes
the need for a "right regulatory framework for nanotechnology--framework
that encourages initiative and innovation, while also protecting the public
and the environment."
Source:
Managing the Effects of Nanotechnology http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&event_id=162112
Buckyballs no Risk to DNA
Reacting to last month's remarks on possible dangers that "buckyballs"
could present to human DNA, Dr. Hicham Fenniri, senior researcher at the National
Institute for Nanotechnology in Edmonton, Canada, comments that there are no
such risks. He explains that since buckyballs are not soluble in water, it would
be difficult for them to reach the DNA to damage it. [See also Buckyballs
Could Damage DNA in December 2005 environmental security report.]
Source:
Buckyballs no cause for alarm. By Eliza Barlow, Edmonton Sun, January 3, 2006
http://www.edmontonsun.com/News/Edmonton/2006/01/03/1376977-sun.html
DNA-Wrapped Nanotube Sensors
Trace amounts of harmful contaminants can be found inside the body via single-walled
carbon nanotubes wrapped with DNA and placed inside living cells. Ions of atoms
such as calcium, mercury and sodium in contact with DNA neutralize its negative
charges, changing its shape. This reduces the frequency of the nanotube's fluorescence
indicating how many ions have bound to the DNA. "We found that the thermodynamics
that drive the switching back and forth between these two forms of DNA structure
would modulate the electronic structure and optical emission of the carbon nanotube,"
said Michael Strano, a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at
the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Source:
Optical Detection of DNA Conformational Polymorphism on Single-Walled Carbon
Nanotubes
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/311/5760/508
Safe Toxin Levels Unknown
A recent paper in the journal Public Library of Science - Medicine reported
that a review of the epidemiological data shows that there is no clearly safe
level of exposure to four of the most common environmental toxins - lead, radon,
tobacco smoke and such byproducts of drinking-water disinfection as the trihalomethanes.
The general practice has been "to assume that there is no safe level of
exposure to carcinogens and use linear dose-response models to estimate human
health risks at low exposure levels … [but] that a threshold, or 'safe',
exposure level exists for noncarcinogens." If further work confirms the
conclusion of this study that the non-carcinogen part of that assumption is
incorrect, there may be substantial changes in the international regulatory
approach to environmental pollutants. [See also EU and Japan Respond to
Risks from Low Dose Chemicals in the August 2005 environmental security
report]
Sources:
Safe levels of major toxins unknown http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/integration/newsalert/pdf/2na1.pdf
Wigle D.T. & Lanphear B.P. (2005) "Human health risks from low level
environmental exposures: no apparent safety thresholds", PLoS Medicine
2(12)
http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020350
Sandia Advancing Research on Batteries' Life and Safety
As part of the Department of Energy-funded FreedomCAR program, Sandia National
Laboratories' Power Sources Technology Group is researching ways to make lithium-ion
batteries work longer and more safely. According to an SNL news release, the
research could lead to these batteries being used in new hybrid electric vehicles
in the next five to ten years. The work is centered on developing a higher degree
of abuse tolerance in the batteries. Another project at Sandia is studying key
phenomena that affect the durability and byproduct management of hydrogen-fueled
PEM (proton exchange membrane or polymer electrolyte membrane) fuel cells, which
are also important candidates as components for advanced vehicles. [See related
item Update on more efficient vehicles: Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel
Partnership in July 2005 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Sandia researchers seek ways to make lithium-ion batteries work longer, safer
http://www.sandia.gov/news-center/news-releases/2006/all/battery2.html
Sandia researchers collaborate to understand phenomena controlling PEM fuel
cell performance, durability
http://www.sandia.gov/news-center/news-releases/2006/all/fuelcell.html
Reports to Review
State of the World 2006
The Worldwatch annual report is a comprehensive overview and analysis of the
world situation from the point of view of resources, biodiversity, population,
and economic growth, and their impact on the world's ecosystems. This year's
report has a special focus on the two fastest growing economies and most populated
region: China and India. The report highlights the huge impact that the policies
and paths of development of these two countries has on the whole globe from
all points of view, even to the point of being a determinant for a better or
catastrophic future.
Source:
State of the World 2006: China and India Hold World in Balance http://www.worldwatch.org/press/news/2006/01/11/
North American Report on Children's Health and Environment Indicators
Children's Health and the Environment in North America is the first ever report
analyzing the link between children's health and environmental quality. The
report considers 13 indicators under three thematic areas: asthma and respiratory
disease; effects of exposure to lead and other toxic substances; and waterborne
diseases, finding that only one of the indicators, addressing asthma, was fully
reported by all three countries, Canada, Mexico and the U.S. Highlighting that
children are at higher risk by exposure to environmental pollution than are
adults, the report recommends better data collection and reporting, for improving
public policy in this area. The report is the result of a joint effort of The
Commission for Environmental Cooperation, the International Joint Commission,
the Pan American Health Organization, the World Health Organization (WHO), and
the governments of Canada, Mexico and the United States.
Source:
Children's Health and the Environment in North America
http://www.cec.org/pubs_docs/documents/index.cfm?varlan=english&ID=1917
Montreal Conference on Climate Change Reached New Agreements
Thirty decisions were reached during the first Meeting of the Parties to the
Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP 1) that was held November 29 to December 9, 2005 in
conjunction with the eleventh Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework
Convention on Climate Change (COP 11), which reached 14 decisions. This package
of decisions was named the "Montreal Action Plan" by Stéphane
Dion, President of COP 11 and COP/MOP 1. The Plan is a "clear roadmap"
for international cooperation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to develop
approaches to cope with consequences of climate changes. It also has established
a forum to find innovative solutions. The complete listing of these decisions
is available at Decisions adopted by COP11 and COP/MOP1. Some highlights include:
· The Marrakesh Accords were accepted at COP/MOP 1 as a "clear rulebook"
of the Kyoto Protocol that sets the framework for the Protocol's implementation
and enforcement, including a system for an effective global carbon market. A
complex compliance regime was accepted and members of the compliance committee
were elected to strengthen Kyoto's Parties' accountability in meeting their
emission reductions targets. A review for improving the Kyoto Protocol will
be formally launched at next year's UNFCCC meeting.
· There are two mechanisms for developed countries to earn greenhouse
gas emission credits: 1) The Clean Development Mechanism gives developed countries
emission credits for investing in sustainable development projects in developing
countries. (Developed nations have pledged over $13 million for this mechanism
to be expanded in 2006-07.); and 2) The Joint Implementation mechanism gives
developed countries emission credits for investments in low greenhouse gas emissions
projects in other developed countries (in particular in transition economies).
· Negotiations for new emissions reduction targets for developed countries
in the post-Kyoto period (2013-2017) were approved to begin May 2006. This is
to ensure that negotiations are concluded in time to avoid any gap between the
first phase and the second phase beginning in 2013.
· A Five Year Plan of Action on Adaptation addresses concrete steps to
identify climate change impacts and measures to adapt to it --mainly for developing
countries. A one-year process to define how the Adaptation Fund will be managed
and operated was approved.
· COP requested the Global Environmental Facility to consider adding
carbon capture and storage technologies to those areas receiving financial support.
International cooperation in developing, adopting, and transferring green technologies
was a theme heard throughout the meetings.
· Agreement was achieved to launch a dialogue and series of workshops
in 2006 on strategic approaches for long-term global cooperative action to address
climate change that might result in a more inclusive UN climate pact (including
the U.S. and China). The U.S. agreed to join talks in the future, as long as
mandatory emissions targets were not on the agenda.
Approximately 2,800 government officials and 5,800 representatives of UN organizations,
intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations attended
this comprehensive overview of the world's state in addressing climate change,
witnessed by 817 accredited members of the media. More than 120 ministers and
other high-level government officials delivered statements, along with senior
representatives of intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, UN
bodies and specialized agencies, and other relevant groups. The reports of 140
NGO "side" sessions can be found at http://www.iisd.ca/climate/cop11/enbots/.
Sources:
United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 11 and COP/MOP 1) http://unfccc.int/meetings/cop_11/items/3394.php
Summary Of The Eleventh Conference Of The Parties To The UN Framework Convention
On Climate Change And First Conference Of The Parties Serving As The Meeting
Of The Parties To The Kyoto Protocol: 28 November - 10 December 2005 (The report
begins on the third page of this source at the heading "REPORT OF COP 11
AND COP/MOP 1") http://www.iisd.ca/vol12/enb12291e.html
UN conference agrees on future steps to tackle climate change http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=16889&Cr=climate&Cr1=change
Climate change: successful conclusion of UN Conference in Montreal - statement
by Environment Commissioner Stavros Dimas
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/05/473&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
UN Creates Peacebuilding Commission
for Post-Conflict Situations
The UN established a Peacebuilding Commission to prevent countries emerging
from conflict from falling back into conflict. The 31-member new Commission
will be an intergovernmental advisory organization with membership composed
of seven Security Council members (including the five permanent members), seven
members of ECOSOC, five top financial contributors to the UN, five top providers
of military personnel and civilian police to UN missions, and an additional
seven members elected by the General Assembly, with special consideration for
States that have experienced post-conflict recovery. The Commission will act
by consensus, proposing integrated strategies for improving the UN actions of
stabilization and recovery in post-conflict situations. The UN reports that
about half of all conflicts over the past 20 years were "re-conflicts"
- conflicts that recurred within five years after peace accords.
Sources:
UN establishes new body to prevent countries from sliding back into war http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=16990&Cr=reform
Secretary-General's remarks on the General Assembly endorsement of the Peacebuilding
Commission-- New York, 20 December 2005 http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=1846
The Peacebuilding Commission--Draft resolution submitted by the President of
the General Assembly. A/60/L.40, 14 December 2005
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/gaab3717.doc.htm
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental
Security Implications
Very Low Cost Chemical Sensors for Environmental Monitoring
Electrical engineering Prof. Vivek Subramanian at the University of California,
Berkeley, has developed a technique for inexpensively producing arrays of chemical
sensors, using organic semiconductors and ink-jet printing. Based on organic
transistors, the array of sensors mimics the behavior of the human nose, differentiating
among toxins in air or water. This approach would cut the cost of such sensors
from several hundred dollars per unit to about 30¢. As a result, more nearly
ubiquitous toxin monitoring will be possible.
Source:
Cheap Chemical Sensors. Electronic "noses" made from printed electronics
could detect toxic chemicals inexpensively
By Kevin Bullis, MIT Technology Review, December 1, 2005 http://technologyreview.com/NanoTech-Devices/wtr_15947,303,p1.html
Small Robotic Helicopters for Reconnaissance
Scientists from the University of South Florida have been surveying hurricane
damage with a miniature battery-powered robot helicopter developed by iSENSYS,
a spin-off from like90 LLC. This unit can operate by radio control at altitudes
up to 300', over a quarter-mile radius.
Sources:
USF mini-helicopters go "Back to Katrina"
http://usfnews.usf.edu/page.cfm?link=article&aid=1111
Robotics Researchers Return to Examine Katrina Devastation With Small Unmanned
Helicopters http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=105603
Isensys website http://www.isensys.com
Phthalates May Trigger Lupus
A new study at Indiana State University provides some evidence, in a mouse model,
that phthalates may trigger lupus. In the study, only a certain strain of mice
developed fatal cases of lupus after injection with a phthalate compound; much
work remains to be done to clarify the possible connection.
Military Implications
Phthalate Linked to Lupus in Mice http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2005/113-12/forum.html#phtl
Gulf Environmental Group Planned
Kuwait hosted a meeting on December 17-18 to establish a regional body to assess
environmental damage and coordinate cleanup projects in the Gulf, including
in Iraq. The meeting followed previous talks between officials from five countries:
Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Jordan. The chairman of Kuwait's authority
for assessing compensation for damages from Iraq's 1990 invasion and occupation
has announced that among the goals of the meeting is the establishment of a
regional environmental rehabilitation advisory group, its objectives and scope,
and to establish a program for regional cooperation. [Note: at the time of this
writing, the results of the closed-door, three-day meeting were not yet available.]
Sources:
Kuwait to host talks on clean-up http://www.tradearabia.com/tanews/newsdetails_snENV_article97493.html
Kuwait to host talks on Gulf environment clean-up. Reuters, 06 Dec 2005 http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L0660604.htm
Two Viral Diseases Lie in Wait
A new genus, Henipavirus, has been created for the Hendra and Nipah viruses,
causes of serious disease outbreaks in humans and livestock in Australia, Malaysia,
Singapore and Bangladesh. Like avian flu, so far these diseases have not shown
human-to-human transmission (the primary vector is the fruit bat; an immediate
one is swine), and they do not appear to be as contagious in animal-human contacts,
but the human death rate was 40% in a Nipah epidemic in Malaysia.
Source:
Deadly New Virus Draws Experts to "Hot Zones".
Bijal P. Trivedi, National Geographic Today, January 21, 2003 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/01/0121_030121_tvvirushunter.html
Hendra and Nipah viruses: different and dangerous. Nature Reviews Microbiology
4, 23-35 (January 2006) | doi:10.1038/nrmicro1323
http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v4/n1/abs/nrmicro1323.html
(abstract; full article by subscription only)
Chinese Popular and Government Support for Environmental
Concerns
Environmental awareness and anger seem to be increasing among the Chinese people,
and even certain segments of the government are taking up environmental causes.
Pocha (Dec 2005) writes, "A growing section of the Chinese leadership,
led by Deputy Environment Minister Pan Yue, has been vocal in calling for China
to make its economic policies more environmentally sensitive… Earlier
this year, China's State Environmental Protection Administration took the unprecedented
step of suspending work on 30 projects, worth more than $10 billion collectively,
after they failed to meet environmental standards." There are now more
than 2,000 grass-roots environmental NGOs in the country, many of which are
now learning how to organize and empower themselves. Although the government
is still focusing on high economic growth with little regard to environmental
impacts, there are signs that this situation is changing. China recently announced
that it would begin monitoring energy efficiency and encouraging cleaner energy
production and use as its national income surges. Its National Bureau of Statistics
is compiling an index to show each region's energy consumption per unit of GDP
for publication every six months.
Source:
Environmental awareness and anger grow in China. Poisoned river had affected
many directly
By Jehangir S. Pocha, Globe Correspondent. December 4, 2005 http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2005/12/04/environmental_awareness_and_anger_grow_in_china/
China to Monitor Economy-Wide Energy Efficiency http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/34254/story.htm
Army Strategy on the Environment http://www.ucar.edu/news/releases/2005/permafrost.shtml
Arctic Feels the Heat from Climate Change http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/33854/story.htm
2005 - A year of record climate extremes http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/kyoto/2005_record.html
2005 on the way to becoming second warmest year ever http://www.wmo.int/web/Press/Press743_E1.doc
Vanuatu Villagers May Be First Climate Change 'Refugees' http://www.news.vu/en/news/environment/051221-Vanuatu-Villagers-May-Be-First-Climate-Change-Refugees.shtml
Tuesday 06 December 2005-Pacific Island villagers may be first climate change
refugees: UNEP http://radio.un.org/story.asp?NewsID=3513
(Audio)
UK study warns on Kyoto targets. Business Day, December 28, 2005 http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/world.aspx?ID=BD4A131870
Codes of Conduct for Scientists to Strengthen the Biological Weapons
Convention
States Parties to the Biological Weapons Convention met this month in Geneva
to conclude a three-year process designed to enhance the implementation of the
Convention by adopting a set of principles to guide the development of codes
of conduct concerning sensitive biological research. In view of present and
future threats posed by biological and toxin weapons, States Parties agreed
on a range of different approaches for addressing the codes of conduct function
of national specifics and using existing mechanisms and frameworks whenever
possible without impeding scientific discovery, or placing unnecessary constraints
on research or peaceful international cooperation. Also, it was agreed that
the codes and their underlying principles should be widely known and understood,
and developed in cooperation with those concerned. States Parties to the BWC
will meet again in Geneva, April 26-28 2006 for the Preparatory Committee and
then November 20-December 8, 2006 for the Review Conference. [See also Time
to Strengthen the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention in December 2004 environmental
security report.]
Source:
States Parties To Biological Weapons Convention Conclude Meeting After Discussing
Scientific Codes Of Conduct. UN News, 9 December 2005
http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/news_media.nsf/(httpNewsByYear_en)/3BBAC5D174CFA3EFC12570D1005C756C?OpenDocument
Seventh Conference Of The Parties To The Vienna Convention For The
Protection Of The Ozone Layer and Seventeenth Meeting Of The Parties To The
Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer
The 7th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Vienna Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the 17th Meeting of the Parties to the
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (COP-7/MOP-17)
took place in Dakar, Senegal, from 12-16 December 2005. Over 400 representatives
from governments, UN agencies, intergovernmental and NGOs, academia, industry,
and the agricultural sector participated. More than 50 decisions were adopted
on a wide range of issues concerning phaseout of ozone-depleting substances,
budgets, target years, and reducing illegal trafficking in CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
and other substances. Under the Protocol, developing countries have until 2010
to phase out CFCs and halons, and until 2015 to phase out methyl bromide. (The
CFC phaseout year for developed countries was 1996.) Even if all targets of
the Montreal Protocol are achieved, the ozone layer will not fully recover until
2065, according to research presented at the conference. This is 15 years later
than initially estimated. A new report "Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and
the Global Climate System" of the Protocol's Technology and Economics Assessment
Panel and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change demonstrated the interlinkages
between ozone and global warming. Parties also agreed to defer until 2006 consideration
of a U.S. proposal on multi-year exemptions for methyl bromide, and a European
Community (EC) proposal for an amendment to the Protocol that would include
an expedited procedure for adding new chemicals. The Eighteenth Meeting of The
Parties To The Montreal Protocol: MOP-18 is scheduled to take place in late
2006. [See also First Extraordinary Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal
Protocol Gives One Year Extension to Ban on Methyl Bromide to 11 Developed Countries
in March 2004 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Report of the Seventh Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Vienna
Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Seventeenth Meeting
of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
Layer
http://hq.unep.org/ozone/Meeting_Documents/mop/17mop/17mop-11.e.pdf
Summary Of The Seventh Conference Of The Parties To The Vienna Convention For
The Protection Of The Ozone Layer And Seventeenth Meeting Of The Parties To
The Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer: 12-16 December
2005 http://www.iisd.ca/vol19/enb1947e.htmlLINE
With ozone layer as fragile as ever, governments agree sharp cuts in methyl
bromide plus $470 million package for phasing out harmful chemicals (Press release)
http://hq.unep.org/ozone/Public_Information/press_releases/cop7mop17_press_release161205.e.pdf
Montreal Protocol Web site http://www.unep.org/ozone/Treaties_and_Ratification/2B_montreal%20protocol.asp
Integration of Chemical Regulations (REACH) Approved by European Council
With minor modifications, the EU ministers have approved the proposed Registration,
Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH) regulation. The Council's
position should be formally approved in May 2006, followed by a second reading
by the European Parliament, and final decision expected in autumn 2006, for
entry into force in spring 2007. Operational requirements of REACH are expected
to start to be applied from 2008 onwards. REACH creates a single system for
all chemicals (replacing about 40 existing legal acts) and will establish a
new European Chemicals Agency headquartered in Helsinki, Finland, to manage
the evaluation, authorization, and registration of the substances database.
REACH will require manufacturers and importers of chemicals produced or imported
in volumes over 1 metric tonne per year to submit a registration dossier to
the European chemicals agency with comprehensive information concerning the
safe use of those substances. Failure to register will prohibit manufacture
or import to the EU. [See also REACH Draft Voted by the European Parliament
and other related items listed in November 2005 environmental security
report.]
Sources:
REACH: Commission welcomes Council's agreement on new EU chemical legislation
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/05/1583&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
REACH http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/chemicals/reach.htm
Stavros Dimas, Member of the European Commission, Responsible for Environment
policy
Speaking notes - political agreement on REACH http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/05/787&format=PDF&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
EU New Strategy on Waste Recycling
The European Commission proposed a new strategy on the prevention and recycling
of waste, part of the seven thematic strategies considered under the EU's Sixth
Environmental Action Programme (6EAP). The new strategy includes consolidating
and updating existing legislation (including the 1975 Waste Framework Directive)
and minimizing waste by using it as a resource. It will set recycling standards
and will include an obligation for all 25 member states to develop national
waste prevention programs. The new regulations and a first set of standards
for waste recycling are expected to enter into force in 2008. National governments
will then have three years to finalize their own waste action programs. [See
also New EU Environmental Strategies in the September 2005, and Recycling
Regulations in the EU in August 2005 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Thematic Strategy on the prevention and recycling of waste http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/strategy.htm
EU Waste Policy - The Story behind the Strategy
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/pdf/story_book.pdf
[Note: the parts of the document that might be of most interest: 6.6. Simplification:
fine tuning to improve implementation--Box 13. Changes to the regulation structure.
(Pp. 22), Box 14. How the "end of waste" criteria work. (pp. 23),
and 6.6.3. The distinction between recovery and disposal--Box 15. How to distinguish
between recovery and disposal (pg 24)]
Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System in the Indian Ocean
One year after the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, a Consolidated Report
for Countries Affected by the 26 December 2004 Tsunami was released that addresses
capacity building requirements at regional, national, and community levels in
16 countries. It identifies the achievements, gaps, and specific actions still
needed and the responsible authorities for those actions for building an effective
warning and mitigation system for the Indian Ocean countries. The World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) announced that a telecommunications network to provide a
tsunami early warning system in the Indian Ocean is on track for completion
by the middle of 2006. However, as of December 2005, there is no agreement on
the establishment of a single alert center and the countries that have been
conferring are going ahead with plans for purely national systems. [See also
Indian Ocean Tsunami Early Warning System to be Operational by the End of 2005
in August 2005, and Tsunami Triggers an Early Warning System for Indian
Ocean and Beyond in January 2005 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Assessment of Capacity Building Requirements or an Effective and Durable Tsunami
Warning and Mitigation System in the Indian Ocean: Consolidated Report for Countries
Affected by the 26 December 2004 Tsunami
http://ioc3.unesco.org/indotsunami/nationalassessments.htm
WMO Natural Disaster Prevention and Mitigation http://www.wmo.int/disasters/tsunamiprojects.htm
Tsunami Warning System on Track For Mid-2006 - UN http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/34228/story.htm
A year on from the Asian tsunami, satellites are aiding regional rebuilding
http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMF2J8A9HE_environment_0.html
Asian Nations Fail to Agree on Regional Tsunami Warning Alerts http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000080&sid=ajwWayeTVxTs&refer=asia
Researchers Warn of More Quakes in Southeast Asia
By Axel Bojanowski, Spiegel online, December 23, 2005 http://service.spiegel.de/cache/international/0,1518,392020,00.html
Satellite Technology Use for Environmental-related Issues Expands
Following the adoption of the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security
(GMES) Declaration by the ESA Ministerial Council, December 5-6 2005, new EU
Member States can now be formally involved in the program. The ESA Council also
reinforced full support for the GMES Program, which aims to provide the public
and policy- and decision-makers essential strategic environmental and civil
security information based on operational and integrated space, air, ground,
and sea observations. The possible applications would include-but not be limited
to-environmental monitoring, risk management and early warning, and climate
and weather forecasting. GMES should deliver its first operational Service Elements
in 2008. As pointed out at the UN Climate Change Conference in Montreal, satellite
technology could also play an increasing role in the efforts for monitoring
greenhouse gas emission and developing new mechanisms to combat global warming.
[See also Space Technology to Help Enforce Environmental Regulations
in November and Climate Change--Improved Satellite Climate Change Monitoring
in June 2005 and other related items on the same issue in previous environmental
security reports.]
Sources:
Integration Of New EU Member Countries Into GMES Programme Commences http://www.spacedaily.com/news/disaster-management-05zzzzzm.html
Providing GMES services at the ends of the Earth - interview with Dr Charles
Randell http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMGHVVLWFE_index_0.html
ESA Council meeting at ministerial level http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMTNPULWFE_index_0.html
Montreal outcomes: forest focus could enhance role of space in combating climate
change http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMZC68A9HE_environment_0.html
Nanotechnology
UK Launches $8.5M Nanotech Risk Research
As a follow-up to the 2004 study into the risks and benefits of nanotechnology,
the UK government's Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs has
announced an $8.5 million research plan to identify long-term environmental
and health risks from the technology. The new program should lead to a framework
for containing any "unacceptable risks" associated with nanotechnology.
The study had three foci, to: 1) understand the physical and chemical properties
of nanoparticles; 2) determine the avenues of exposure to them; and 3) assess
their possible human health impacts. The report describing the effort identifies
19 research objectives and describes ways in which they could be funded. [See
also Progress on Establishing Frameworks for Responsible Nanotechnologies in
October 2005, Nanotechnology Assessment Reports in March 2005, and New UK Study
on Future Impacts of Nanotechnology in August 2004 environmental security reports.]
New Database of Nanotechnology Risk Studies
The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies at the Woodrow Wilson International
Center for Scholars in Washington has just established an on-line database intended
to provide information on nanotech risk projects worldwide. Although it currently
contains U.S government-sponsored research, it is planned to be international
and comprehensive.
Buckyballs Could Damage DNA
Using computer simulations, researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in
Tennessee, and Vanderbilt University found that buckyballs bind strongly to
DNA, distorting the strands, which could interfere with the DNA's function,
disrupting replication and repair and increasing mutation rates. However, the
researchers admit that only actual experiments could determine buckyballs' impact
on DNA in the real world.
EPA Nanotechnology White Paper
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency released a draft paper that identifies
gaps and research needed for better understanding the environmental and health
implications of nanotechnology and for designing appropriate regulatory safeguards.
After presenting the current state of nanotech, the paper suggests recommendations
on next steps for addressing science policy issues and research needs and even
indicates that the complexities of nanotechnology are too much for a single
government agency to handle.
Sources:
Nanotech risks: UK launches US$8.5m research plan http://www.scidev.net/content/news/eng/nanotech-risks-uk-launches-us85m-research-plan.cfm
Nanotechnology. Health and Environmental Implications. An inventory of current
research http://www.nanotechproject.com/index.php?id=18
Too Tiny for Trouble? Scientists Take a Look
By Barnaby J. Feder, New York Times, November 29, 2005 http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/29/science/29nano.html
(by subscription only)
Buckyballs could disrupt functioning of DNA
NewScientist.com News Service Dec. 9, 2005 http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn8439
External Review Draft Nanotechnology White Paper http://www.epa.gov/OSA/nanotech.htm
Reports to Review
Latest Reports of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Series
Ecosystems & Human Well-being: Wetlands & Water Synthesis,
the fifth synthesis report by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), was
launched at the opening ceremony of COP9 of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
The report assesses the current situation of wetlands in view of strengthening
the link between scientific knowledge and decision-making for the conservation
and wise use of wetlands, and setting future agendas for Ramsar. The report
found that the degradation and loss of wetlands, as well as the status of both
freshwater and coastal wetland species is deteriorating faster than those of
other ecosystems.
Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Health Synthesis, a report by WHO,
is the sixth (last) in the series of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment reports.
Examining the complex interdependence between the ecosystems and human health,
the report assesses the current state of affaires, as well as the critical factors
that might trigger future changes in ecosystems and the possible health implications.
Pointing out the benefits reached over the past 50 years in adapting the natural
ecosystems to benefit the human condition, the report notes that not all regions
and groups of people have benefited equally from this process. Continued ecosystem
degradation, with already serious consequences to human health, could grow worse
over the next 50 years. Regions facing the greatest risks include sub-Saharan
Africa, Central Asia, parts of Latin America, and certain areas in South and
Southeast Asia, points out the report. [See also Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Synthesis Report in March 2005, Biodiversity Synthesis Report (MA report 2)
in May, Desertification Synthesis (MA report 3) in June, and Environmental concerns
increase opportunities and challenges for business (MA report 4) in July environmental
security monthly reports.]
Note: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) won the 2005 Zayed International
Prize for the Environment, awarded for 'scientific and or technological achievement
in environment'.
Sources:
"Ecosystems & Human Well-being: Wetlands & Water Synthesis"
launched at Ramsar COP9 http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/article.aspx?id=71
Ecosystems & Human Well-being: Wetlands & Water Synthesis http://www.maweb.org/proxy/Document.358.aspx
Ecosystems and Human Well-being: General Synthesis http://www.millenniumassessment.org//proxy/Document.357.aspx
Human Health Under Threat from Ecosystem Degradation: WHO releases "Ecosystems
and Human Well-being: Health Synthesis" http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/article.aspx?id=72
Human Health Under Threat from Ecosystem Degradation WHO Media Release http://www.millenniumassessment.org/proxy/Document.764.aspx
Ecosystem assessment wins top environment award http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2561&language=1
European environment - State and outlooks 2005
The European environment - State and outlooks 2005 report by the European Environment
Agency (EEA) analyzes the European ecological footprint. Revealing that it takes
2.1 times the biological capacity of Europe to support Europe, the authors emphasize
that Europe should reassess its consuming patterns and consider new policies
that would take into account the disproportionate impact European present behavior
has on the rest of the world's environment. With rich graphs and data, the report
shows a comprehensive regional analysis as well as detailed analysis by country
and sectors over time. For example, while in 1961, Europeans represented over
12% of global population with a demand on global ecological capacity of less
than 10%, by 2002, Europe's population represented only 7% of the world total
but its demand on global ecological capacity increased to nearly 20%. The report
outlines some economic, technological, and policy strategies for addressing
Europeans' ecological footprints without jeopardizing their quality of life.
More detailed sub-reports on specific sectors and policies are to come next
year.
Source:
The European environment - State and outlook 2005 http://reports.eea.eu.int/state_of_environment_report_2005_1/en
Prospects for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
Prospects for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells, a study by the IEA, assesses the present
state of affairs in research and potentials of hydrogen and fuel cells, and
investigates several aspects related to future energy markets, innovative technologies
and policies needed to promote the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier and
fuel cells as motive devices in transportation and energy distribution systems
for the next half century. Additionally to the analysis, it also provides four
scenarios for a hydrogen and fuel cells transition, along with governance and
decision-making suggestions for addressing the world's energy problems.
Source:
Prospects for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells, 256 pages, ISBN 92-64-10957-9 (2005)
http://www.iea.org/bookshop/add.aspx?id=308
(Press releases and summaries; book available for purchase)
The Future of Technology Assessment
The Future of Technology Assessment is a collection of three essays published
by The Foresight and Governance Project of the Woodrow Wilson International
Center for Scholars. It explores the issue of science and technology assessment
and related policymaking from multiple perspectives and with a look towards
a future that will be fundamentally influenced by the way science and technology
will evolve and be addressed. It highlights the importance of making a clear
distinction between handling basic and applied science. The first essay, Back
to the Future: Revisiting OTA Ten Years Later, by Michael Rodemeyer, reviews
technology assessment issues in the U.S. after the dissolution of the Office
of Technology Assessment (OTA), pointing out that the rate of change and globalization
make policy- and decision-making difficult to assess and to react to all possible
implications of new technologies. Concluding that there is no institutional
arrangement for technology analysis, the author contemplates the eventual necessity
of an internal or external technology assessment capability. The second essay,
This Won't Hurt a Bit: Assessing and Governing Rapidly Advancing Technologies
in a Democracy by Daniel Sarewitz, analyzes the transition from conventional
to real time technology assessment in the condition of democracy, of complex
social settings, when S&T should reflect and serve the system of values
of the whole community. The third essay, Paddling Upstream: New Currents in
European Technology Assessment, by James Wilsdon, analyzes the science-society
relationship, outlining the need and process of public participation in decision-making
concerning science.
Source:
The Future of Technology Assessment http://wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.item&news_id=161052
Human Security Proposed as Reorganizing Principle
for the UN
The UN was organized 60 years ago around the principle of preventing national
wars. Today it should be reorganized around the principle of addressing human
security, which would reinvent global governance, proposes former Canadian foreign
minister, Lloyd Axworthy. A UN cohesive response system able to rapidly deploy
aid when and where necessary is needed now to efficiently respond to current
civil conflicts and disasters.
Source:
Former foreign minister wants to "re-wire" UN
By Fabian Schweyher, The Budapest Times, November 21, 2005 http://www.budapesttimes.hu/index.php?art=1286
(article available for a limited time on the website)
International S&T Information System Proposed
To help resolve the conflict between protecting intellectual property rights
and maximizing social benefits from public investments in research around the
world, the International Council for Science's (ICSU's) Committee on Data for
Science and Technology (CODATA) has proposed the Global Information Commons
for Science Initiative. This initiative was launched at the World Summit on
the Information Society held this month in Tunis, Tunisia, after being formulated
at ICSU's annual meeting held in October, in Suzhou, China. The international
S&T information system would help develop and implement "new policy
guidelines and legal structures that will promote collaboration in a variety
of research domains... [and could produce] a productive balance between private
research and development, and publicly funded open science," says Paul
David, an economist at Stanford University.
Sources:
Global project seeks to promote access to science
David Dickson, Source: SciDev.Net, 17 November 2005 http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2484&language=1
The Global Information Commons for Science Initiative
http://www.codata.org/wsis/GlobalInfoCommonsInitiative.html
Global forum for free sharing of research data planned http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2435&language=1
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental
Security Implications
New On-the-spot Test for Avian Flu and Other Influenza Strains
Scientists at the University of Colorado are perfecting a new "chip"
that can test almost instantly for 11 different influenza strains, including
avian flu. The test device was already developed and tested for accuracy by
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and researchers are working now
to develop it into a user-friendlier on-the-spot test for influenza. Currently
available technologies either take a long time to get a diagnosis of specific
influenza strains; or, if giving faster results, do not differentiate among
influenza strains.
Source:
New "chip" could provide quick bird flu test
http://go.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=technologyNews&storyID=10190863&src=rss/technologyNews
(article available for a limited time on the website)
Chinese Find 16 Native Toxin-absorbing Plants
Chinese scientists studied over 5,000 native plant species for their abilities
to remove toxins (mainly heavy metals) from the environment. The five-year study
identified 16 plants that could safely clean up pollutants such as arsenic or
heavy metals, as well as techniques to process the resulting heavy-metal-absorbing
plants so that they don't become another pollution problem. The study estimated
that using these plants costs less than one-tenth as much as the current chemicals-based
cleanup techniques. One of the scientists said that "genes from the species
identified could be used to genetically modify other plants" and hence,
could enlarge the scope and spectrum of pollution-cleaning plants.
Source:
China's five-year hunt for toxin-absorbing plants ends
http://www.scidev.net/dossiers/index.cfm?fuseaction=dossierReadItem&type=1&itemid=2485&language=1&dossier=11&CFID=5187246&CFTOKEN=73c840a863493c12-427E991D-B0D0-F03F-734651F39BDA904D
Possible Cure for Bird Flu
A scientist from the Laboratory of New Veterinary Drugs at the Lanzhou Institute
of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Drugs, part of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, declares that he has used traditional Chinese medicine to develop
a plant extract-hypercine -that can effectively treat poultry infected with
the bird flu virus H5N1. The extract proved efficient in all cases tried on
poultry and is now in testing on rats for eventual efficacy for humans.
Source:
Plant extract 'protects chickens from bird flu' http://www.scidev.net/content/news/eng/plant-extract-protects-chickens-from-bird-flu.cfm
Genetically Engineered Vegetables as Vaccination System to Counter
Bioterrorism
At a meeting of the G-7 and WHO to discuss weapons of mass destruction and avian
flu threats, Italian researchers launched the idea of a "vegetable-vaccination"
by incorporating pathogens' DNA into various vegetables' genetic strings (such
as potatoes and carrots), which when eaten would help produce antibodies and
boost the body's natural defense system against the pathogens.
Source:
G-7 and WHO Meet to Discuss WMD, Avian Flu Threats http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2005_11_18.html#D55B4003
New Promises for Flexible Solar Cells
Researchers at Wake Forest University's Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular
Materials have developed an organic solar cell technology (cells are as thin
as a coat of paint) with almost 6% efficiency in turning sunlight into useful
electrical power. The new technology might be available to consumers in about
five years. [See related item Flexible Plastic Solar Cells Converting 30% of
Sun's Power into Usable Energy in January 2005 environmental security report]
Source:
Nanotechnology Center Makes Flexible Solar Cell Breakthrough http://www.ecnasiamag.com/article.asp?id=5462
Infrared Radiation for Deicing Aircrafts Cuts Pollution
A system for cutting pollution by deicing aircraft with infrared radiation rather
than chemicals is being further tested at the Oslo airport. This heat-inducing
system replaces the present technique of spraying the aircraft with anti-freeze
or glycol, which pollutes the environment. The InfraTek Radiant Energy Deicing
System is built by the Radiant Energy Corp. of Port Colborne ON, and is already
in use at Newark International Airport, and at Rhinelander-Oneida County Airport,
Wisconsin, with a hangar under construction at JFK.
Source:
Pollution-Cutting Infrared System for De-Icing Aircraft Tested at Oslo Airport
http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=9124
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Nanotech Health, Safety, and Environment Working Group Set Up by ISO/ANSI
A result of the inaugural meeting of the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) Technical Committee 229, Nanotechnologies, held in London, November 9-11,
2005, was the establishment of a working group on health, safety and the environment,
to be convened by the United States within the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) framework. The group will work on standards for environmental issues
involving nanomaterials. [See also ISO to Establish Standardization in the Field
of Nanotechnologies in the October 2005 environmental security report.]
Source:
ISO Nanotechnologies TC 229 Meets in London
U.S. to convene Working Group on Health, Safety, and the Environment http://www.ansi.org/news_publications/news_story.aspx?menuid=7&articleid=1084
Stockholm Convention Updates
The first meeting of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee (POPRC),
held in Geneva on 7-11 November 2005, determined that all five chemicals proposed
for inclusion in the Convention (pentabromodiphenyl ether, chlordecone, hexabromobiphenyl,
lindane, and PFOS) fulfilled the screening criteria as stipulated in Annex D
of the Convention and also adopted a draft outline of the risk profile for the
new POP candidates. The first meeting of the Expert Group on Best Available
Techniques and Best Environmental Practices to comply with the Stockholm Convention
will be held in Geneva, Switzerland, 28 November-2 December 2005. [See also
Sweden Calls for World Ban on PFOS Chemical in June 2005, New Chemicals
Proposed to be Added to Stockholm Convention on POPs in May 2005, and Stockholm
Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) First Meeting of the Conference
of the Parties in the April 2005 environmental security scanning reports.]
This month India has ratified the Stockholm Convention, considerably increasing
environmental protection in that economically fast-growing Asian country.
Sources:
Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee (POPRC) http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/poprc/
First meeting of the Expert Group on Best Available Techniques and Best Environmental
Practices, 28 November - 2 December 2005, Geneva, Switzerland
http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/bat_bep/EGBATBEP1/participantinfo/default.htm
India ratifies Stockholm convention on POPs http://southasia.oneworld.net/article/view/120912/1/
REACH Draft Voted by the European Parliament
The draft REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals) regulation
passed the European Parliament on November 17th. Since just fewer than 300 out
of more than 1,000 proposed amendments survived, the result pleased neither
industrialists, nor environmentalists and the lobbying continues intensely on
what might be one of the EU's most important pieces of legislation so far. As
it stands now, the priority for screening potentially hazardous substances would
be set by volume rather than by risk measures--as was the original plan. The
British EU presidency is pushing to pass the regulation by the end of the year.
However, that depends on the vote of the EU Council of Ministers due to meet
on December 19th. If the Parliament's amendments are not accepted, than the
bill might be sent back for a second reading and the debate would go on. [See
also The REACH Debate Continues and other related listed items in October 2005
environmental security report.]
Sources:
No thanks, we're European
Nov 24th 2005, Frankfurt, From The Economist print edition http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displayStory.cfm?story_id=5218539&subjectID=348924&fsrc=nwl&emailauth=%2527%2529%2520667%255CSDUA%25294%250A
(by subscription only)
European Parliament backs REACH http://www.eupolitix.com/EN/LegislationNews/200511/6624384b-eba7-4ca2-bfe8-53222f42d9f5.htm
FACTBOX - All about the EU Chemicals Reform Bill REACH hhttp://www.basel.int/press/pr251105.doc
The Digital Dump: Exporting Re-Use and Abuse to Africa Report http://www.ban.org/BANreports/10-24-05/index.htm
Technology; Poor Nations Are Littered With Old PC's, Report Says http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/24/technology/24junk.html?pagewanted=print
(by subscription only)
Sunk Weapons Represent a Growing Health and Environmental Hazard
Tons of chemical weapons and ordnance abandoned at the end of World War II continue
to litter the world's oceans, representing serious hazards to the environment
and human health. There is no compulsory international legislation requiring
full disclosure of dumping sites and long-term monitoring of those areas (the
London Convention of 1972 is not retroactive and cannot affect acts that had
already been executed). However, one would expect that the countries responsible
would have moral obligations and common international customary law should demand
action for cleanup and protection of humans and environment against the imminent
hazards that those sites represent. [See also Chemical Munitions on San
José Island, Panama in August 2004, and Ocean Dumping of Chemical
Weapons a Continuous Threat in January 2004 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Decades Of Dumping Chemical Arms Leave A Risky Legacy
Special Report, Part 1: The Deadliness Below http://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-02761sy0oct30,0,2199000.story
U.S. not legally bound to reveal dump sites
Contributed by: arch_Stanton, Infoshop News, October 31 2005 http://www.infoshop.org/inews/article.php?story=20051031111213143
(article stored for a limited time on the website)
Climate Change Updates
Energy and environment ministers attending the G20 climate summit in London
advocated more implementation of "clean technologies" than use of
targets to tackle climate change. The 'G20' represents the nations that emit
the most greenhouse gases. Global warming induced by human activities appears
also to be responsible for rising global ocean levels twice as fast today as
they did 150 years ago, according to a Rutgers (the State University of New
Jersey) study. The ocean has been rising almost two millimeters per year in
the last 200 years compared to a steady one millimeter annually for the previous
5,000 years. See also further in this report item 6.2 Climate Change Futures:
Health, Ecological and Economic Dimensions, a comprehensive report on the implications
of climate change.
Note: The Eleventh Conference of the Parties (COP 11) to the UN Framework Convention
on Climate Change and the first Meeting of the Parties (MOP 1) to the Kyoto
Protocol, is currently going on, from 28 November to 9 December 2005 in Montreal,
Canada. About 10,000 delegates from 189 nations are participating. The December
environmental security report will report on the outcomes.
Sources:
G20 climate summit pushes technology not targets
http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2454&language=1
Global Warming Appears to Double Rate of Sea Level Rise http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/nov2005/2005-11-25-09.asp#anchor1
United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 11 and COP/MOP 1)
http://unfccc.int/meetings/cop_11/items/3394.php
UN Tsunami Early Warning Systems Extended to Mediterranean, Northeast
Atlantic
As part of a global tsunami warning and mitigation system, UNESCO's Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission (IOC) launched the plans for a system for the North-Eastern
Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean and connected seas. At the first meeting of the
new system's Intergovernmental Coordination Group, experts from 23 Mediterranean
and Northeast Atlantic countries identified the key technical needs for the
system and adopted an action plan for 2006-2007 with the aim of having an initial
operational system in place by December 2007. Beyond those in the Pacific and
Indian Oceans, planning is underway for one in the Caribbean. [See also Indian
Ocean Tsunami Early Warning System to be Operational by the End of 2005
in August 2005, and Tsunami Triggers an Early Warning System for Indian
Ocean and Beyond in January 2005 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Tsunami early warning system for the Mediterranean and Northeast Atlantic launched
in Rome http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30917&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
UN tsunami early warning systems extended to Mediterranean, Northeast Atlantic
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=16657&Cr=tsunami&Cr1=
Space Technology to Help Enforce Environmental Regulations
Space observations have become a major tool for monitoring environmental change,
helping policy making, developing adequate strategies, and assisting enforcing
environment-related regulations. The European Space Agency (ESA) is participating
in the climate change summit in Montreal, to share results from satellite-based
forest mapping services developed to support the Kyoto Protocol. Another ESA
project, Globwetland, supports the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands by developing
a global wetland information service using satellites. ESA's project called
CONTRAILS is a satellite-based service to monitor daily contrail and cirrus
cloud generation by airplanes over Europe and the North Atlantic for a detailed
assessment of the greenhouse impact of aviation-induced contrails. The project
results are expected at the beginning of 2006. ESA and the EC Joint Research
Centre (JRC) signed an agreement of cooperation for using Earth Observation
data in support of the information services of the EU. This will enhance the
policy support role of the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security system.
[See also Climate Change--Improved Satellite Climate Change Monitoring
in June 2005 and other related items on the same issue in previous environmental
security reports.]
Sources:
ESA participating in UN's Montreal summit working for a better atmosphere http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEML8FULWFE_environment_0.html
Satellites support Kyoto Protocol through forest mapping service http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMV5V638FE_environment_0.html
Space service for wetlands protection on show at Ramsar COP http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMNUTJBWFE_environment_0.html
Implementing European Space Policy: Key ESA/EC agreement on Earth Observation
data signed today http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMOGW538FE_index_0.html
Earth from Space: Contrails over the United States http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEM8GGULWFE_index_0.html
Bird Flu Updates
Although much is going on worldwide on this issue, the following are some noteworthy
activities and updates on avian flu: The Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)
and UNEP are developing a bird flu early warning system based on mapping the
different migratory birds' itineraries and timing. This would alert countries
and communities and would provide advice on potential hot spot areas, increasing
the possibility of preparedness and strategy development.
The number of H5N1 human infections is rising in Asia, and the disease seems
to be spreading in animals in Asia. It has also been identified in parts of
Europe and North America. World health officials from more than 100 nations
met November 7-9 at WHO headquarters in Geneva, to design a concrete global
action plan to counter the threat of a possible avian influenza pandemic among
humans. The plan outlines a six-point global action plan for countering any
eventual pandemic: improved control at source; rapid detection and response;
rapid containment; building and strengthening national pandemic preparedness
and response plans; integrated cross-sector country plans for coordinated technical
and financial support; and factual and transparent communication.
Strategies for combating the avian flu were also on the agenda of the G-7 and
WHO meeting on global health risks and threats of WMD, held in Rome.
The seven member countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
agreed to create two regional centers to detect and respond to natural disasters
and emerging health threats such as bird flu. A regional center for disaster
preparation, emergency relief, and rehabilitation will be set up in India and
the disease surveillance center will be in Bangladesh. Member countries will
also develop a regional strategy for facing infectious diseases.
While these meetings and strategies are focusing mainly on human health, veterinarian
and environmental scientists, emphasizing the interconnectedness between the
nature of animal and human health, are advocating that maintaining healthy ecosystems
is the best and most important strategy of defense against pathogens. [See also
Avian Flu Update in October 2005 and other related items on the same
issue in previous environmental security reports.]
See items New On-the-spot Test For Influenza and Chinese Might
have Found Possible Cure for Bird Flu above for potential detection and
cure.
Sources:
Bird flu: UN-sponsored conference draws up six-point action plan
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=16500&Cr=bird&Cr1=flu
G-7 and WHO Meet to Discuss WMD, Avian Flu Threats http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2005_11_18.html#D55B4003
South Asia to set up disease and disaster centres http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2480&language=1
Pandemics Signal the Urgency of Achieving One Health http://app.e2ma.net/app/view:CampaignPublic/id:263.156624355/rid:a7eb241b8ab0d130184acf8736e4445b
New Avian Flu Early Warning System Based on Migratory Bird Maps http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/nov2005/2005-11-21-01.asp
GM Food Protein Revealed to Cause Allergic Lung Damage in Mice
A study in Australia has revealed that subtle structural changes may occur when
genetic modification is used to transfer a protein from one species to another.
An anti-pest pea protein, coded for by a gene introduced from a bean, caused
unexpected immune effects in mice. It turns out that when the transferred gene
is expressed in the new organism, slight modifications may occur in the resultant
protein, which is then different enough to trigger an immune response. Mice
who ate the pea seed and then were exposed to the new protein developed skin
reactions and mild lung tissue damage not seen on exposure to the original bean
form of the chemical. [See also GMOs Controversy Continues in July
2005 and other related items on the same issue in previous environmental security
reports.]
Source:
GM pea protein causes allergic damage in mice http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn8347
Reports to Review
Underwater Sounds from Human Sources Endangering Marine Life
A new report by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), Sounding the Depths
II: The Rising Toll of Sonar, Shipping and Industrial Ocean Noise on Marine
Life, is a comprehensive overview of the scientific record on the impact of
man-made underwater noise on marine life. It shows that increasing human marine
activity-industrial, commercial, and military-became life threatening to whales,
dolphins, fish, and other marine species. The report reviews worldwide incidents
of mass whale strandings related to military activities, and the oil and gas
industry; maps the "hotspots" affected by different human activities;
presents the latest scientific findings on noise and whale strandings; and suggests
several measures for reducing the impacts of human-made ocean noise. The recommendations
include geographic and seasonal restrictions on intense noise from military
sonar and seismic air guns; better monitoring and marine life research; stronger
international regulations and enforcement concerning marine life protection;
and technological improvements to reduce sonic damage.
Another report, produced by the Convention on Migratory Species and UNEP's Regional
Seas Programme, estimates that noise pollution linked with underwater sonar
and military maneuvers is putting at risk over 4% of marine species. [See also
Coalition Urges UN to Consider Legislation to Curb Harmful Ocean
Sounds in June 2005, Scientific Models Could Help Navy Avoid Whales
During Sonar Tests in February 2005, European Parliament Resolution
to Protect Whales From Sonar in October 2004, and Research Confirms
Military and Industry Sonar Harms Whales of July 2004 environmental security
reports.]
Sources:
Sounding the Depths II. The Rising Toll of Sonar, Shipping and Industrial Ocean
Noise on Marine Life http://www.nrdc.org/wildlife/marine/sound/contents.asp
Fishing Nets Major Risk for Small Cetaceans http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=457&ArticleID=5044&l=en
Climate Change Impact on Human Health
Climate Change Futures: Health, Ecological and Economic Dimensions (CCF), a
three-year study by the Climate Change Futures Project at Harvard Medical School's
Centre for Health and the Global Environment, is a comprehensive analysis of
trends and implications of global warming in several areas: economy (financial,
and impact on developing nations), environment (including exacerbating freaky
weather); health (spreading and intensifying diseases); and two potential scenarios
to outline possible impacts of climate change. The novelty of this study is
the analysis of the direct impact of climate change on human health in addition
to environmental and economic impacts that are the focus of most other studies.
The report concludes that global warming threatens humans and ecosystems alike,
particularly if the frequency of extreme weather events increases. It also offers
some recommendations of policies and measures for reducing greenhouse gas emissions,
and improving the strategies of adaptation and mitigation of climate change
effects.
Source:
Climate Change Futures: Health, Ecological and Economic Dimensions http://www.climatechangefutures.org/report/index.html
Recent Reports on Energy Issues
Renewables 2005: Global Status Report
Renewables 2005: Global Status Report published by Worldwatch Institute, is
a comprehensive overview of today's global renewable energy status and provides
trends and estimations, as well as a look at emerging renewable energy technologies
and policies. According to the report, government support for renewable energy
is growing rapidly, with at least 48 countries (including 14 developing ones)
already having some type of renewable energy promotion policy.
Source:
Renewable Energy Markets Show Strong Growth - REN21 Releases "Renewables
2005: Global Status Report" http://www.worldwatch.org/press/news/2005/11/06/
Target 2020: Policies and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in
the EU
Target 2020, a new report by the Wuppertal Institute in Germany, outlines concrete
steps that would allow the EU to cut its greenhouse gas emissions to a third
of their 1990 level, by 2020. The recommendations include adoption of comprehensive
climate policy strategies at regional and national levels, consisting of mandatory
regulations promoting energy efficiency and renewables. To illustrate the analysis,
the report compares two scenarios over the period 1990-2020: The "Business-as-usual"
scenario--to be avoided, and the recommended "The Policies and Measures
(Target 2020)" scenario, which implies high energy-efficiency strategies
and policies.
Source:
Target 2020: Policies & Measures to reduce Greenhouse gas emissions in the
EU http://www.panda.org/news_facts/publications/index.cfm?uNewsID=24155
World Energy Outlook 2005 -- Middle East and North Africa Insights
The World Energy Outlook is accepted as the most comprehensive source of statistics,
projections, and analysis in the energy sector. If energy trends follow the
business as usual policy, Middle Eastern and North African oil and gas resources
seem critical for meeting the world's future energy needs. This year's World
Energy Outlook focuses on whether the energy production from these key regions
will be able to satisfy global demand over the next 25 years. It assesses energy
demand and supply trends for the entire regions; analyzes the implications of
these trends for global energy markets, international oil and gas prices and
energy security; presents a "Deferred Investment Scenario" and its
consequences; and reviews the region's power and water desalination sectors.
Source:
World Energy Outlook 2005 -- Middle East and North Africa Insights http://www.iea.org/bookshop/add.aspx?id=200
(for purchase)
Progress on Establishing Frameworks for Responsible
Nanotechnologies
ISO to Establish Standardization in the Field of Nanotechnologies
The International Organization for Standardization established in June 2005
the Technical Committee for Nanotechnologies (ISO/TC 229) with Chair and Secretariat
in the UK. The scope of ISO/TC 229 is to produce standards for "classification,
terminology and nomenclature, basic metrology, characterization, including calibration
and certification, risk and environmental issues." The first meeting of
the new Committee will be held on 9-11 November 2005 in London, organized by
the British Standards Institution (BSI).
Sources:
Nanotechnologies - inaugural meeting http://www.iso.org/iso/en/commcentre/events/2005/nano.html
Committee participation http://www.iso.org/iso/en/stdsdevelopment/tc/tclist/TechnicalCommitteeParticipationListPage.TechnicalCommitteeParticipationList?COMMID=5932
New Nanotechnology Risk Assessment Efforts
Industry/Environmentalist Cooperative Effort on Nanotechnology Risks
DuPont and Environmental Defense recently agreed to collaborate on a framework
for the responsible development, production, use and disposal of nanomaterials.
According to a statement, its intent is "to define a systematic and disciplined
process that can be used to identify, manage and reduce potential health, safety
and environmental risks of nano-scale materials across all lifecycle stages.
This framework will then be pilot-tested on specific nano-scale materials or
applications of commercial interest to DuPont".
Low Environmental Risk from Nanomaterial Manufacturing
A new study from Rice University compares the environmental and health risks
associated with the production of five nanomaterials--single-walled carbon nanotubes,
buckyballs, zinc selenide quantum dots, alumoxane nanoparticles and titanium
dioxide nanoparticles--with the risks of making six everyday products--silicon
wafers, wine, high-density plastic, lead-acid car batteries, refined petroleum
and aspirin. Using end-to-end analysis of the manufacturing processes, the research
team concluded that they present environmental risks no greater than do the
technologies in such industries as oil refining, or wine or aspirin production.
It should be noted that this work dealt only with possible hazards in manufacturing
nanomaterials, not in utilizing them in products. The study is planned for publication
in the 15 November issue of Environmental Science and Technology.
Nanomaterials in Drinking Water May be Hazardous
Preliminary results from research at Arizona State University indicate that
the presence of certain nanomaterials in drinking water may be hazardous to
intestinal cells. A layer of colon cells was broken down when exposed to a simulated
intestinal fluid containing titanium dioxide particles. Further, the experiment
showed that such a breakdown would allow the particles to pass into other parts
of the body. The next phase of the effort will examine the potential adverse
effects of the nanomaterials inside cell tissue.
Roadmap for Characterizing Nanomaterial Health Effects
Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure
to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy, a report sponsored by the
EPA, details the various ways in which nanoparticles can be characterized (shape,
size, electrical properties, etc.) and the kinds of tests that can be carried
out to determine their effects, in different contact modes, on anatomical and
physiological elements in the body.
Sources:
DuPont, Environmental Defense Create Framework for Nanotechnology http://www2.dupont.com/Media_Center/en_US/daily_news/article20051012b.html
Relative Risk Analysis of Several Manufactured Nanomaterials: An Insurance Industry
Context
http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/asap/abs/es0506509.html
Nanotech processing 'greener' than oil refining, study http://www.physorg.com/news6998.html
Nanomaterial hazard http://www.physorg.com/printnews.php?newsid=6222
Experts Give Scientists Road Map on Nanotechnology Research http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/06/technology/07nano.ready.html
Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure
to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/2/1/8/abstract
EU to Improve Enforcement of Environmental
Regulations
EC Legislation Reform First Targets Environment-related Rules
The European Commission has presented a three-year program to modernize EU legislation
as part of its commitment to simplify the EU system of rules. About 250 basic
pieces of legislation and 1,250 related legal acts would be updated by repeal,
codification, or recasting. The main aims of the legislative reform are to:
a) simplify the understanding and implementation of rules; b) transform directives
into regulations for prompt and general application by all Member States; and
c) improve enforcement. The program will be regularly updated. The process will
start with the environment-related sector, since it's the most heavily regulated.
The other sectors, as well as the administrative aspect, will follow shortly.
The simplification process can be completed only if the European Parliament
and Member States support it.
Source:
Better regulation continued: Commission wants to simplify over 1,400 legal acts
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/05/1343&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
EU Starts Legal Action Against Member States on Breaches of Environmental
Law
The European Commission is enhancing its environmental law enforcement by initiating
a series of legal actions against Member States for breaching EU environmental
law. The Commission has decided to pursue legal action against Italy in eleven
cases, including non-compliance with the EU directive on Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA), and ten cases for lack of cooperation with the Commission
(Article 10 of the Treaty) on issues involving nature protection (a military
base enlargement on La Maddalena island); several cases on waste management
aspects; water resources; and genetically modified organisms (GMO). Along with
Italy, Spain and Greece were also sent final warnings for non-compliance with
the EU Water Framework Directive.
Sources:
Italy: Commission takes legal action over 11 breaches of environmental law (IP/05/1303)
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/05/1303&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
Water policy: Commission takes legal action against Italy, Spain and Greece
over key directive (IP/05/1302) http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/05/1302&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
Preparatory Process Started for the EfE 6th Ministerial
Conference
The 6th Ministerial Conference "Environment For Europe" (EfE) will
take place at Belgrade in October 2007. The international preparatory process
started officially with the 1st session of the Working Group of Senior Officials
(WGSO) held in Geneva, 12-13 October 2005. The United Nations Economic Commission
for Europe (UNECE) Committee on Environmental Policy (CEP) proposed reviewing
issues such as sustainable development, energy, EU enlargement, coordination
and implementation of UNECE Conventions, and closer links to other international
processes (environment and health, in particular). The European ECO-Forum (a
pan-European coalition of more than 200 environmental citizens' organizations)
suggested an "action-oriented" review of implementation of several
strategies and protocols (including the Protocol on Strategic Environmental
Assessment, and the Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers). The
next meeting of the WGSO will be in June 2006.
Sources:
"Environment For Europe" Process, Meetings of the Working Group of
Senior Officials http://www.unece.org/env/wgso/Belgrade/wgsoMeetings.htm
Towards Belgrade-2007. European Eco-Forum Newsletter, Special Issue, 21 Oct
2005 (e-mail newsletter)
African Countries are Vulnerable to
Bioterrorism
African science policy should give higher importance to the threat posed by
biological weapons, according to an international meeting of representatives
from the fields of science, law, and security, held in Kampala, Uganda, this
month. Africa is vulnerable to bioterrorism; it lacks the institutions, technology,
and expertise to protect its citizens from biological terrorism. Science and
technology policy of African countries should simultaneously enhance biological
research for eradicating diseases and assure strict security measures to prevent
access to material eventually usable in bioterrorism. Because there is little
scientific awareness in both the political leadership and cultures of African
countries, it will be necessary to improve public understanding of science.
The meeting was organized by the Kampala-based International Law Institute (ILI)
and the US-based International Consortium for Law and Strategic Security (ICLSS).
Source:
African science policy 'must address bioterror threat'
Peter Wamboga-Mugirya, SciDev.Net, 13 October 2005 http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2412&language=1
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental
Security Implications
High Sensitivity Portable Chemical Detection Device
A research team led by R. Graham Cooks at Purdue University has developed a
mass spectrometer for chemical detection and identification that has the twin
advantages of high sensitivity (10-12 g) and portability/speed (no pre-treatment
needed). The equipment uses desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), a technique
that separates traces of material from a substrate so that they can be passed
into the analytical instrument. The device has analyzed pharmaceuticals at three
samples per second.
Source:
Fast, accurate detection of explosives on airport luggage possible http://news.uns.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/2005/050930.Cooks.explosives.html
Promising Research for Emission-Free Car that Makes Its Own Fuel
A unique project in the incubator program of the Chief Scientist in Israel called
Engineuity has put several technologies together to create a stable metal combustion
system that avoids oil and pollution. The technique is based on a metal-steam
combustor system that produces a continuous flow of hydrogen using water and
common stable metals such as magnesium and aluminum. At high temperature and
pressure, the metals combine with the oxygen from water forming an oxide and
liberating the hydrogen to be used by the car. The metals can be recovered and
recycled. The research leader in an audio recording referenced below claims
that adapting conventional cars to run on the Engineuity technology should be
easy and the overall running cost would be about the same as today's cars. Pending
investments, a prototype car based on the new system could be demonstrated to
commercial auto companies in three years.
Source:
The Car That Makes Its Own Fuel http://www.isracast.com/tech_news/231005_tech.htm
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
ICSU Launched Global Disaster Research Program
At its 28th General Assembly, the International Council for Science (ICSU) launched
a new program on Natural and Human-Induced Hazards to reduce their economic
and social effects. The program will connect natural and social sciences to
serve policymakers. It would research ways to improve disaster forecasts and
human vulnerability, as well as develop the best policies to mitigate and respond
to them. [See also Better Disaster Planning to Avoid Environmental Catastrophes
in September 2004 environmental security report.]
Sources:
At Pivotal Event in China, the International Council for Science Releases New
Strategy to Strengthen International Science for the Benefit of Society
Launching of a major polar research programme, a new interdisciplinary initiative
on disaster mitigation, and long-term actions on other key challenges for science
and society http://www.icsu.org/3_mediacentre/RELEASES/28thGA_Strategic_Plan_eng.pdf
Global disaster research programme launched http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2427&language=1
UN to Enhance Eco-Development Procedures
UNESCO and Italy began the procedure for establishing the Institute on a Partnership
for Environmental Development (IPED) to provide capacity building to help expedite
economic development while protecting the environment in developing countries.
It will operate mostly by helping to set environmental targets for the UN's
priority development projects, and providing necessary knowledge and training
to developing countries on how to effectively integrate environmental dimensions
into economic development. IPED will be located in Trieste, Italy.
A legal framework for the integration of environmental, social and governance
issues into institutional investment, a report just released by UNEP, addresses
the issue of eventual "legal obligation" of institutional investors
to consider environmental, social, and governance issues when choosing how to
invest their resources. [See also Efforts for Increasing Corporate Eco-responsibility
in July 2004 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Italy: Trieste Gets UN Eco-Development Agency http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/news/sections/generalnews/20051018151133679251.html
A legal framework for the integration of environmental, social and governance
issues into institutional investment
http://unepfi.org/investor_law/
Global investors should consider environmental factors, UN-backed study argues
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=16354&Cr=UNEP&Cr1=
UNESCO and Italy take first step towards creation of environmental institute
http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30252&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
UNU Calls for International Framework for Environmental Refugees
On UN Day for Disaster Reduction, October 12, the UNU warned that by 2010 the
world might have to cope with as many as 50 million environmental refugees,
while the international community is not presently equipped with an adequate
international agreements system to deal with the situation. UN Under Secretary-General
Hans van Ginkel, Rector of UNU, emphasized the need to prepare now "to
define, accept and accommodate this new breed of 'refugee' within international
frameworks," while Dr. Bogardi, Director of UNU's Institute for Environment
and Human Security (UNU-EHS) in Bonn, cautioned that the term 'environmental
refugee' might sometimes hide the real cause of displacement, which might be
bad policies and practices. [See also related item Implications of Environmental
Migration to National Security in February 2004 monthly environmental security
report.]
Sources:
As Ranks of "Environmental Refugees" Swell Worldwide, Calls Grow for
Better Definition, Recognition, Support (UNU Press release) http://www.unu.edu/hq/rector_office/press2005/mre29-05.doc
U.N. University takes on environmental challenges. By HANS VAN GINKEL. Special
to The Japan Times http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?eo20051019a1.htm
50m environmental refugees by end of decade, UN warns. David Adam, environment
correspondent. The Guardian, October 12, 2005 http://www.guardian.co.uk/naturaldisasters/story/0,7369,1589899,00.html
Network of Marine Protection Areas to be Adopted by 2012
The establishment of a network of marine parks to protect the world's oceans
from growing pollution and marine environment devastation was proposed at the
First International Marine Protected Areas Congress held in Geelong, Australia
23-28 October 2005, In the Conference opening speech, Achim Steiner, director-general
of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) emphasized that although there is rising
concern and scientific evidence about marine environmental degradation, less
than one percent of it is under protection today. He suggested establishing
a system of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as decided at the 2002 World Summit
on Sustainable Development. The MPAs would be designed by 2008 through collaboration
of all concerned parties--international organizations, sovereign states, fishery
organizations, and conservationists, for adoption by world governments by 2012.
[See also Marine Protection Issues in the March 2005 environmental security
scanning report.]
Sources:
Interview - Scientists Draft Blueprint to Protect World Oceans http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/33162/story.htm
The First International Marine Protected Areas Congress, Geelong, Australia
23-28 Oct. 2005 http://www.impacongress.org/
Nations urged to "think as big as the oceans are vast" (IUCN Press
release)
http://www.iucn.org/en/news/archive/2005/10/pr_impac_opening.pdf
EU Legislation Issues Updates
EU Committee Proposes Banning Fluorinated Gases
The European Parliament has voted to ban the use of fluorinated gases (F-gases)
in certain products, including shoes, and car air conditioning systems. This
is a much watered-down regulation compared to previous plans. The committee
proposes to regulate the F-gases on an environmental basis and not on an internal
market basis, which avoids countries having to adopt environmental standards
higher than those of the EU's, thereby making themselves subject to trade sanctions.
[See also EU Environment Ministers Propose post-Kyoto Protocol Climate Policies
in October 2004 and Europe to Reduce Fluorinated Gas Emission in March 2004
environmental security reports.]
Sources:
EU Lawmakers Back Cutting Greenhouse Gases in Cars http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/33186/story.htm
EU committee adopts ban on fluorinated gas http://news.webindia123.com/news/showdetails.asp?id=136808&n_date=20051014&cat=World
The REACH Debate Continues
The full assembly vote on REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation
of Chemicals), a regulation designed to reduce the impacts of hazardous chemicals
on public health and the environment, is scheduled for November. However, the
debate continues among different European parliamentary committees, industry
lobbying groups, and environmental groups. The environment committee, which
has the lead role in shepherding REACH, supported changes that would ease requirements
for companies that deal with listed hazardous substances in volumes of 1-10
tonnes annually; but, would keep the registration rules for those handling over
10 tonnes annually, while another parliamentary committee recommended just requiring
companies to replace hazardous substances with safe ones when substitutes are
available. The European Eco-Forum pleads for strengthening REACH and extending
it to the rest of the pan-European region, a suggestion that they want to include
on the agenda of the Belgrade 2007 "Environment For Europe" Conference.
[See also REACH Closer to Finale in August 2005, The REACH Program Closer to
Entry Into Force in March 2005, Leading Cancer Specialists call for REACH Strengthening
in May 2004, and EU Chemical Policy Reforms in January 2004 environmental security
reports.]
Sources:
EU Lawmakers Ease Chemicals Rules, Fight Looms http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/32806/story.htm
EU Likely to Reach Deal on Major Chemicals Bill http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/32934/story.htm
Towards Belgrade-2007. European Eco-Forum Newsletter, 21 Oct 2005
Climate Change Updates
Second European Climate Change Program and post-Kyoto Negotiations
On Monday, 24 October, Environment Commissioner Stavros Dimas launched the second
European Climate Change Program (ECCP II) at a stakeholder conference in Brussels.
ECCP II will focus on strategies and technologies that would allow the EU to
reduce its greenhouse gas emissions (including carbon capture and storage) and
to adapt to the effects of climate change. Commissioner Dimas outlined the Commission's
views on the further development of EU climate change policy including after
2012 and called on all states to adhere to the eventual post-Kyoto measures.
He underlined EU commitment to initiate a process that will lead to international
negotiations on a global climate change regime. Global negotiations for post-2012
strategies will take place at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP 11 and COP/MOP
1) to be held on November 28-December 9, 2005 in Montreal. [See also UN Meeting
Fails to Agree on Post-Kyoto Strategy in May 2005 and other previous environmental
security reports.]
Sources:
Stavros Dimas, Member of the European Commission, Responsible for Environment
Developing the European Climate Change Programme, Stakeholder conference launching
the Second European Climate Change Programme, Brussels, 24 October 2005
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/05/635&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
EU Must do More to Fight Climate Change--Dimas http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/33141/story.htm
Increased Concerns over Rising Sea Level as Effect of Glaciers' Breakup
and Melting
Recent studies show that breakup and melting of glaciers is happening faster
than expected, increasing concerns over rising sea levels and threatening low-lying
regions of the world. Sunlight previously reflected by ice will not be absorbed,
hence furthering the warming effect. A new report by researchers from five U.S.
and European institutes and universities analyzes the possible impacts of the
rapid dynamic of glacial change in Greenland and Antarctica, warning that this
could significantly speed up the melting of major ice sheets, worsening the
present projections for the sea level's rise. Recent models by the Max Planck
Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg show that the average global temperature
could rise by as much as 4.1° Celsius by the end of the century, melting
sea-ice in the Arctic and raising world sea levels by 30 centimeters (12 inches).
During the conference of Antarctic climate experts held by the Royal Society
in London, Dr. Tony Payne Monday, professor of glaciology at the University
of Bristol and co-director of the UK's Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling,
warned that West Antarctica ice melting "would lead to a sea level rise
of five or six meters (16 to 19 feet) around the world, or sufficient to cause
effects such as the inundation of much of the state of Florida." Such research
will influence the Fourth Assessment Report from the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change, which is due to be published in 2007. [See also Melting of
Permanent Frozen Areas Accelerates under Climate Change Issue in the August
2005 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Breakup Of Glaciers Raising Sea Level Concern http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/10/051023122913.htm
Global Sea Level Rise Forecast to Flood Low-Lying Coastlines http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-18-02.asp
Global sea levels could rise 30 cm by 2100- study http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L30704966.htm
Avian Flu Update
Comprehensive roundups of the latest news on the spread of the bird flu virus
and the threat to human health map the cases by countries, and identify actions
to counter its spread and effects. Noteworthy actions are the UN Food and Agriculture
Organization effort in assembling a 'task force' of health and veterinary specialists
to help Indonesia face bird flu; efforts to find/test a vaccine that might be
efficient both for birds and humans; the pledge of health ministers from 30
countries to coordinate efforts to fight an eventual influenza pandemic; and
some countries (as the UK) commitment to have vaccine for every person in the
country. [See also Worries over Avian Influenza Pandemic Increase in September,
and Avian Influenza New Developments in April 2005 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Bird flu update: 24 October 2005. SciDev.Net 24 October 2005 http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2434&language=1
UN task forces battle misconceptions of avian flu, mount Indonesian campaign
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=16342&Cr=bird&Cr1=flu
Woodrow Wilson center, Global Health Initiative. Emerging Pandemic: Costs and
Consequences of an Avian Influenza Outbreak http://wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=116811&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&event_id=142787
Health Ministers Pledge Coordinated Fight Against Bird Flu http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-27-02.asp
European scientists develop H7N1 avian flu vaccine http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/05/1354&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
Publication of Data Dangerous to the Environment
A recent article by futurist and inventor Ray Kurzweil reminds us of the question
of how to weigh the need for free interchange of the results of scientific research
against the possibility that those results would offer a recipe for an environment-destroying
terrorist attack. The particular example cited was the publication in the GenBank
database of the full genome of the 1918 influenza virus. This information could
theoretically lead to the reconstruction of the virus, and its possible release
in weaponized form. The threat to the environment from this kind of information
dissemination has received relatively little attention so far outside of the
nuclear field, but is certain to become a major topic for international discussions.
[See also Control of Pathogenic Chimeras and GMOs under Study in January 2004,
Bioweapons Are Already Possible to Make, Says New CIA Report and New Lethal
Viruses Developed in November 2003 environmental security reports].
Source:
Ray Kurzweil calls for 1918 flu genome to be 'un-published'
http://www.kurzweilai.net/news/frame.html?main=news_single.html?id%3D4934
Reports to Review
Nordic Countries Suggest Actions to Cope with Global Warming
Conservation of Nordic Nature in a Changing Climate is a report commissioned
by the Nordic Council of Ministers to analyze global warming causes and to address
strategies concerning the Nordic Countries' abilities to cope with climate change
effects. Experts from environmental research institutes in the five-country
region affirm that climate changes are mainly caused by humans and urge the
region's governments to take joint action against global warming as well as
to design strategies to deal with more extreme weather patterns. The report
identifies some concrete strategies and tools for adaptation to climate change
effects--such as management and administration aspects, including some regarding
"natures' goods and services."
Source:
Conservation of Nordic Nature in a Changing Climate (TemaNord 2005:572) http://www.norden.org/pub/sk/showpub.asp?pubnr=2005:572
Energy and Security: Toward a New Foreign Policy Strategy
Although focusing on America's energy dependency on oil, the book assesses the
world's prospective on oil and gas, the key and most sensitive energy sources
for the near future. A contribution of 36 top foreign policy and energy experts,
sometimes with divergent opinion, Energy and Security: Toward a New Foreign
Policy Strategy suggests new strategies and policy approaches that could mitigate
the risks implied by continued dependence on oil.
Sources:
Energy and Security: Toward a New Foreign Policy Strategy. Edited by Jan H.
Kalicki and David L. Goldwyn. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, 640 pp.
$65.00 (paper, $29.95)
Book Launch--Energy and Security: Toward a New Foreign Policy Strategy (video)
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1413&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&event_id=139630#
Economic, Social, and Environmental (Foreign Affairs review) http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20051101fabook84621/jan-h-kalicki-david-l-goldwyn/energy-and-security-toward-a-new-foreign-policy-strategy.html
Toxicogenomic Technologies and Risk Assessment of Environmental
Carcinogens: A Workshop Summary
This report is a summary of the workshop organized by the National Research
Council's Committee on How Toxicogenomics Could Inform Critical Issues in Carcinogenic
Risk Assessment of Environmental Chemicals. Scientists, policymakers, and advisors
participated in the workshop. They assessed how toxicogenomics could address
critical knowledge gaps in risk assessments, including how toxicogenomic data
could be applied to improve risk assessments, particularly cancer risk from
environmental exposure to chemicals. After an overview of the types of data
gaps that make regulatory risk assessment difficult, the workshop analyzed the
types of toxicogenomics and their role in carcinogen risk assessment, and discussed
the types of research that could move the field forward.
Source:
Toxicogenomic Technologies and Risk Assessment of Environmental Carcinogens:
A Workshop Summary http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11335.html
Environmental Issues were not dominant in the UN Summit Speeches
Environment and global warming issues were mentioned in several speeches delivered
by Heads of State and Governments at the UN Summit, however it was not a dominant
theme. There were calls to ratify international treaties designed to tackle
environmental and global warming problems, and agreement was reached to create
a worldwide early warning system for all natural hazards and improve the Central
Emergency Revolving Fund to ensure timely relief. Leaders of small island states
warned that unless aggressive action is taken to deal with climate change to
protect small island states, their people will become environmental refugees
due to rising ocean levels. The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement
were recognized as an important international framework for the protection of
internally displaced persons. Environment was listed along with the International
Criminal Court, human rights, and disarmament as an issue that was not addressed
strongly enough in the 2005 World Summit Outcome.
Sources:
UN Summit 2005 http://www.un.org/summit2005/
Value of collective security through multilateralism stressed at UN Summit http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=15811&Cr=world&Cr1=summit
National leaders at UN Summit call for stepped-up action to fight climate change
http://www0.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=15833&Cr=world&Cr1=summit
European Commission Enforces Environmental Pollution
Legislation
The Court of Justice of the European Communities ruled that the European Commission
(EC) would have the right to require Member States to impose criminal penalties
on environmental polluters "in order to ensure that the rules which it
[the EC] lays down on environmental protection are fully effective." Although
EU countries will still be the ones to prosecute, the Commission could extend
its powers by recommending the level of punishment. This ruling is consistent
with the Community's environmental strategy underlined by the obligation of
having environmental protection requirements "integrated into the definition
and implementation of the Community's policies and activities."
Note: The EC began improving its whole system of regulations, by three main
actions: withdrawal or modification of pending proposals; simplification of
existing EU-law; and better quality of new Commission proposals.
Sources:
The European Community Has The Power To Require The Member States To Lay Down
Criminal Penalties For The Purpose Of Protecting The Environment http://curia.eu.int/en/actu/communiques/cp05/aff/cp050075en.pdf
Better Regulation http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/05/340&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
Asian Regional Forum on Combating Environmental
Crime Formed
The "Asian Regional Forum" will be established to share information
and expertise in policy, law, training, investigation and prosecution related
to environmental crimes in Asia. The Forum is the result of a meeting in Bangkok
on 25 August 2005 of the Regional Intelligence Liaison Office for Asia and the
Pacific (RILO A/P), the regional office of INTERPOL, the World Conservation
Union, TRAFFIC (the wildlife trade monitoring network), the World Customs Organization,
the UK-based Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and Thailand's Office
of the National Implementation for Chemical Weapons Convention. The regionalization
of the Green Customs Initiative was also discussed to share information and
training materials for customs officials to combat illegal trade in commodities
of environmental concern. It is estimated that environmental damage caused by
illegal trade in hazardous wastes, smuggling proscribed hazardous materials,
and exploiting and trafficking of protected natural resources worldwide is US$22-31
billion annually. The Forum will be facilitated by the United Nations Environmental
Program's Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.
Source:
Regional Forum On Combating Environmental Crime Formed http://www.world-wire.com/news/0915050002.html
Better Disaster Planning to Avoid Environmental Catastrophes
Hurricane Katrina along the U.S. Gulf Coast has introduced a new term, "toxic
gumbo", into the environmental vocabulary, referring to the liquid/sludge
produced when storms cause flood waters to overrun populated areas, especially
industrial tracts, picking up from storage facilities a hazardous mix of all
sorts of chemicals, both end-products and precursors. As the flood recedes,
it may deposit this nasty brew over an entire region, including wetlands, and/or
carry it into previously unaffected waters. Katrina produced environmental damage
and pollution of this kind on an unprecedented scale outside of full-scale war.
President Bush has suggested a greater role for the military in post-national
disaster management.
On the other side of the Atlantic, spurred by floods and fires in many places
around the continent, the European Commission passed a resolution calling for
better disaster planning coordination among its members.
The Asian Conference on Disaster Reduction held in Beijing, aims to assess disaster
reduction progress across Asia and build a platform for cooperation on early
warning, disaster prevention, reduction, and response in Asia.
UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, reviewing the statistics of 2004 natural disasters,
called for more emphasis on actions to prevent and react to natural disasters,
"because their incidence and severity is increasing due to climate change,
environmental degradation, inappropriate development patterns and inadequate
mitigation and preparedness systems."
Sources:
'Toxic Gumbo': Surprises for Chemicals Policy, Bart Mongoven
September 14 2005 22 48 GMT (by subscription only) http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/32431/story.htm
Asian countries to enhance disaster reduction co-operation http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-09/28/content_3553846.htm
Annan urges global emphasis on disaster planning to mitigate death and destruction
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=16005&Cr=disaster&Cr1=
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental
Security Implications
New Oil Remediation and Recovery Technique
A proprietary oil remediation and recovery application, using patented Self-Assembled
Monolayer (SAMs) technology, has been announced by Interface Science Corp. Its
treated material, produced using nanoscale techniques, absorbs about 40 times
its weight in oil, and has the added advantage of allowing the absorbed oil
to be recovered.
Relevant military personnel should follow the development of this new technology,
and consider its eventual use in cleanup of both non-conflict and battlefield
oil pollution.
Source:
Nanotechnology for Recovery and Reuse of Spilled Oil http://www.physorg.com/news6358.html
Hydrogen Tablets
Scientists at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) have invented a hydrogen
tablet that can efficiently and safely store and transport hydrogen in a solid
form. The tablet consists solely of ammonia absorbed efficiently in sea-salt.
When hydrogen is needed, ammonia is released through a catalyst that decomposes
it back to free hydrogen. The tablet can be simply recharged just by a "shot"
of ammonia. DTU and SeeD Capital Denmark have founded the company Amminex A/S
to develop and commercialize the technology.
Source:
University of Denmark Scientists Develop Hydrogen Tablet http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/FuelCellToday/IndustryInformation/IndustryInformationExternal/NewsDisplayArticle/0,1602,6487,00.html
Tiny Batteries Offer Several Promises
mPhase Technologies, in collaboration with Rutgers Univ. and Bell Laboratories,
is working on tiny batteries that can hold their charge much longer than today's
cells, and could be integrated directly into a circuit board rather than connected
by wires. "This is something small, less than postage-stamp size that could
be integrated into the same piece of silicon that is housing the electronics,"
according to Ron Durando, CEO of mPhase. Foresight Institute believes that the
work might lead to batteries with a 20-year shelf life. The technology is based
on a material called "nanograss", developed at Bell Labs, which permits
the control of the interaction of electrolytes within the battery.
Source:
Putting power into battery research http://smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=9942
Bacteria Used to Eliminate Perchlorate from Water
Perchlorate, an ingredient of rocket fuel and fireworks, and known to be dangerous
to human health, has become present in drinking water in many parts of the world.
Bruce Rittmann of the Center for Environmental Biotechnology at Arizona State
University, Tempe, has discovered an efficient way to remove the chemical, by
using a system of bacteria that feeds on hydrogen gas and perchlorate to produce
water and chloride--a compound commonly found in salts and swimming pools. The
advantage of this system over others for the same purpose is that it's very
cost-effective and it doesn't appear to generate harmful waste by-products.
The bacteria are grown on membranes that are wrapped into spaghetti-like strands
that can be filled with hydrogen and bundled into cylinders through which flows
the contaminated water. A 1.5-meter-tall system with 7,000 fibers can clean
4-8 liters a minute, says the researcher. The system was already tested on ground
water from California's central valley, and in about 2 years its efficiency
could be boosted enough to clean the waste water of a small city. [See also
Firm Regulations for Perchlorates are Needed in October 2004, and Technology
for Perchlorates Cleanup of August 2004 environmental security reports.]
Source:
Spaghetti filters cleanse water supplies. Chemists package bacteria to eliminate
perchlorate.
By Andreas von Bubnoff. news@nature.com, 1 September 2005
http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050829/full/050829-16.html
(by subscription only; see alternative at:
http://www.bioedonline.org/news/news.cfm?art=1994)
Plastic Bags Taxed and/or Banned
Several jurisdictions, including Ireland, Taiwan, Bangladesh, and some Indian
states are banning or taxing the use of plastic bags because of their potential
as litter, their role in clogging flood control channels, and their threat to
wildlife. Maharashtra blames them for floods that killed more than a thousand
people.
Source:
Plastic Bags Banned, Blamed for West India Floods http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/32217/story.htm
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Nuclear Terrorism Convention Signed by 82 Countries at the UN Summit
The International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism
was signed by 82 countries at the UN Summit, beginning with Russia, the U.S.,
and France. The Convention, proposed by Russia in 1998, was adopted by the UN
General Assembly in April 2005. [See also UN Convention Against Nuclear Terrorism
in April 2005 environmental security report]
Note: The newly released statistics of the IAEA's Illicit Trafficking Database
(ITDB) show a substantial increase in illicit trafficking and unauthorized activities
with nuclear and other radioactive materials in 2003-2004. Although the majority
of the incidents showed no evidence of criminal activity, the Agency warns of
the danger that these materials could be used for malicious purposes, like 'dirty
bombs.' [See also UN Agency to Intensify Tracking of Illicit Nuclear Trafficking
issue in the September 2004 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Russia to be the first to sign nuclear terrorism convention http://en.rian.ru/russia/20050907/41321867.html
(article available for a limited time on the website)
Heads of State sign convention on nuclear terrorism http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=15807&Cr=world&Cr1=summit
Ninety-nine nations participate in UN treaty event during 2005 World Summit
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=15898&Cr=world&Cr1=summit
Nuclear Trafficking Latest Statistics Released http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2005/traffickingstats.html
New EU Environmental Strategies
EU Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution for the CAFE Programme
Under the EU's Sixth Environmental Action Programme (6EAP), as part of the Clean
Air for Europe (CAFE) strategy, the European Commission proposed the Thematic
Strategy on Air Pollution. The Strategy, which aims to improve human and ecosystem
health, covers most major air pollutants, with accent on airborne particulates
known as PM2.5 and ground-level ozone pollution, and sets a cap on concentrations
in the most polluted areas. It aims by 2020 to cut the annual number of premature
deaths from air pollution-related diseases by almost 40% from the 2000 level.
The strategy also proposes changes to the current regulation system by merging
existing legal instruments into a single Ambient Air Quality Directive (that
would cut by 50% the existing legal texts) and improving reporting requirements.
The proposed legislation still has to be approved by member states and the European
Parliament. The other six Thematic Strategies that the Commission will present
over the next few months cover Soil protection; Sustainable use of pesticides;
Protect and conserve the marine environment; Waste prevention and recycling;
Sustainable use of natural resources; and Urban environment. [See also The European
Union Environmental Initiatives in January 2005 environmental security report]
Air Pollution and the new Ambient Air Quality Directive, and monitor the other
Thematic Strategies and developments that could lead to new binding regulations.
Sources:
Commission proposes clean air strategy to protect human health and the environment
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/05/1170&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
The CAFE Programme. Implementation of the Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/air/cafe/
Environment 2010: Our Future, Our Choice. The Sixth Environment Action Programme
of the European Community http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/newprg/index.htm
EC Proposed Strategy to Curb Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Air Travel
Considering the rapid increase of air travel and consequently its increased
share in the overall EU greenhouse gas emissions undermining progress achieved
through emission cuts in other areas of the economy, the EC proposed a strategy
to tackle aviation emissions. It suggests bringing aircraft operators into the
EU's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), as an incentive for airlines
to minimize their emissions. The new regulation would apply to all flights departing
from the EU, whether to another EU destination or not and all carriers (EU or
non-EU) would be treated equally.
Source:
Climate change: Commission proposes strategy to curb greenhouse gas emissions
from air travel
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/05/1192&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
Worries over Avian Influenza Pandemic Increase
Lee Jong-wook, the head of the World Health Organization, has predicted that
the avian flu virus will mutate so as to make the disease transmissible from
human to human, and says that the world has no time to waste to stop it becoming
a pandemic. "The pandemic is likely to be like the seasonal influenza,
which is much more infectious than the SARS virus," said Dr Hitoshi Oshitani,
who ran the battle against SARS and now leads the fight against avian flu in
Asia. The United States is working to rally states behind a new U.S. plan to
fight the disease, and Canada will host a major international conference in
October to discuss how ready the world is to combat a likely pandemic. Concerns
are increasing even more as strains of the virus in Asia seem to be becoming
resistant to amantadine, a widely used drug for human cases, possibly because
farmers are giving it as a preventative to poultry. It has also been shown that
strains less dangerous than H5N1 can be transmitted from birds to people. An
important achievement is that scientists in Singapore have developed a test
kit that can detect the gene specific to the H5N1 strain (so both in animals
and humans) within four hours, compared to the several days that it takes with
present lab tests. This might help a lot in controlling the spread of the virus.
[See also Avian Influenza New Developments in April 2005 environmental security
report.]
Sources:
UN Health Chief Sounds Alarm on Bird Flu http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/32534/story.htm
Canada to host big October conference on avian flu http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N1538733.htm
Concern grows over drug resistance in bird flu strains http://www.scidev.net/content/news/eng/concern-grows-over-drug-resistance-in-bird-flu-strains.cfm
World has slim chance to stop bird flu pandemic http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/SYD202011.htm
Global strategy to fight bird flu in animals faces serious funding gap http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2005/107804/index.html
Singapore Scientists Invent Quick Bird Flu Test http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/32695/story.htm
Global Warming Could be the Cause of Significant Disasters
Several research papers published recently link the increasing numbers and intensity
of powerful storms to increasing ocean temperatures, suggesting that global
warming is the main cause. Most climate models indicate that the effects of
climate change will be felt more intensely farther from the equator. ESA's CryoSat
measurements of sea ice are expected to confirm or refute this theory and also
help with better weather forecasting.
Dr. Nathan P. Gillett argues in an article published in Nature that the impact
of global warming on European weather patterns has been underestimated. The
Northern Hemisphere Circulation study compares the results of nine state-of-the-art
climate models with real situation of Northern Hemisphere air pressure changes
at sea level over the past 50 years. It concludes that the simulations underestimate
the sea-level air pressure circulation trends, which questions their accuracy
in showing changes of weather patterns or predicting regional climate changes.
A report by population health experts from Australia and New Zealand warns that
even with action to reduce global warming, thousands of Australians are likely
to die by the end of the century because of heat waves caused by human-induced
climate change. It is estimated that by 2100 the annual average temperatures
could increase by 1 to 6°C over most of Australia, with significantly larger
changes in some regions. The report, Climate change health impacts in Australia,
also addresses the danger of spread of dengue-carrying mosquitoes, as well as
possible large-scale poverty and migration in the Asia-Pacific region, mainly
in the Small Island States that are particularly susceptible to climate change.
Shishmaref, a whole community of 600 residents of NW Alaska, needs to be permanently
relocated on the mainland to be protected from storm systems that are certain
to arrive, as a consequence of global warming. Other communities from farther
north might follow.
Sources:
Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5742/1844?ijkey=iqoyPaiwaACR6&keytype=ref&siteid=sci
Global warming 'could create stronger hurricanes'
http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2360&language=1
Northern exposure to greatest climate change? CryoSat should find out http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMA0R4Y3EE_planet_0.html
Climate modeling: Northern Hemisphere circulation http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7058/abs/437496a.html
No stopping deaths from climate change http://abc.net.au/science/news/health/HealthRepublish_1465428.htm
Shishmaref ponders next move as erosion continues http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/story/7012209p-6914369c.html
Reports to Review
Asia's Water Security in Jeopardy
The Fall of Water report assesses the situation of Asia's mountain areas, including
the Himalayas. It warns that rapid increase in infrastructure, overgrazing,
and deforestation, are accelerating threats from highland glaciers shrinking,
raising concerns related to the region's future water supplies, flooding, and
drought. The report notes that presently about 50% of Asia's mountain region
is affected by infrastructure development, which by 2030 could rise to over
70% if current practices continue unrestricted. Similarly, highland glaciers
are shrinking by 7% annually, which means that by 2050, about 64% of China's
glaciers would have vanished. The report argues that unsustainable local development
and climate change accelerated by fossil fuel burning are likely to aggravate
the problems. It points out that without fast implementation of sound environmental
management policies for sustainable development, water security of about half
the world's population could be in serious jeopardy. The outcomes are the results
of collaborative work of UNEP, IUCN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, International
Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), and the Netherlands Environmental
Assessment Agency. The report was released in preamble to the 2005 World Summit
of mid-September.
Source:
Asia's Water Security Under Threat. Water for Near Half the World's Population
under Threat at the Roof of the World http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=452&ArticleID=4916&l=en
Human and Environmental Security - An Agenda for Change
From the press release: "This ground-breaking book, authored by prominent
international decision-makers, tackles the global human security problem across
the range of core issues. The authors identify the causes of insecurity, articulate
the linkages between the different elements of human security, and outline an
agenda for engaging stakeholders from across the globe in building the foundations
of genuine and lasting human security for all nations and all people."
(The book is available for purchase)
Sources:
Press release, Network 2015 email list
Human and Environmental Security - An Agenda for Change Available through: http://www.stakeholderforum.org/StakeholderForumbooks3.pdf
World Resources 2005 -- The Wealth of the Poor: Managing Ecosystems
to Fight Poverty
This joint report from UNEP, UNDP, the World Bank, and the World Resources Institute
suggests an approach to addressing poverty by focusing on environment and local
natural resources beyond the conventional aid projects, debt relief, and trade
reform. It presents models on how natural resources--soils, forests, water,
and fisheries--managed at the local level--could be the most effective means
for the world's rural poor people to generate a better life. The report pleads
for community stewardship of local resources as a critical element of any poverty-reduction
activity. UNEP executive director Klaus Toepfer called the report, "essential
reading for any world leader serious about defeating poverty." This is
the 11th in a series of biennial reports on global environment and governance.
Sources:
World Resources 2005 -- The Wealth of the Poor: Managing ecosystems to fight
poverty http://population.wri.org/pubs_description.cfm?PubID=4073
News Release: Major report stresses natural resources as path out of poverty
http://population.wri.org/newsrelease_text.cfm?NewsReleaseID=336
Environment and Security-The Role of the United Nations
This comprehensive report summarizes the outcomes of a Roundtable Conference
conducted by the UN Foundation and the Woodrow Wilson Center's Environmental
Change and Security Project. It assesses security by its links to population,
water, resources, and climate change and makes recommendations to the UN for
a better integration of environment with security issues. It recommends that
"The UN Security Council should take a leadership role by making environmental
security a priority and moving environmental issues from the technical to the
security domain", and that the UN coordinate international efforts on environmental
security in all fields, from trade to water, climate change, and integrated
environmental perspective in all its projects. "By protecting the earth,
the UN Security Council can help preserve the peace," concludes the report.
[See also New Reports Stress the Link between Environment and Security in the
January 2005 environmental security report.]
Source:
Environment and Security-The Role of the United Nations http://www.wilsoncenter.org/news/docs/ACF64A.pdf
Increasing Oil Demand in China and
India Raise Security Concerns
The hunger for energy might become a driving force for some countries to disregard
international security issues and accords to the point of jeopardizing international
security. For example, there were international concerns expressed about the
alleged Chinese offers of arms and other sensitive defense technology in return
for oil and gas rights in certain countries. "Unprecedented political opposition"
probably triggered by strategic concerns in the US Congress forced the withdrawal
of China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC)'s bid for California's Unocal.
Similar concerns may affect the rival bids of China and India to buy a Canadian
firm with oil fields in Kazakhstan.
Source:
New rules in global rivalry for oil. The growing Asian demand for energy could
alter US strategy.
By Mark Trumbull | Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0804/p01s04-wogi.html
Giving China a bloody nose. The Economist, Aug 4th 2005
http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displayStory.cfm?story_id=4254062&subjectID=381586&fsrc=nwl&emailauth=%2527%252E%252573P%252CSK%25231%252A%2520%250A
(by subscription only)
China Rationing Gasoline And Diesel Fuel http://www.terradaily.com/news/china-05zzzzzo.html
China and India Vie for Company With Oil Fields in Kazakhstan. By Keith Bradsher,
NY Times, August 16, 2005
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/16/business/worldbusiness/16oil.html?pagewanted=all&oref=login
(by subscription only)
Soviet-Era Anti-plague Institutes Still
Pose Environmental Threat
The United States has an extensive program aimed at minimizing the possible
transfer and misuse of Soviet WMD R&D. One area that has fallen through
the proverbial crack, however, is the collection of more than 80 anti-plague
institutes, which were not a formal part of the Russian biowarfare program and
therefore are not covered by the DOD Threat Reduction effort. These establishments,
located in all parts of the FSU, still work with extremely hazardous pathogens
under totally inadequate physical and biological security. This incredibly dangerous
situation is described in a draft report from a major investigation by scholars
from the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International
Studies.
Source:
Soviet Germ Factories Pose New Threat. By Joby Warrick, Washington Post, August
20, 2005; A01
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/19/AR2005081901507.html
(by subscription)
EU and Japan Respond to Risks from Low
Dose Chemicals
A series of articles by Peter Waldman in the Wall Street Journal have brought
to attention new scientific studies which have indicated that exposure to extremely
low levels of certain industrial chemicals, even a few parts per trillion, can
have harmful biological effects. Many of these results are controversial, and
disputed by manufacturers and users. Compounds include bisphenol A, phthalates,
and perchlorates. The EU and Japan are taking measures to impose stricter controls
or outright prohibitions on such materials, and are conducting further investigations.
Sources:
Wall St. Journal series: "levels of risk" http://familiesagainstcancer.org/?id=229
Direct source (by subscription only): A Little Dab'll Do Ya In
Micro-exposure to common chemicals may cause big health problems
http://users1.wsj.com/lmda/do/checkLogin?a=t&d=wsj&sd=users1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle_print%2F0%2C%2CSB112224731634594459%2C00.html
(by subscription only)
ASEAN Seeks East Asia's Cooperation on Environmental
Issues
Senior environmental officials from ASEAN countries, Japan, China, and South
Korea met in Malaysia's Penang state to discuss ways to improve regional cooperation
and responses to ecological/environmental problems, such as the recent forest
fires. Details of future cooperation, which are also expected to cover issues
such as climate change and safeguarding biological diversity, will be discussed
at a meeting to be held next month in Jakarta.
Source:
SE Asia Seeks Cooperation with China, Japan, South Korea on Environmental Protection
Associated Press, August 19, 2005
http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=8560
Forest fires for commercial land clearing should stop http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2005/107399/index.html
Smoky Haze Chokes Southeast Asia http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2005/2005-08-16-06.asp
Taiwan Cracking Down on Environmental Violators
The prevalence of illegal toxic waste dumping has led Taiwan's Environmental
Protection Agency to recruit a group of 70 volunteers to patrol industrial areas
and report violations of the country's strict waste disposal and recycling rules.
The effort is supported by emerging environmental activism among the populace
at large.
Source:
Taiwan's Enviro-Spies. By Matt Kovac, The Christian Science Monitor
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/08/24/tech/main792375.shtml
India to Set Up Military Surveillance
and Reconnaissance System by 2007
Indian Defence Minister Pranab Mukherjee recently declared that India's satellite-based
Military Surveillance and Reconnaissance (SBS) System that was supposed to be
operational this year, is now in an advanced stage of development and will begin
functioning by 2007.
Sources:
India installs Satellite surveillance system http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/08/04/0408satellite-surveillance.html
India To Set Up Military SBS System By 2007 http://www.spacewar.com/news/india-05zq.html
UN Envisaging a Treaty for Multinational
Corporations
The UN began a feasibility study and eventual steps for the implementation
of an international treaty regulating multinational corporations' activities.
One of those closely involved in the process is Harvard professor John Gerard
Ruggie, appointed by Secretary-General Kofi Annan as his special representative
on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations. The special representative
position was created for identification and clarification of "standards
of corporate responsibility and accountability for transnational corporations
and other business enterprises with regard to human rights." STRATFOR (Strategic
Forecasting, Inc.) comments that the "appointment is important because
it will galvanize a global social movement, which will in turn accelerate the
changing systems of public policy development." It might take five years
until a draft treaty will be drawn.
Source:
Multinational Business and New Policymaking Venues. By Bart Mongoven, Stratfor
Strategic Forecastng, August 04 2005
http://www.stratfor.com/products/enhanced/read_article.php?id=253123&ref=050804
(by subscription only)
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental
Security Implications
Piggybacking Environmental Sensors on Communications Gear
Computer science graduate student R.J. Honicky and Prof. Richard Newton of the
Univ. of California at Berkeley are working on inexpensive environmental sensors
that can be incorporated into communications devices like cell phones, using
the power, location (e.g. GPS), and communications facilities already present
in those devices. This technique would greatly reduce the space and cost burden
of providing environmental data coverage over a wide area.
Source:
Saving the World with Cell Phones. By Rachel Metz, Wired.com, August 11, 2005
http://www.wired.com/news/wireless/0,1382,68485,00.html
Micro-reactors Challenge Chemical Weapons Convention Effectiveness
A paper by Tuan Nguyen of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory calls attention
to the erosion in effectiveness of the Chemical Weapons Convention caused by
the advent of micro-reactors in the chemical industry. These devices, with sizes
from a credit card to a notebook, replace large batch reaction vessels and make
it much more difficult to monitor and verify compliance with the Chemical Weapons
Convention. Hydrogen cyanide, phosgene, and methyl isocyanate have already been
produced using this system, according to Nguyen. He also points out that chemical
weapon precursors could be synthesized rather than purchased, making it more
difficult to track down and discover the preparation of chemical weapons.
Source:
Technological advances could reduce effectiveness of Chemical Weapons Convention
http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2005/NR-05-08-04.html
Urine-powered Battery
Ki Bang Lee and a team of researchers at Singapore's Institute of Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology have developed a very inexpensive and miniaturized power
source suitable for biochips used for healthcare testing and disease detection,
as in a BW situation. The battery is formed by soaking a credit-card-sized piece
of paper in copper chloride, sandwiching it between strips of magnesium and
copper, and laminating it between transparent plastic films. When the paper
is moistened with a drop of urine, the device generates 1.5 volts of electricity.
Source:
Scientists develop pee-powered battery. By Bjorn Carey, LiveScience, Aug. 16,
2005
http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8973626/
Laser-tracked Honeybees Detect Landmines
Joseph A. Shaw at Montana State University and colleagues have developed an
improved landmine detection system which first trained honeybees to sniff out
explosive fumes leaking from buried landmines, and then tracks them with polarized
laser scanning beams. The accuracy is better than 97% at a distance of 83 m,
and there is no danger of setting off the landmines.
Source:
Lasers, landmines and honeybees. Ed Gerstner, Nature Physics On-line, 4 Aug
2005
http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/vaop/nprelaunch/full/nphys103.html
New Efficient Energy-free Technique for Oil Removal from Water
The Extended Gravity Oil Water Separation (EGOWS) concept developed by an engineering
team from the University of New South Wales is an improvement on the industry-standard
American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity separator that has been widely used
for the last 60 years. The device is a simple tank-and-siphon system, entirely
mechanical, that operates unattended and purifies water to oil content less
than 10 ppm, the level often set by environmental regulations. A simple, innovative
application of hydraulic principles results in residence times of days instead
of minutes, as is common with API designs. Utility seems be limited to sources
with episodic discharges, rather than steady flows.
Source:
New approach to oil-water separation http://www.engineeringtalk.com/news/uns/uns100.html
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Recycling Regulations in the EU
E-waste Management Directive Came into Effect on August 13, 2005
The EC directive for e-waste management, Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment
(WEEE), has come into effect, requiring that all 25 EU member states comply
with the electrical and electronic appliances disposal framework in order to
minimize the impacts of this kind of waste on the environment. Among other stipulations,
the directive requires that all such devices manufactured in the EU bear a label
requiring mandatory recycling. The related directive on the Restriction of the
use of certain Hazardous Substances (RoHS) in electrical and electronic equipment
was also updated, setting maximum concentration values for some substances that
were previously supposed to be completely banned in manufacture after July 1,
2006: lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls
(PBB) or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE). [See also Two E-waste laws entered
into force in the European Union of February 2003, and E-waste Directives to
be Enforced in the UK of July 2005 environmental security reports.]
Higher Targets for Packaging Recycling and Recovery
The EU updated and strengthened its 1994 Directive for packaging waste, setting
higher recycling and recovery targets to further reduce the negative environmental
impacts created by the landfilling and incineration of packaging waste and by
the production of virgin materials. This type of waste includes packaging made
from paper, glass, metals, plastics and wood.
Sources:
New recycling law takes effect in the European Union http://www.physorg.com/news5795.html
Commission Decision of 18 August 2005
amending Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
for the purpose of establishing the maximum concentration values for certain
hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_214/l_21420050819en00650065.pdf
Packaging waste: higher recycling and recovery targets due to be implemented
in EU Member States. Reference: IP/05/1057 Date: 18/08/2005
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/05/1057&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
REACH Closer to Finale
The drafting of the Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals
(REACH) legislation is in its final phases as it moves through committees in
the European Parliament. The vote on it is scheduled for November. REACH provides
a legal framework for controlling hazardous chemicals, requiring manufacturers
and importers to register the physical, chemical and toxicological properties
of substances with a central EU database, provide lifecycle safety and environmental
risks information, and eventually get a special authorization for those of high
concern. Britain, which holds the EU's rotating presidency, hopes that agreement
on the program will be reached by the end of the year. [See also The REACH Program
Closer to Entry Into Force in March 2005, Leading Cancer Specialists call for
REACH Strengthening in May 2004, and EU Chemical Policy Reforms in January 2004
environmental security reports.]
Source:
Feature - Reaching Balance: Europe Weighs Health Verses Industry
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/32150/story.htm
Climate Change Issues
New Computer Climate Models Reveal Threatening Conditions
New computer climate models reveal Earth's limits of CO2 intake. The computer
climate models developed by scientists from Berkeley Atmospheric Sciences Center,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and the National Center for Atmospheric
Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado indicate that CO2 absorption by land and
oceans can not keep up with the current trends of increasing fossil fuel emissions,
accelerating climate warming after the critical point is reached. The process
is increased by drought and other phenomena already present. The paper explaining
the findings, Evolution of carbon sinks in a changing climate was published
in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) of August 9, 2005.
Another computer model, also developed by scientists at the National Center
for Atmospheric Research, simulates Earth's climate at the time of the greatest
mass extinction in history, at the end of the Permian Era. It reveals that an
abrupt and dramatic rise in atmospheric levels of CO2 triggered the extinction
of an estimated 90-95% of all marine species, and about 70% of all terrestrial
species. "The results demonstrate how rapidly rising temperatures in the
atmosphere can affect ocean circulation, cutting off oxygen to lower depths
and extinguishing most life," says NCAR scientist and lead author, Jeffrey
Kiehl.
New observations and climate model data confirm recent warming of tropical
atmosphere
Results of state-of-the-art climate models by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
are consistent with new observational estimates of temperature data obtained
from satellites and weather balloons, providing compelling evidence that the
tropical troposphere is warming since 1979. Human activity is considered as
one important cause of the warming. [See also New Developments on Climate Change
of January 2005 environmental security report.]
Melting of Permanent Frozen Areas Accelerates
Siberia's melting accelerates global warming. Scientists recently discovered
that in the last three or four years the entire western Siberian sub-Arctic
region has begun melting, transforming the world's largest frozen peat bog into
a watery landscape of lakes. This could cause the release into the atmosphere
of huge quantities of methane, 20 times as potent a greenhouse gas as carbon
dioxide. Consequently, Siberia's melting, considered to be partially caused
by global warming, becomes in its turn an accelerating factor of it. This finding
follows a similar phenomenon of major expansion of lakes in Alaska's northern
extreme, bordering the Arctic Ocean.
The Arctic Ocean could be seasonally ice-free within 100 years, concludes a
new report by U.S. and Canadian scientists. Climate warming is causing thawing
of Arctic glaciers and ice sheets, driving the Arctic system into an ice-free
state for the first time in more than one million years. The researchers could
find no natural processes that might slow or reverse the accelerating melting
process. Indigenous people and animals of Alaska, Canada, Russia, Siberia, Scandinavia
and Greenland, are already feeling the warming, but the consequences will be
felt worldwide, mostly by the millions of people of coastal areas. The melting
is an accelerating process. [See also Climate Change Updates; Antarctic glaciers
shrinking accelerating, in April 2005 environmental security report]
Greenland Conference on Global Warming
Environmental ministers and other officials from 23 countries around the world
and the EU met on the edge of a retreating glacier (110 Km in 45 years) in Greenland
and agreed that nations must take action against global warming. The proceedings
of the conference were not made public and although the group didn't make specific
action recommendations, there was consensus that discussions need to be urgently
replaced by action.
Sources:
Evolution of carbon sinks in a changing climate. Inez Y. Fung, Scott C. Doney,
Keith Lindsay, and Jasmin John
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/0504949102v1
Climate Model Links Warmer Temperatures to Permian Extinction
http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104368
New observations and climate model data confirm recent warming of tropical atmosphere
http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2005/NR-05-08-05.html
Heat and light. An unexplained anomaly in the climate seems to have been the
result of bad data
The Economist print edition, Science & Technology, Climate change, Aug 11th
2005
http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displayStory.cfm?story_id=4269858&subjectID=348924&fsrc=nwl&emailauth=%2527%25290617L%2527BUQ%2526%255C%250A
(by subscription only)
Climate warning as Siberia melts. From issue 2512 of New Scientist magazine,
11 August 2005, page 12
http://www.newscientist.com/channel/earth/mg18725124.500
(by subscription only)
Arctic Ocean Could Be Ice-Free in Summer Within 100 Years, Scientists Say
http://uanews.org/cgi-bin/WebObjects/UANews.woa/9/wa/SRStoryDetails?ArticleID=11532
Officials at Global Conference Say It's Time to Take Action on Global Warming.
By Jan M. Olsen, Associated Press, August 19, 2005
http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=8564
Indian Ocean Tsunami Early Warning System to be Operational by the End
of 2005
Further on the efforts to prevent a recurrence of the December 2004 tsunami
catastrophe, the Intergovernmental Coordination Group (ICG) for the Indian Ocean
Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (IOTWS) ended its first meeting in Perth,
Australia, concluding that the network of 23 stations for real-time sea-level
observation covering the whole Indian Ocean basin is expected to be established
by the end of 2005. Six stations are already operational. The network is the
first element of the system; the other two are an improved seismographic network,
and the deployment of deep-sea pressure sensors capable of detecting the tsunami
signal as it travels over the deep ocean. The entire system is expected to be
fully operational by next July. The next ICG meeting is scheduled for December
12-16, in Hyderabad, India. However, the UN oceanographic body warns that the
system will be useless without adequate regional and national emergency and
preparedness plans. [See also Tsunami Triggers an Early Warning System for Indian
Ocean and Beyond in January 2005 environmental security report]
Sources:
UN-backed Indian Ocean tsunami early warning system begins to take shape
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=15309&Cr=tsunami&Cr1=
Simple tsunami alert system now in place - U.N.
http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/SP103959.htm
(article stored for a limited time on the website)
Interview - Tsunami Warning Useless without Plans, Says UN Body
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/31918/story.htm
Pacific Islands Forum Summit in October
The Pacific Islands Forum Summit will be held on October 27, in Papua New Guinea.
It will be preceded by the Small Island States Summit and the Pacific ACP (African
Caribbean Pacific) Leaders Summit, and the Pacific leaders' retreat on October
25-26, and followed by a post-forum dialogue meeting on the 28th and 29th. The
Forum's topics will include Pacific regional security, aid, policing, peacekeeping,
money laundering, arms trading, HIV-AIDS, resource management of commodities
and fish stocks, and regionalized governance. It will be attended by the prime
ministers of Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Cook Islands, PNG,
Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Nauru, French Caledonia, and other islands states, as well
as representatives of the EU, the UN, United States of America, China and Japan.
Parallel with the official forum will be meetings of NGOs representing stakeholder
groups and lobbyists. [See also Asia and Pacific Countries Adopt Declarations
on the Environment of March 2005 environmental security report]
Sources:
NZ Election Postpones Pacific Forum Until October http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0506/S00411.htm
Pacific Islands Forum: www.forumsec.org.fj
Iraq's Marshes Recovering
Iraq's Mesopotamian marshes, which almost vanished during Saddam Hussein's rule,
are rapidly recovering to their former 1970s state, according to the findings
of the Iraqi Marshlands Observation System. The system is the latest component
of the UNEP marshlands project based on the use of a variety of environmentally
sound technologies and technical training. However, the funding of the project
might be in jeopardy for the moment, since Japan has postponed the donors' conference
due to the ongoing controversies over Iraq's constitution. The marshes, reputed
to be the biblical Garden of Eden, are a major source of fish and freshwater
for local people, as well as an important habitat for wildlife. [See also UN
to Help Tackle Iraq Pollution in September 2004 and Iraq Marshlands Restorations
Could be Dangerous if not Preceded by Cleanup in October 2003 environmental
security reports]
Sources:
UNEP Press Release. Iraqi Marshlands: On the road to recovery
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=449&ArticleID=4902&l=en
Japan scrubs Iraq marshland donor conference amid constitution negotiations
http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20050825-0205-iraq-marshlanddonors.html
Reports to Review
Fluctuations of Glaciers VIII 1995-2000 Report
The latest report by the World Glacier Monitoring Service, Fluctuations of Glaciers
(FoG) VIII, examining glaciers' situation over the period 1995-2000, warns of
a possible complete deglaciation due to the greenhouse effect in the next few
decades. This would be a phenomenon "without precedent in the history of
the Earth" notes the report. The conclusion is based on the direct proportionality
observed between the losses of average annual ice thickness and accelerated
global warming over the last two decades of the 20th century. The FoGs are published
each five years since 1959, offering a comprehensive analysis and standardized
information on changes in glaciers' conditions.
Sources:
Fluctuations of Glaciers VIII, 1995-2000 report http://www.geo.unizh.ch/wgms/fog/fog8.pdf
'Fluctuations of Glaciers' Report Launched
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=449&ArticleID=4896&l=en
World Glacier Monitoring Service: http://www.geo.unizh.ch/wgms/
UK Defense Ministry released its first Sustainable Development Report
Ministry of Defense of the UK released its first stand-alone report that aims
to provide an overview of the Department's work on Sustainable Development issues.
MoD's program for the coming years includes improved data collection systems
and the continued integration of sustainable development considerations into
procurement. MoD intends to produce an interim report for 2004/2005 and a full
report each financial year thereafter.
Source:
Ministry of Defense Sustainable Development Report October 2003 - October 2004
http://www.mod.uk/linked_files/dsc/env/mod_sd_report_03_04.pdf
Libya Initiates International Conference
on Environmental Security for Seas and Oceans
Building on the "Ocean Security Conference" held in the US Congress
in May 1997 and the "Towards Enhancement of Ocean Security in the Third
Millennium" conference held in the Swedish Parliament in January 1998,
the International Conference for the Initiative of Environmental Security of
Seas and Oceans was held in Tripoli, Libya, 23-25 July 2005 as the first of
three international conferences on the Ocean Security Initiative. It was organized
by the Advisory Committee on Protection of Seas and Oceans (ACOPS) under the
patronage of the Gadhafi International Foundation for Charities Associations
and the Environmental General Authority of Great Jamahiriya. Ocean environment
and security experts from 26 countries representing governments, international
organizations, NGOs, and the private sector participated. The conference addressed
the environmental security issues relating to the seas and oceans from a broad
perspective ranging from illegal immigration to transnational organized crime.
Participants stressed that international and trans-institutional collective
action was required to assure compliance with international terms and standards
for improved ocean environmental security.
Sources:
Tripoli Declaration on Ocean Security (non-negotiated statement) http://www.acops.org/Tripoli%20Declaration%20240705%20final%20final.doc
Opening of the First International Conference for the Initiative of Environmental
Security of Seas and Oceans http://en.ljbc.net/online/news_details.php?id=987
Nuclear Theft, Smuggling, and Sabotage
Countermeasures
The recent conference on strengthening nuclear
security held in Vienna, Austria, 4-8 July, 2005 adopted Amendments to the Convention
on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM). The original CPPNM applied
only to nuclear material in international transport. The amendments substantially
strengthen the Convention by providing an expanded system for preventing, combating
and punishing nuclear material theft, smuggling and sabotage. The amendments
also request expanded cooperation among States regarding rapid measures to locate
and recover stolen or smuggled nuclear material, to mitigate any radiological
consequences of sabotage, and to prevent and combat relevant offences. The new
rules will come into effect once they have been ratified by two-thirds of the
112 States Parties of the Convention. This is expected to take several years.
Source:
States Agree on Stronger Physical Protection Regime http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/PressReleases/2005/prn200503.html
UNESCO Draft Declaration on Bioethics
and Human Rights
UNESCO has issued a draft declaration that sets universal ethical guidelines
for governments to consider ethical and human rights in science and technology
(S&T) policymaking. It covers aspects of human rights, biodiversity, rights
of indigenous people, and respect for traditional local resources and knowledge
systems. The declaration suggests setting up ethics committees at different
levels to assess scientific developments and encourage transparency and public
participation in bioethics issues discussions. The draft declaration will be
submitted for approval by all 192 UNESCO member states in October.
Sources:
Towards a declaration on universal norms on bioethics http://portal.unesco.org/shs/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1883&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
Ethics, science and human rights come together http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2218&language=1
JSCOPE Home Page http://atlas.usafa.af.mil/jscope/
Russia to Destroy All Chemical Weapons
Arsenal by 2012
The Russian government approved a plan to destroy its chemical weapons arsenal
by 2012, reported Agence France-Presse in Moscow. Under the proposal, 20% of
Russia's 40,000 ton chemical weapons stockpile would be destroyed by 2007, 45%
by 2009, and all of it by 2012, meeting its commitment under the Chemical Weapons
Convention. "Even though it has the biggest chemical weapons stockpile
in the world, Russia has also come up with the safest technologies for disarmament,"
said Viktor Khristenko, Russia's Industry and Energy Minister. Out of the $6
billion program, foreign countries are expected to cover $385 million. Final
approval by the Russian government of the chemical weapons disarmament plan
is expected before August 15.
Source:
Russia to Destroy Chemical Weapons Arsenal
By Agence France-Presse, Moscow http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?F=987059&C=europe
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental
Security Implications
Nanobarcodes for Multiple Pathogen Detection
Scientists in the Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering at
Cornell University have developed a rapid, low cost, multiplexed, sensitive
and specific molecular detection technique for pathogen DNA that uses fluorescence
nanobarcodes to identify the individual potential reactants. A single element
in the system comprises a section sensitive to the DNA of a particular target
and one containing a bar code identifying it. Multiple elements can be placed
on a single test probe. Results can be obtained in 30 minutes.
Source
Multiplexed detection of pathogen DNA with DNA-based fluorescence nanobarcodes
Yougen Li, Yen Thi Hong Cu & Dan Luo. Department of Biological and Environmental
Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-5701, USA http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v23/n7/abs/nbt1106.html
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Inspectors Use Satellite
Feeds to Track Sensitive Nuclear Materials
IAEA is building a global network for monitoring nuclear facilities by using
direct satellite information. This will enhance the possibility of real-time
tracking of sensitive nuclear materials and checking that they are not being
diverted for non-peaceful use. The first field trial connecting a nuclear power
plant in Slovakia to IAEA headquarters started in April this year and the results
of the feasibility study for a prospective global system are expected by the
end of the year. IAEA will be working with the European Space Agency on the
system.
Source:
IAEA Inspectors Use Satellite Feeds To Track Sensitive Nuclear Materials http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2005/satellitefeeds.html
New Techniques May Help Solve Wind farm/Radar Problem (update)
A previous item in these reports [Wind Power vs. Air Defense Radar,
March 2004] reported on the problem arising when return signals from wind farm
fans interfered with military aircraft control radar systems. Two new developments
offer some hope of solutions to this conflict. BAE Systems in the UK has produced
a signal-processing algorithm, which uses fuzzy logic to filter out the returns
from the rotating blades, leaving only genuine aircraft tracks. The system will
be tested this summer and may be ready in a year. Stealth technology for the
moving surfaces is also being investigated as a possible way of hiding the blades
from the radar beam.
Another approach is being taken by Grimshaw Architects in association with Windpower
Ltd, whose Aerogenerator is a Darius-principle wind turbine with a vertical
axis that can be operated at ground level (or rather, sea level, since it's
planned for off-shore use.).
Sources:
BAE Uses Fuzzy Logic to Make Wind Farms Vanish http://www.enn.com/biz.html?id=757
A turn for the better. Wind turbines are ugly and no one wants to live near
one. Right? Wrong. By Steve Rose, Guardian, Monday July 18, 2005 http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,5241315-103605,00.html
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Basel Convention on Hazardous Wastes to be Made More Effective
The Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their
Disposal might be strengthened by new proposals prepared for the biannual ministerial
conference to be held in late 2006. Issues on the Open Ended Working Group's
agenda include used mobile phones, obsolete ships dismantling, furthering the
ratification and implementation of the Protocol on Liability and Compensation,
mobilizing funds and empowering the Convention's Regional Centers, and drafting
technical guidelines for promoting the environmentally sound management of various
kinds of hazardous wastes. [See also Basel Convention on the Transboundary
Movements of Hazardous Wastes of October 2004 and previous environmental
security scanning reports on the Basel Convention.]
Sources:
Press advisory for the OEWG4 - Basel Convention talks to address mobile phones,
obsolete ships and new guidelines for the environmentally sound management of
wastes http://www.basel.int/press/paOEWG4.doc
Secretariat of the Basel Convention http://www.basel.int/
New Protected Ecological Sites
Seven New Sites Added to World Heritage List
The UN World Heritage Committee included 7 more natural sites on UNESCO's World
Heritage List, expanded 2, and removed 3. The 7 new sites inscribed are: South
Africa - Vredefort Dome; Egypt - Wadi Al-Hitan Whale Valley; Japan - Shiretoko;
Norway - West Norwegian Fjords Geirangerfjord and Nærøyfjord; Mexico
- Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California dolphins; Thailand -
Dong Phayayen - Khao Yai Forest Complex; Panama - Coiba National Park and its
Special Zone of Marine Protection. The two extensions are: India - Valley of
Flowers National Park; and UK--St Kilda. The sites removed from the List of
World Heritage in Danger List are: Sangay National Park in Ecuador, Timbuktu
in Mali, and Butrint in Albania. Altogether, UNESCO World Heritage List numbers
160 natural sites and 24 mixed sites --both natural and cultural.
UN Ecological Reserves Network Adds 22 New Sites
The World Network of Biosphere Reserves, under the Man and the Biosphere (MAB)
Programme of UNESCO, added 23 ecosystems to its list, for a total of 482 sites
in 102 countries. At these reserves, communities promote sustainable development
while also conserving biodiversity. The community members also contribute to
governance, management, research, education, training and monitoring at the
sites.
[See also Nine New Hotspots Added to World's Protected Areas in February
2005, Intensified Efforts Needed to Save Biodiversity in January 2005,
and related items on UNESCO World Heritage Sites in November and June 2004,
and October 2003 environmental security monthly reports.]
Sources:
Seven Natural Wonders Inscribed on World Heritage List http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2005/2005-07-15-06.asp
Twenty-three New Biosphere Reserves Added to UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere
(MAB) Network http://portal.unesco.org/unesco/ev.php?URL_ID=28229&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201&reload=1120062522
Progress on Efforts to Tackle Climate Change
G8 Environmental Results Are Limited to Post-2012 Concerns
Although the Gleneagles meeting of the G8 industrialized nations did not generate
measurable targets and timetables for tackling greenhouse gas emissions, the
heads of government of the world's eight wealthiest nations agreed that "climate
change is happening now, that human activity is contributing to it, and that
it could affect every part of the globe." They also set the stage for dialogues
for post-Kyoto regulations that would include the US and other high-emitting
countries such as China and India. The dialogues are planned to start with a
meeting in London in November to be organized by the British government.
Sources:
More than hot air. The G8 summit made quiet progress on climate change
The Economist, Science & Technology, Global warming. Jul 14th 2005 http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displayStory.cfm?amp;emailauth=%2527%25290%253A04%255COOV1%25254%250A&fsrc=nwl&subjectid=348924&story_id=4174286&login=Y
(by subscription only)
Investment in Forests, Rivers and Wetlands Will Pay Dividends, UN Environment
Chief Tells G8 Leaders http://www.enn.com/aff_PF.html?id=739
G8 Climate Plan Of Action Delivers Little Change http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2005/2005-07-08-02.asp
U.S., Australia, and Asia-Pacific Countries Coalition for Clean Development
The Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate founded by the
U.S., Australia, China, India, Japan, and the Republic of Korea, aims to address
energy security, air pollution, and climate change issues based on cooperation
in the development, implementation, and exchange of new, clean technologies.
The joint Vision Statement was issued at the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations' annual ministerial meetings in Vientiane, Laos. The six countries combined
represent more than half of the world's economy, population, and energy use,
and are responsible for half of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. This initiative
is "a complement, not an alternative," to the 1992 United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change and the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, said U.S.
Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick.
Sources:
Australia Joins New Asia-Pacific, Partnership On Clean Development And Climate
http://www.pm.gov.au/news/media_Releases/media_Release1482.html
Asia-Pacific Countries Join U.S., Australia to Control Climate http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2005/2005-07-28-04.asp
New Developments for Addressing Natural Disasters
The UN will be organizing the 3rd International Early Warning Conference in
Bonn from 27 to 29 March 2006. Guided by the motto 'From Concept to Action,'
the conference aims to implement the 'Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015,'
(adopted at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction in Kobe, Japan, January
2005) and set short- and long-term early warning projects and address high priority
needs mostly in critical countries and regions. The conference is expected to
be attended by over 600 representatives of governments, parliaments and international
organizations, as well as practitioners and members of the scientific community.
Meantime, the UN World Meteorological Organization (WMO) decided to increase
its role in natural disaster mitigation, particularly for helping the world's
least developed countries. The program will be mainly based on better implementation
and use of latest the S&T in the domain of weather forecast, climate and
water, and cooperation with other international organizations that work in disaster
risk and preparedness area.
Military Implications:
Sources:
Welcome to the website of the Third International Conference on Early Warning
(EWC III) http://www.ewc3.org/
UN announces new conference on early warning systems against natural hazards
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=15150&Cr=early&Cr1=warning
UN weather agency outlines ambitious programme in natural disaster mitigation
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=15036&Cr=climate&Cr1=change
E-waste Directives to be Enforced in the UK
The two EU directives on E-waste will be enforced by UK legislation. The Waste
Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive is expected to be enforced
by UK law on August 13, 2005. The WEEE Directive of the EC sets a recycling
framework for electrical and electronic equipment in order to minimize the impacts
of this kind of waste on the environment. The related directive on the Restriction
of the use of certain Hazardous Substances (RoHS) in electrical and electronic
equipment bans the use in manufacture after July 1, 2006 of certain hazardous
substances (lead, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs)
and polybrominated diphenylethers (PDBEs)). The two directives on E-waste are
already in force at EU level and were supposed to be added to EU Members legal
system with rules for monitoring compliance by August 2004. [See Two E-waste
laws entered into force in the European Union (EU) in February 2003 environmental
security report.]
Sources:
The WEEE Legislation http://www.weeedirectory.com/the+weee+legislation.aspx
Directive on Restrictions of the use of certain Hazardous Substances in electrical
and electronic equipment (RoHS) http://www.weeedirectory.com/Portals/0/Reports/finalrohs_directive.pdf
Conclusions on Health and Environmental Impact of 1990-1991 Gulf War
Researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) revealed the findings
of Phase I of their study on the implications on the health of Kuwaiti civilians
who remained in Kuwait during Iraq's 1990 invasion and occupation. The investigations
followed for 14 years the health condition of 5,000 Kuwaitis over the age of
50 to assess likely mortality impacts of exposure to smoke from the oil fires
and also reviewed trends in morbidity and mortality data from Kuwait's Ministry
of Health. The conclusions show that an average individual risk on the order
of 2/10,000 may be attributable to exposure to smoke from the oil fires. Screening
assessing risks connected to other contaminants -- such as volatile organic
compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals from the oil lakes and
marine oil spills; and depleted uranium - also indicated low risks to public
health. [See also item 8.2 Study by Sandia on Depleted Uranium further in this
report]
The fifty-sixth session of the Governing Council of the United Nations Compensation
Commission (UNCC) concluded the assessment of compensations related to Iraqi
1990 invasion. Some argue that the denial of billions of dollars in compensation
to some countries for adverse health and environmental effects of the 1990-1991
Gulf War sets a dangerous precedent to discourage future targeting of natural
resources and the environment in future wars.
Nevertheless, it is worthwhile to note that the fifth (and last) installment
under category "F4"--environmental claims--involved 19 claims filed
by six Governments, out of which eight claims filed by four Governments were
approved by the Council for compensation, with a total award value of over $252
million.
Sources:
Public health impact of 1990 Iraq invasion of Kuwait http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=26891
A summary of the report and list of contributing scientists is available at:
http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/kuwait/kuwait.doc
UN Denial of Billions in Gulf War Health Compensation Denounced http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2005/2005-07-25-01.asp
Governing Council Of United Nations Compensation Commission Has Concluded Its
Fifty-Sixth Session http://www2.unog.ch/uncc/pressrel/pr_56c.pdf
GMOs Controversy Continues
FAO calls for an international framework for GM trees
Genetic modification activities in forestry are taking place in some 35 countries
and a commercial phase has already started without full scrutiny of potential
benefits and risks. FAO says it is essential that environmental risk assessment
studies be conducted with protocols and methodologies agreed upon at national
and international levels.
Sources:
UN body urges caution over GM Trees http://www.scidev.net/content/news/eng/un-body-urges-caution-over-gm-trees.cfm
Biotechnology in forestry gaining ground http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2005/104906/index.html
GM Crops Created Superweed
Scientists from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology in the UK argue that
there is a potential that modified genes from GM crops could transfer into local
wild plants, creating herbicide-resistant "superweeds." The findings
of their four-year study were recently made public. The phenomenon was observed
in a trial where cross-fertilization between GM oilseed rape, brassica, and
a distantly related plant, charlock, created a new form of charlock that didn't
react to lethal herbicide. The same was demonstrated in the lab for other weeds
that became herbicide resistant. Although they consider that the potential of
such cross-fertilization in the field is likely to be very low, they add that
"this unusual occurrence merits further study in order to adequately assess
any potential risk of gene transfer." [See also The Controversies over
GMO Bans Continue in June 2005 and other previous environmental security reports.]
Military Implications:
Sources:
GM crops created superweed, say scientists
Paul Brown, environment correspondent. Guardian, Monday July 25, 2005 http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,5246601-103528,00.html
Monitoring movement of herbicide resistant genes from farm-scale evaluation
field sites to populations of wild crop relatives, July 26th 2005 http://www.ceh.ac.uk/news/index.html#fse
Discussions over World War II Japanese Warfare Program in China not
Settled Yet
The chemical weapons left over by the Japanese invading army during World War
II are still realistic threats to the Chinese people and environmental security,
say Chinese officials urging Japan to take more measures to accelerate the process
of destroying them. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Liu Jianchao demands
that the Japanese government follow the Convention on the Banning of Chemical
Weapons and the memorandum on the destruction of chemical weapons reached between
the two governments.
Recently, Japan rejected China's demands for apology and compensation for damages
caused by the Japanese germ warfare program during World War II. Chinese Foreign
Ministry said, "Germ warfare was one of the serious crimes of the Japanese
militarist period during World War II… The Japanese government should
properly deal with this problem by using an honest attitude, undertaking its
full responsibilities and handling conscientiously the reasonable demands of
the injured people." The lawsuit has uncovered information about Japan's
biological warfare program kept secret by Japan's government and the United
States following World War II, says the Associated Press. For instance, the
Unit 731 base near the Chinese city of Harbin may be responsible for as many
as 250,000 deaths in the 1930s and '40s during the Japanese occupation of China.
[See also China: Japan to Pay $2.7 Million for War Gas Leak in October 2003
and Effects of Poison Gas Used in WWII by Japan in May 2003 environmental scanning
reports]
Sources:
China urges Japan to accelerate process of destroying abandoned chemical weapons
(Xinhua)
http://english.people.com.cn/200506/28/eng20050628_192893.html
China Wants Japan to Respond to Germ Warfare Victims http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2005_7_20.html#A28FCD5A
Europe to Harmonize Marine Pollution Legislation
Regulations on marine pollution from ships will be harmonized for all 25 EU
member states. The new Directive, considers pollution discharging from ships
in coastal waters or the high seas a crime, whether by intention or by negligence.
The European Council of Ministers was expected to adopt legislation this month
that defines both marine pollution crimes and harmonizes the level of penalties.
However, these were not yet adopted at the time of this writing. Penalties for
these crimes will be much higher than current fines. Enforcement will be through
countries' collaboration in identifying pollution cases and synergies among
enforcement authorities, including national coast guards and criminal justice
organizations.
Source:
Europe Unites Against Marine Polluters http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2005/2005-07-11-04.asp
Reports to Review
Environmental concerns increase opportunities and challenges for
business (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment report 4)
Ecosystems
and Human Well-being: Opportunities and Challenges for Business and Industry,
the fourth Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) report, synthesizes and integrates
findings related to the interdependence between ecosystems and the private sector.
"The Millennium Assessment is a user's guide to the planet for long-term
thinkers… an invaluable resource for business leaders who think long term
and seek to understand the threats and opportunities that will shape the economies
of the future." said Jane Lubchenco, co-chair of the Synthesis Team. [See
also items Biodiversity Synthesis Report (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
2) of May, Human Footprint on Earth Ecosystem at Critical Stage and
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report of March 2005, and
Desertification Synthesis of June 2005 environmental security monthly
reports.]
Sources:
Environmental concerns increase opportunities and challenges for business
http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/Article.aspx?id=70
Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Opportunities and Challenges for Business and
Industry http://www.millenniumassessment.org//proxy/document.353.aspx
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/index.aspx
Study by Sandia on Depleted Uranium (DU)
Sandia National Laboratories has completed a study assessing health risks associated
with accidental exposure to depleted uranium (DU), using as a case study the
1991 Gulf War. The two-year study, An Analysis of Uranium Dispersal and Health
Effects Using a Gulf War Case Study, used mathematical modeling to estimate
eventual health risks both on troops and civilians. The study's findings are
consistent with other U.S. studies on the same issue: there are no proofs of
serious health risks implied from use of DU in combat. Closer exposure might
enhance some risks, but at low level of probability. The report recommends monitoring
of those exposed in close proximity or by handling DU, as well as considering
conservative guidelines for uranium workers. [See also Claims of Radioactive
Battlefields in Iraq need more scientific ground in August 2003, Depleted
Uranium Controversy Continues in July 2003, and Health Research Updates
on Depleted Uranium Inconclusive in June 2003 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
An Analysis of Uranium. Dispersal and Health Effects. Using a Gulf War Case
Study
By Albert C. Marshall, Sandia National Laboratories http://www.sandia.gov/news-center/news-releases/2005/all/snl-dusand.pdf
Sandia completes depleted uranium study-Press Release http://www.sandia.gov/news-center/news-releases/2005/all/depleted-uranium.html
IAEA Annual Report for 2004
The annual report of the UN atomic watchdog calls for global cooperation on
all nuclear issues--from countering the threat of nuclear and radiological terrorism
to preventing nuclear weapons proliferation, and meeting a growing energy demand.
The report is a comprehensive overview of the Agency's work in 2004 in its three
main domains: technology, safety and verification, also presenting prospects
for future developments. It highlights that although attention to security of
nuclear and other radioactive material and associated technologies increased
significantly in recent years, international cooperation is essential to strengthen
all countries' preparedness to respond properly to the threat of nuclear and
radiological terrorism and to build regional and global networks for combating
transnational threats. The report notes that out of the over 650 confirmed incidents
of trafficking in nuclear or other radioactive material recorded since 1993,
the highest number of incidents--121 (of which 11 involved nuclear material)
were in 2004. The report will be presented at the IAEA General Conference to
be held in Vienna beginning 26 September. Other IAEA reports and documents prepared
for the Conference will be made available as they are published.
Sources:
IAEA Annual Report for 2004 http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Reports/Anrep2004/index.html
IAEA Issues Annual Report for 2004 http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2005/annual_report2004.html
Nanotechnology: Environmental Implications and Solutions
According to a review in US National Institute of Health's (NIH) Environmental
Health Perspectives, this new book "gives an excellent summary of traditional
environmental pollution issues", but "may disappoint those who expect
dramatic revelations about nanoparticles as pollutants". One chapter gives
a good summary of the production and applications of nanomaterials, but in general
the work is wanting in nano-specific information, except, to some extent, in
the section on air pollution (albeit with several errors).
Sources:
Nanotechnology: Environmental Implications and Solutions. Book Review http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2005/113-7/newbooks.html
Nanotechnology: Environmental Implications and Solutions
By Louis Theodore and Robert G. Kunz Hoboken,
NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005. 378 pp. ISBN: 0-471-69976-4, $99.95 cloth
Update on more efficient vehicles: Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel
Partnership
Copies
of "Review of the Research Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership"
will be available this fall from the National Academies Press (202-334-3313
or 1-800-624-6242 or order on the Internet at http://www.nap.edu)
Source:
Clear Vehicle Research Initiative, National Academy of Sciences http://www4.nationalacademies.org/news.nsf/isbn/0309097304?OpenDocument
First International Research Center for "Creeping"
Environmental Issues
The world's first international research center dedicated to 'creeping environmental
problems' has been established in the northwestern Chinese city of Lanzhou.
These are the slow and cumulative problems, like global warming and desertification.
The Center's vice-president, Ye Qian, is from the US National Center for Atmospheric
Research. There will be more than 20 scientists from various countries working
on the center's projects.
Source:
Chinese centre to study 'creeping' environment issues http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2128&language=1
WHO Project to Minimize Risks of Radon
The World Health Organization (WHO) is launching the International Radon Project
to help countries reduce the health risks associated with radon gas. Radon,
a radioactive gas emanating from soil, is estimated to be the cause of 6-15%
of lung cancer cases. The first phase of the project is designed to run for
three years, 2005-07. It will assess risk levels, and exposure measurements
and guidelines. It will also increase public and political awareness about the
consequences of exposure to radon. It will also identify and promote effective
strategies and policies useful to countries for mitigating health impacts of
radon. Radon is present worldwide, in air and water, but its concentration is
highly dependent on the content of uranium in soil.
Sources:
WHO launches project to minimize risks of radon http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2005/np15/en/index.html
General information about radon: http://www.epa.gov/radon
New Israeli Venture Capital Fund for "Clean
Tech" Enterprises
Israeli entrepreneurs and venture capitalists are fueling a burgeoning new
crop of "clean technology" enterprises devoted to cleaning up the
environment. A "cleantech" venture capital (VC) fund is being formed
by the Millennium VC firm. Water management is a central element of many of
these efforts. The fund's manager says that, "In five years it [Israel]
will be the only country to use all of its wastewater, mainly for agriculture."
Source
Israeli Start-Ups Work on Environmental Technology http://www.planetark.com/avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=31333
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental
Security Implications
Sandia researchers develop unique 'surfactant' material
Sandia National Laboratories has developed a new class of surfactants (surface
active agents) that are thermally degradable and easily removable in an inexpensive
and environmentally friendly manner. These thermally cleavable (easily broken
molecules) surfactants could have very large applicability in any field requiring
modification of surface properties and where biodegradability is a primary concern.
Source:
Sandia researchers develop unique 'surfactant' material
http://www.sandia.gov/news-center/news-releases/2005/all/cleavable-surfactant.html
New Technique to Convert Liquids to Semi-solids and Back Again
Chemist Takeshi Naota, at Kyoto University in Japan, has developed a technique
able to convert fuels, lubricants and paints into gelatinous semi-solids by
adding a palladium-based compound and applying ultrasound. The process can be
reversed by heat or more ultrasound to produce liquids.
Source:
Blast of sound turns liquid to jelly
NewScientist.com news service, Celeste Biever, 25 June 2005
http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18625055.800
New Antibacterial and Antitoxin Textiles
Researchers from North Carolina State University and textile scientists from
Egypt have created a fabric that is up to 90% effective against three commonly
occurring microorganisms: Lactobacillus planterum, E. coli and Staphylococcus
aureus. Unlike conventional methods of coating, this plasma-based process eliminates
chemical wastes, making it a more environmentally sound investment. The antimicrobial
agents are attached to the molecular structure of fibers, creating a permanent
bond between the fibers and the agent so that washing and wearing do not reduce
the efficacy.
Using nanotechnology, researchers from North Carolina State University and University
of Puerto Rico have developed "smart textiles" by attaching nanolayers
to natural fibers. These layers can be customized for different chemicals and
can block agents such as mustard or nerve gas while keeping the fabric breathable.
Nanolayers can be attached to a fiber without undermining its comfort or usability,
providing very high levels of protection.
Sources:
Scientists to Develop Textiles with Permanent Antibacterial Properties
http://www.physorg.com/news4631.html
Nanotech Researchers Develop High-Tech 'Smart Textile' http://www.physorg.com/news4246.html
Nanotechnology's Bottom-up Approach Gets a Boost
Foresight Nanotech Institute and Battelle Memorial Institute will lead a broadly
based project to create a nanotechnology roadmap to help investment become more
strategic and help set goals. The roadmap will focus on a bottom-up approach
to nanotechnology based on productive nanosystems, using molecular machines
to make larger products, scaling up to desktop manufacturing systems. The current
approach mostly focuses on the reverse: large machines making smaller things
like nanotubes, and other arrangements of molecules and atoms. The roadmap will
describe a step-by-step development process starting with today's laboratory
capabilities and providing useful products at every stage. Creating a roadmap
that includes a broader range of approaches to nanotechnology will make cost,
benefits, and time-to-impact judgments more clear for all. Such a roadmap may
also assist future developers of international agreements on nanotechnology
standards and trade.
Source:
News Release: Foresight Nanotech Institute Launches Nanotechnology Roadmap http://www.foresight.org/cms/press_center/128
Nanotechnology Protest
A group of environmental protesters disrobed in front of a high-end Madison
Avenue clothing store in New York City to bring media attention against nanotech
clothing that has stain-resistant nanotechnology-treated fabrics. This may be
an early incident in a new anti-nanotech campaign that could grow into a major
movement condemning uses of these new techniques. The situation is exacerbated
by the very real lack of comprehensive scientific research on nanotechnology
risks, and certainly by lack of public
Source:
When Nanopants Attack http://www.wired.com/news/medtech/0,1286,67626,00.html?tw=rss.TOP
Russia Accepts London Convention on
Dumping of Radioactive Wastes
The Russian Federation announced its acceptance of the regulations that ban
dumping radioactive wastes in seawater, as stipulated under Resolution LC.51(16)
to the London Convention. Adopted in 1993, Resolution LC.51(16) to the Convention
on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter,
"London Convention", prohibits all forms of radioactive wastes dumping
into seas (including incineration at sea of industrial wastes). The resolution
is now in force for all 81 Parties to the London Convention.
Source:
Russian Federation accepts ban on dumping of radioactive wastes under 1972 London
Convention http://www.imo.org/home.asp
The London Convention http://www.londonconvention.org/main.htm
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Climate Change
Joint Science Academies' Statement on Climate Change
The heads of eleven national academies of sciences (all G8 countries plus Brazil,
China, and India) issued a joint statement: "Climate change is real".
Documented with scientific and statistical data, the statement makes clear that
global warming is occurring and all nations should engage in sustained long-term
actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and prepare for the inevitable consequences
of climate change. Since the most affected would be those in developing nations,
poverty and migration are likely to increase. Although global collaboration
will be necessary, the statement also calls on G8 nations to show leadership
in addressing climate change and assisting developing nations to meet the challenges
of adaptation and mitigation. [See also 8.4 Climate Change Updates in April
2005 and other previous environmental security monthly reports.]
Source:
Text and signatures of the Joint science academies' statement:
Global response to climate change: Climate change is real http://nationalacademies.org/onpi/06072005.pdf
Improved Satellite Climate Change Monitoring
The UK's National Physical Laboratory designed the first unmanned probe able
to calibrate its instruments in orbit, Traceable Radiometry Underpinning Terrestrial
and Helio Studies (TRUTHS). This will reduce the margin of error and be able
to supply more accurate satellite data, thus improving climate change parameter
monitoring and helping settle international disputes over greenhouse gas emissions
and strategies to curb global warming; e.g., carbon trading. [See also Global
Earth Observing System of Systems {GEOSS} Gets 10-Year Mandate in February 2005,
and Improved coordination of global Earth observation in August 2003 environmental
security reports.]
Source:
New probe may silence climate skeptics
NewScientist.com news service, Duncan Graham-Rowe, 01 June 2005 http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18625023.600
World's Mayors Sign Municipal Version of the Kyoto Protocol
Mayors from 70 of the world's largest cities signed the Urban Environmental
Accords aiming to tackle global warming by implementing ecologically sustainable
policies. The agreement specifies 21 actions that mayors should implement to
improve their cities' environment, covering the domains of energy; waste; urban
design; urban nature; transportation; environmental health; and water. It is
expected that at least three actions will be implemented each year until World
Environment Day 2012. The "Green Cities" event occurred in San Francisco,
June 1-5, 2005.
Source:
Urban Environmental Accords. Green Cities Declaration http://www.wed2005.org/pdfs/Accords_v5.25.pdf?PHPSESSID=ace872ed53a0d9fa5677c21935e59549
North America's CEC Ministerial Statement
At the 12th Regular Session of the Council of the Commission for Environmental
Cooperation (CEC), the environment ministers of Canada, Mexico and the United
States adopted the Strategic Plan 2005-2010, which sets the priorities and strategies
to achieve the goals. This takes into account the recommendations of the Ten-year
Review and Assessment Committee, the Joint Public Advisory Committee (JPAC),
and key stakeholders. The priorities for the coming years are: the development
of Information for Decision Making (based on high quality environmental information
that is integrated and comparable); support for Capacity Building; Trade and
Environment issues that help promote environmental protection and improve enforcement
of environmental law; and Expand Partnerships for Environmental Stewardship.
[See also Review of NAFTA's Environmental Side Accord in October 2003
environmental security report.]
Source:
CEC Ministerial Statement http://www.cec.org/news/details/index.cfm?varlan=english&ID=2675
Sweden Calls for World Ban on PFOS Chemical
Sweden proposes a global ban on perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a chemical
used by a number of industries including semiconductor makers, and which might
be harmful to human and animal health. Sweden would propose the ban under the
Stockholm Convention. Sweden hopes that if the approval of the regulation takes
a long time, the scientific evidence will convince countries to take independent
advance actions to phase out PFOS. [See also Stockholm Convention on Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POPs) First Meeting of the Conference of the Parties in
the April 2005, and 8.2 New Chemicals Proposed to be Added to Stockholm Convention
on POPs in May 2005 environmental security scanning reports.]
Source:
Sweden Calls for World Ban on PFOS Chemical http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/31243/story.htm
EU Sets 2011 Deadline to Ban Mercury Exports
EU Environment ministers decided to ban mercury exports by 2011. Europe is the
world largest mercury exporter, supplying about one-third of global demand.
It also proposed the phase-out of mercury in some products such as thermometers,
and improved global efforts on mercury waste management. [See also Governments
Call for Global Assessment and Control of Mercury Pollution in February
2005 environmental security report.]
Source:
EU sets 2011 deadline to ban mercury exports http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L24190898.htm
EU Commission Sets Long-term Energy Goals
In April the EU Parliament's Industry Committee approved raising the 2006-2015
energy reduction goal from 10% to 11.5%. This month the EU Executive Commission
set an objective of 20% reduction by 2020, saving €60B per year in fuel
costs. New EU laws requiring efficient buildings and appliances may achieve
half the goal, but additional measures will be needed. A group of legislators
went further, calling for a goal of 23% reduction. [See EU to Set Higher
Targets for Cuts in Energy Consumption in April 2005 environmental security
report.]
Source
EU Wants 20 Percent Cut in Energy Use by 2020 http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/31375/story.htm
Russian Green Party Formally Organized
The Green Russia party (now its official name) has now been formally organized
with Alexei Yablokov as its chairman and Alexander Nikitin, the former naval
officer, and nuclear safety activist, as one of its principal figures. The party's
major present goal is to achieve the 50,000 member level necessary for participation
in elections. [See also Russia's Green Movement Plans to Become a Political
Party of October, 2004 environmental security monthly report]
Sources:
Veteran Russian ecologists form Green Russia party http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/afp/20050605/sc_afp/russiapoliticsgreens_050605172821
Head of Russia's New Green Party Outlines Tasks, Problems
http://www.rednova.com/news/science/154757/head_of_russias_new_green_party_outlines_tasks_problems/
Coalition Urges UN to Consider Legislation to Curb Harmful Ocean Sounds
The Ocean Noise Coalition urges the international community to pass regulations
to curb harmful sound waves used by the oil and gas industry, and navies to
detect submarines. Marine scientists state that there is increased evidence
that these sounds are harmful to whales, dolphins and other marine life. The
Coalition aimed to convince delegates from 148 nations to take action on the
issue during their forthcoming consultations on oceans and marine law. [See
also Scientific Models Could Help Navy Avoid Whales During Sonar Tests in February
2005, European Parliament Resolution to Protect Whales From Sonar in October
2004, and Research Confirms Military and Industry Sonar Harms Whales of July
2004 environmental security reports.]
Source:
Coalition Urges UN Curbs on Harmful Ocean Sounds http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=7912
The Controversies over GMO Bans Continue
The EU is still divided over GMO bans. At the recent European Environment Council
meeting, five European countries, Austria, France, Germany, Greece, and Luxembourg
got majority support for rejecting the European Commission's proposal to lift
the bans on transgenic varieties of maize and oilseed rape, under the justification
that they present risks to human health and the environment. Meanwhile, Italy
requested that the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) conduct its own independent
scientific research to assess possible health risks associated with GMO rather
than rely on data provided by the biotech industry. [See also EU Commission
Seeks to Increase Biotech Food Safety in January 2004 and The EU Ended
its Ban on Genetically Modified Foods in May 2004 environmental security
reports.]
Japan, after finding a U.S. corn cargo infected with the unapproved Bt-10 biotech
corn variety, decided to test every U.S. cargo entering the country. In China,
genetically modified rice illegal cultivation and commercialization is spreading,
increasing concerns that the non-approved variety could enter markets overseas.
Source:
EU Environment Ministers Let Five States Keep GM Crop Bans http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jun2005/2005-06-27-03.asp
Italy Calls for Independent EU Research on GMOs http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/31035/story.htm
Japan Finds US Biotech Corn, now to Test all Imports http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/31062/story.htm
Illegal GMO Rice Spreads across China - Greenpeace http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/31219/story.htm
Ratification began for the International Convention for the Control
and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments
Australia is the first country to sign the international agreement regulating
ships' ballast water, adopted in February 2004 by the UN International Maritime
Organization (IMO), and began the ratification procedures. The International
Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments
stipulates a series of measures aiming to prevent potential marine hazards caused
by aquatic organisms carried by ships' ballast water. It will come into force
12 months after ratification by 30
Sources:
Australia Signs Treaty to Limit Hitchhikers in Ballast Water http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jun2005/2005-06-02-03.asp
International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water
and Sediments adopted in 2004 http://www.imo.org/Environment/mainframe.asp?topic_id=548
Reports to Review
Lux Report Addressing Nanotech Health, Environmental, and Safety Risks
Nanotechnology's environmental, health, and safety (EHS) risks can be addressed
responsibly today, states a new Lux Research report, A Prudent Approach to Nanotech
Environmental, Health, and Safety Risks. Explaining different types of risks
associated with nanotechnology, Lux estimates that of $8 trillion projected
manufacturing output using some nanotechnology through 2014, 25% is exposed
to real risk at manufacturing (which should be easiest to mitigate), 7% is exposed
to real risk at use, 14% is exposed to risk at end-of-life, while 40% is exposed
to perceptual risk. The report states that risks can be effectively addressed
today by using well-established risk management techniques, and it also suggests
that specific actions from corporations, start-ups, investors, and governments
are needed to address nanotech EHS risks. It comments that U.S. government funding
for nanotech EHS risk assessment should be increased from the present earmarked
3.7% of the $1.05 billion U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative budget for
2006. [See also item 9.4 Nanotechnology: Environmental Implications and Solutions
in May 2005 environmental security monthly report.]
Note: on June 29, 2005 Lux Research released Nanotechnology: Where Does the
U.S. Stand? "assessing how U.S. research and business activities in nanotech
measure up to those of international competitors." (Report available only
to Lux Research clients)
Source:
Nanotechnology's Environmental, Health, And Safety Risks Can Be Addressed Responsibly
Today http://www.nanoinvestornews.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4380
Lux Research information: http://www.luxresearchinc.com
European Nanotechnology Action Plan
The European Commission has announced its Action Plan to improve European competitiveness
in nanotechnology. The plan outlines European-wide and national measures to
strengthen nanotechnology research and implementation in a safe and responsible
way. The measures in the action plan include: boosting funding--including research
to assess possible impact on human health and the environment; respect of ethical
principles and citizens' concerns and expectations; building risk assessment
into the research and developing guidelines for such risk assessment (including
reassessment of existing EU legislation); full access of the public to research;
strengthening international dialogue on common issues; and improved infrastructure.
The plan also calls for a legislative
Sources:
The Nanotechnology Service of the European Commission (EU Nanotech latest news)
http://www.cordis.lu/nanotechnology
Looking small, thinking big - keeping Europe at the forefront of nanotechnology
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/05/717&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
Desertification Synthesis (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
3)
The Desertification Synthesis report was launched on June 17, to mark World
Day to Combat Desertification. It represents a synthesis and integration of
the findings of the assessment of ecosystem change-mainly desertification-due
to human activity, as well as the consequences of these changes on future human
wellbeing. It provides scientific evidence for sustainable living policies.
"Growing desertification worldwide threatens to swell by millions the number
of poor forced to seek new homes and livelihoods," according to the report.
The Desertification Synthesis is part of a series of six MA synthesis reports.
[See also items Biodiversity Synthesis Report (Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment 2) of May and Human Footprint on Earth Ecosystem at Critical
Stage and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report of
March 2005 environmental security monthly reports.]
Source:
MA launches Desertification Synthesis Report on "World Day to Combat Desertification"
http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/Article.aspx?id=67
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/index.aspx
One Planet Many People-Atlas of our Changing Environment
UNEP launched the One Planet Many People Atlas to mark World Environment Day
2005. Using satellite images that compare and contrast images of critical parts
of the planet from a few decades ago with contemporary ones, the Atlas shows
grave damaging environmental changes, addressing a variety of key environmental
issues such as urbanization, deforestation, and melting glaciers.
Source:
One Planet Many People-Atlas of our Changing Environment http://www.na.unep.net/OnePlanetManyPeople/index.php
Europe 2005: The Ecological Footprint
Europe 2005: The Ecological Footprint is a report launched at the European
Parliament, by WWF and Global Footprint Network, analyzing the impact of Europe's
lifestyle on the ecosystem. It reveals that Europe's ecological footprint is
2.2 times larger than its own biological capacity. With just 7% of world population,
Europe consumes 17% of the world resources supply--a figure that has risen nearly
70% since 1961. The report shows that innovation and addressing ecological deficits
are fundamental to maintaining Europe's competitiveness and wellbeing. Europe
2005: The Ecological Footprint is based on Global Footprint Network's National
Footprint Accounts and analysis (specifically France, Germany, Greece, Poland,
and the UK), as well as a comparison of the footprints of 25 European nations.
[See also items Biodiversity Synthesis Report (Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment 2) of May and Human Footprint on Earth Ecosystem at Critical
Stage and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report of
March 2005 environmental security monthly reports.]
Sources:
Europe 2005: The Ecological Footprint (the report) http://www.wwf.fi/wwf/www/uploads/pdf/ekologinen_jalanjalki_june05.pdf
Europe 2005: The Ecological Footprint (press release) http://www.footprintnetwork.org/gfn_sub.php?content=europe2005
UNU Report Urges the Need For a New Treaty on Deep-Sea Research
A new international treaty is needed to regulate the search for new products
from species in deep international waters, the Institute for Advanced Studies
of the United Nations University warns in a report. Compounds found in marine
organisms can be used in medicines, and commercial exploration lured by potential
profits threatens unique deep-sea ecosystem. The report urges the need for a
new treaty to regulate exploitation so that benefits from the research are shared
fairly and helps humanity as a whole. [See also Could large-scale ocean
zoning prevent conflicts? of March 2005 environmental security monthly
report.]
Sources:
Bioprospecting of Genetic Resources in the Deep Seabed: Scientific, Legal and
Policy Aspects http://www.ias.unu.edu/binaries2/DeepSeabed.pdf
Tapping the oceans' treasures: Bioprospecting in the Deep Seabed http://www.ias.unu.edu/news/details.cfm/ArticleID/680/search/yes
'Treaty needed' to regulate deep-sea bioprospecting http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2151&language=1
World Health Assembly adopts new International
Health Regulations
The new International Health Regulations adopted
by the World Health Organization's annual assembly on May 23, 2005, will increase
security against global epidemics of deadly diseases by improving national and
international capacity for preventing and responding to disease outbreaks. The
new regulations include comprehensive assessment, reporting, and response standards
mandatory for each country and to be implemented within a specific timeframe;
operational mechanisms; increased collaboration between countries' health offices
and with the WHO; and a better coordinated international reporting and response
system. The regulations stipulate the increased roles of countries and WHO in
identifying, preventing, and responding to public health emergencies of international
concern. WHO should be quickly informed of any outbreak of four diseases--SARS,
bird flu, smallpox and polio--as well as any outbreaks of "potential international
public health concern" from known or unknown causes or sources. The new
regulations will formally come into force two years after approved by the Assembly.
[See also UN Report Recommends New Powers to Combat Bioterrorism and Epidemics
in the February 2005 environmental security scanning report.]
Sources:
World Health Assembly adopts new International Health Regulations http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2005/pr_wha03/en/index.html
Fifty-eighth World Health Assembly http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/2005/wha58/en/index.html
Resolution containing the revised International Health Regulations http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA58/A58_55-en.pdf
New Tools to Monitor Environmental Pollution
Software "Toolkit" for Control of Hazardous Chemicals
The Secretariat of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements
of Hazardous and Other Wastes developed a software "toolkit" that
would greatly help assessing and managing the hazardous chemicals called polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs). The PCB Inventory and Management Decision Supportive Tool
(DST) will help collect and organize PCB data, and support planning for PCB
disposal and transboundary movement. In addition to falling under the scope
of the Basel Convention, PCBs are to be phased out of use by 2025 under the
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
Source:
Secretariat of the Basel Convention http://www.basel.int/
Launch of a PCB Inventory and Management Decision Supportive Tool http://www.basel.int/press/PCB_Toolkit.doc
New Web Site on Biomonitoring Technology
The Environmental Health Research Foundation (EHRF) launched a new web site
that is providing comprehensive information on Biomonitoring," the scientific
technique for assessing human exposure to natural and synthetic chemicals http://www.biomonitoringinfo.org.
[Note: the website is just now being populated.]
Source:
Biomonitoring Info http://www.biomonitoringinfo.org/
Fostering Environment and Security Connection
International Conference on Environment, Peace and the Dialogue among
Civilizations and Cultures
The International Conference on Environment, Peace and the Dialogue among Civilizations
and Cultures, held May 9-10 in Tehran, Iran, was organized by UNEP, Iranian
Department of Environment, the United Nations University (UNU), and UNESCO.
It discussed and reaffirmed the interaction between environment and conflict,
environment and human security, and the role of dialogue in reducing international
conflict and protecting the environment. Other issues discussed were: the efficiency
of the current international regulations relating to environmental protection
during armed conflict; the status of environmental treaties after parties go
to war; the applicability of international law to non-international armed conflicts;
and UNEP's possible role in assessing liability for damages. UNEP representative
noted the potential of a future UN Peacebuilding Commission to address these
issues. The delegates adopted the Tehran Communiqué that provides nine
recommendations and conclusions arising from the Conference: to create a culture
of universal peace and solidarity; to deepen and broaden the process of dialogue
among civilizations and cultures; UNEP should continue its initiative on environment,
peace and dialogue and consider holding annual international meetings; improve
understanding and correlation between security and environment; enlarge the
dialogue to include all segments of society; the proposed UN Peacebuilding Commission
should contribute to the objectives of the Conference; development of fora for
preventive dialogue and post-conflict restitution; and cultural, ethical and
spiritual values must be fully integrated into strategies of dialogue for peace,
security and development. The Communiqué will be formally submitted to
the UN Secretary-General as a message to the September UN General Assembly.
Sources:
International Conference on Environment, Peace, and the Dialogue among Civilizations
and Cultures, 9-10 May 2005, Tehran, Iran http://www.iisd.ca/sd/sdter/
Dialogue Among Civilizations Bulletin http://www.iisd.ca/sd/sdter/ymbvol108num1e.html
Call for Legally Binding Agreement for Forests' Conservation
UN Forum on Forests 5th Session, held 16-27 May 2005, reviewed the effectiveness
of the International Arrangement on Forests and determined that better international
regulations, management mechanisms, and long-term political commitments are
needed to improve forest conservation. Several officials called for a legally
binding instrument and quantifiable targets eventually linked to the Millennium
Development Goals. [These goals will be reviewed for possible modification at
the UN General Assembly meeting in September 2005.] The delegates failed to
reach agreement on future international arrangements and improving international
regulations on forests. The next UNFF is planned for February 13, 2006.
During the Forum, the World Wildlife Federation and the World Bank renewed their
World Bank/WWF Alliance for Forest Conservation and Sustainable Use and announced
their new forest protection goal to cut global deforestation 10% by 2010.
Sources:
UN Forum of Forests: http://www.un.org/esa/forests/index.html
WWF, World Bank Would Trim Global Deforestation 10 Percent by 2010 http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2005/2005-05-26-04.asp
UN Forest Forum Concludes Two-Week Session At UN Headquarters; Fails to reach
full agreement on future global plan
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/envdev859.doc.htm
New Resolution on Victims' International Human
Rights
The latest Session of the UN Human Rights Commission approved the
"Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation
for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious
Violations of International Humanitarian Law." This comprehensive Resolution
doesn't introduce new international obligations, but identifies "mechanisms,
modalities, procedures and methods for the implementation of existing legal
obligations under international human rights law and international humanitarian
law" and reinforces the obligation of all States to respect the international
legal obligations and adapt their respective national legal systems to the international
laws and regulations on human rights. The Resolution will come into effect after
adoption by the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly, which
could occur at the next meeting this September.
Source:
Basic principles and guidelines on the right to a remedy and reparation for
victims of gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations
of international humanitarian law. Human Rights Resolution 2005/35
http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/E/CHR/resolutions/E-CN_4-RES-2005-35.doc
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental Security
Implications
Nano-engineered Powders Tackle Toxic Chemicals
FAST-ACT is a new family of nano-engineered powders that can clean up hazardous
substances such as VX nerve gas and sulfuric acid. This toxic-chemical cleaner
composed of magnesium, titanium, and oxygen was developed by Kansas State University
chemist Kenneth Klabunde and will be produced by NanoScale Materials Inc.
Source:
Nano-engineered Powders Tackle Toxic Chemicals
http://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104102
New Environmental-friendly Lighting Based on Gallium Nitride
Prof. Colin Humphreys from Cambridge University, UK, is developing gallium nitride-based
light bulbs that could last 100 times longer than light bulbs used today. Scientists
agree that using gallium nitride in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) could help
cut emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases by 15%. While different
nitride-based LED applications could soon materialize, it might take 5-10 years
to develop the technology to produce gallium nitride LEDs with an acceptably
white light for home and office lighting. Since lighting accounts for 20% of
electricity use in developed countries and 40% in developing ones, the financial
and environmental savings could be considerable.
Source:
UK Scientist's Bright Idea to Fight Global Warming
PlanetArk, Story by Patricia Reaney, 2/5/2005 http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/30647/story.htm
Enviromatics could contribute to Environmental Security
MIT introduces and explains the emergence of a new field, enviromatics, born
from the convergence of information technology and environmental research. Unlike
environmental modeling based on statistical data, enviromatics uses real-time
ecosystems-status database, Internet tools, and ubiquitous computers. Improved
continuous sensing, simulation, and mapping tools make the predictions more
reliable than previously. Instantaneous ecosystem analysis and short-term forecasting
of ecosystems' conditions is accessible to anybody interested. Possible applications
of the new field range from farmers who could avoid eventual damages to their
crops, to protection of endangered species that need special habitat conditions.
Enviromatics could impact decisionmaking for improving forecasting implications
of different action options, as well as increasing public awareness to foster
more environmentally friendly practices.
Source:
Enviromatics. Computer forecasts enhance farm production and species diversity
http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/05/05/issue/feature_emerging.asp?p=8
Nets of Agents Probe the Environment
An important branch of Enviromatics [See previous item 5.3] is concerned with
the acquisition of environmental data. Several current projects (Univ. of Wyoming,
Univ. of Pennsylvania, UCLA) are developing variations of advanced data acquisition
techniques. These are based on large networks of small intercommunicating devices
(agents), incorporating sensors, which can monitor wide areas for environmental
data, process it, and transmit results back to a central point. These devices
may be stationary--laid out in a grid pattern over the region of concern--or
they can be a band of mobile robots swarming over a large area in an internally
controlled search for sites and information of interest. Individual units might
be specialized; e.g., for radiation, biological weapons, or chemical weapons.
The key element here is the combination of individual autonomy, in which each
device "runs itself", and intercommunication, which permits low-power
wireless transmission of data and plans around the network. In this way the
assemblage of units can behave in a seemingly intelligent manner, adjusting
its behavior to changing conditions or surroundings. A flight of migratory birds,
maintaining its V-shape, is the classic example of this kind of emergent behavior,
demonstrating that, in fact, the whole can be greater than the sum of its parts.
[See also On-chip Antenna to Solve Communication Problems among Microscopic
Sensors in May 2004, and Robot Swarms in June 2004 environmental security monthly
scanning reports.]
Source:
Couple Receive Grant to Develop Robots
http://www.forbes.com/business/healthcare/feeds/ap/2005/05/16/ap2032031.html
Progress on Self-replicating Robots
A team of engineers from Cornell University in Ithaca NY, has created robots
that can self-replicate similarly to biological cloning. At this stage, they
are just simple sets of 4 modular robot cubes, "molecubes", which
are able to assemble copies of themselves, when provided a supply of pre-made
cubes. Yet, they represent an important step forward compared to previous self-replicating
robots, due to their flexibility, "memory", and three-dimension movement
possibility.
Source:
Stuff of sci-fi nightmares? An army of robots that reproduce
By Steve Connor, Science Editor, 12 May 2005
http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_technology/story.jsp?story=637672
(by subscription only)
Robotics: Self-reproducing machines
Nature 435, 163-164 (12 May 2005) Brief Communication
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v435/n7039/abs/435163a.html
(by subscription only)
Robots master reproduction
Andreas von Bubnoff http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050509/full/050509-6.html
Buckyballs Might Affect the Environment
Scientists have found that buckyballs (the C60 hollow molecule nanospheres),
envisioned for use in a wide variety of applications, are soluble in water,
and influence the functioning of bacteria. So far, research shows that the particles
at a concentration of 0.5 parts per million inhibited bacterial growth and respiration.
Several features influence their behavior, including water's Ph. Thus, buckyballs
are not biologically inert. This reveals that more research is necessary to
understand buckyballs' behaviors and influences on the environment, and to guide
the development of any eventual regulations concerning nanotechnology applications.
Sources:
New research raises questions about buckyballs and the environment
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2005-05/acs-nrr050905.php
C60 in Water: Nanocrystal Formation and Microbial Response
http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/asap/abs/es048099n.html
Sunlight-powered System for Cleaning Water and Produce Electricity
Scientists from Aberdeen University of Scotland began a three-year research
project for developing a "photoelectrocatalytic" fuel cell that would
harness sunlight to break down various organic pollutants in water and produce
electricity as a byproduct. [See also New More Efficient Microbial Fuel Cell
Cleans Wastewater and produces Hydrogen in the April 2005 environmental security
report.]
Source:
Harnessing the power of the sun to clean water
Frank Urquhart, The Scotsman: http://business.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=457072005
Conviction in Transborder Electromagnetic
Pollution Case
Cardinal Roberto Tucci, former head of Vatican Radio's management committee,
and the Rev. Pasquale Borgomeo, the station's director general, were convicted
by a Rome cour for polluting the environment with electromagnetic waves from
a transmission tower in the Rome suburb of Cesano, damaging the health of those
living nearby. Although under the 1929 Treaty between the Holy See and Italy,
Vatican is an independent city-state, Italy's Supreme Court ruled that the case
could be tried.
Source:
Cardinal Convicted in Environmental Case
By Frances D'emilio, May 9, 2005 6:01 PM
http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,1280,-4993374,00.html
New Developments for Climate Change
Earth is Absorbing an Excess of Solar Energy
A recent paper in Science by NASA scientists reports that Earth is absorbing
much more heat than it is losing, a result that adds weight to the pessimistic
forecasts on global warming. Their prediction shows a global rise of 1°
F. this century even if greenhouse gases remained at their present level. Some
of their new data comes from the Argo ocean sensing project and, combined with
readings from other sources, indicates that the planet's surface has a solar
energy imbalance of +0.85 watts/square meter.
Source:
Experts Say New Data Show Global Warming
http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=7640
Reversal of Global Dimming
Researchers found that the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface is
increasing, and has been for at least the past ten years, reversing a dimming
trend that extended over several prior decades. The reasons for these fluctuations
are obscure, but it is likely that this brightening, and consequent increased
warming, is at least partly due to a decrease in the emission into the atmosphere
of particulates and other sunlight-shielding pollutants from industrial operations.
If this trend persists, or even stabilizes, it raises doubts as to whether the
current forecasts of global warming are pessimistic enough.
Source
Earth Lightens Up
http://www.arm.gov/science/research/show.php?id=R00077
From Dimming to Brightening: Decadal Changes in Solar Radiation at Earth's Surface
Science, Vol 308, Issue 5723, 847-850, 6 May 2005
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/308/5723/847?rbfvrToken=d8502253205de84408e9ca3802db700a416cf35b
(full article by subscription only)
UN Meeting Fails to Agree on Post-Kyoto Strategy
The UN meeting in Bonn trying to extend the spectrum of the Kyoto Protocol after
2012 failed to agree on an international post-Kyoto framework mainly because
of EU-US disagreements and major emerging economies that are reluctant to curb
their surging greenhouse gas emissions. This two-day seminar attended by delegates
from 190 nations, was the first formal UN climate meeting since the Kyoto Protocol
entered into force. The next negotiations will be at a meeting of environment
ministers in Montreal, Canada, in December. [See also items 8.4 Ambitious Post-Kyoto
EU Emissions Goals in March 2005 and 7.1 Kyoto Protocol Came into Force on February
16, 2005 in February 2005 environmental security reports.]
A recent World Bank study shows that trade in carbon dioxide permits surged
this year since the Kyoto Protocol came into force and as the EU launched its
"cap and trade" scheme.
Sources:
Bonn Talks To Promote Progress On Climate Change Convention
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/envdev849.doc.htm
Post-2012 climate talks stalled at UN conference
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/envdev849.doc.htm
Greenhouse Gas Trade Growing Sharply - World Bank
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/30772/story.htm
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Gothenburg Air Pollution Protocol Entered into Force on May 17, 2005
The Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone entered
into force on 17 May 2005. The Protocol was originally adopted on 30 November
1999 in Gothenburg (Sweden) and signed by 31 countries. It is the eighth to
take effect under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution of
the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The Protocol sets
targets for emission cuts for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), and ammonia, and sets limit values for specific emission sources
(e.g. combustion plants, electricity production, dry cleaning, cars and lorries)
and requires best available techniques to be used to keep emissions down. [See
also item 8.1 The Gothenburg Protocol on Air Pollution to Enter into Force on
May 17 of March 2005, and item 9.2 Changes to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary
Air Pollution of December 2004 environmental security scanning reports.]
Source:
New Air Pollution Protocol to take effect on 17 May 2005
http://www.unece.org/press/pr2005/05env_p02e.htm
New Chemicals Proposed to be Added to Stockholm Convention on POPs
The Punta del Este meeting of the parties to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POPs) established a POPs Review Committee that will be responsible
for evaluating additional chemicals that can be added to the current list of
12. Four candidate chemicals were given to the Committee, whose first meeting
will be held in Geneva later this year, with its recommendations forwarded to
future annual meetings of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention. The
four candidates for phaseout are: the flame retardant pentabromodiphenyl; the
hexachlorocyclohexanes, including the pesticide lindane; the pesticide chlordecone;
and the flame retardant hexabromobiphenyl. [See also Stockholm Convention on
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) First Meeting of the Conference of the
Parties in the April 2005, and Stockholm Convention on POPs Came Into Force
this Month in the May 2004 environmental security scanning reports.]
Sources:
Governments to take decisive action to implement UN-backed treaty against organic
pollutants
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=14200&Cr=pollut&Cr1=
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants http://www.pops.int/
Meeting of the Parties (MOP-2) to the Aarhus Convention
The second meeting of the Parties to the Aarhus Convention--UNECE Convention
on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access
to Justice in Environmental Matters--took place in Almaty, Kazakhstan, on 25-27
May 2005. It reviewed progress so far and improvement of its mechanism to increase
performance of the Convention's implementation in all regions. It assessed the
application of principle 10 [access to environmental information at all levels]
of the Rio Declaration at both global and regional levels. Agreement was reached
on an amendment to the Convention for extending the role of the public in decisions
involving genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The declaration adopted by
the Ministerial segment of the meeting was not yet available at the time of
this writing. [See also related items Aarhus Clearing House Launched in September
2004, Full Application of the Aarhus Convention in November 2003, The Aarhus
Convention and GMOs in October 2003 environmental security scanning reports.]
Source:
Aarhus Convention; Second Meeting of the Parties
http://www.unece.org/env/pp/mop2.htm
Review Conference of the Non-Proliferation Treaty
In spite of all the current discussions on different forms of nuclear threats,
the Review Conference of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) ended its
month-long meeting without adopting any significant decisions to improve the
NPT and its mechanisms. The three working committees were organized on the main
topics of the Treaty: disarmament, verification of safeguards on national nuclear
programs, and the peaceful use of atomic energy. No consensus was achieved on
any of them and the final document has no "recommendations" section.
Yet, many delegates attested their nations' continuous commitment to push for
nuclear disarmament, entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban
Treaty, and other measures to promote nuclear safety. Ambassador Sérgio
de Queiroz Duarte (Brazil), President of the Conference, acknowledged, however,
that the ways in which the issues have been discussed, the interest of the delegations,
the documents presented, and the debates were an important step forward and
a great opportunity for the delegations to put forth their nations' views on
how to improve the system of the Treaty. Canadian Ambassador Paul Meyer suggested
that annual conferences be held to accelerate progress of the negotiations.
Among the positive outcomes of the Conference is the agreement on "indicators
of noncompliance" and possible consequences for withdrawal from the treaty.
Meantime, addressing the "Mayors for Peace" conference, UN Secretary-General
Kofi Annan called on the world's mayors to revitalize their view for a global
ban on nuclear weapons by 2020 and advance the organization's Programme to Promote
Solidarity of Cities toward the Total Abolition of Nuclear Weapons.
Sources:
Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 2005 Review Conference
http://www.un.org/events/npt2005/
NPT Conference to Deadlock
http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2005_5_27.html#D7AE4A63
Nuclear Weapon Ban only Guarantee They Will Never again Be Used, Says Secretary-General
in Remarks to Mayors for Peace
http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2005/sgsm9853.html
Reports to Review
Biodiversity Synthesis Report (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2)
The second Millennium Ecosystem Assessment report, Biodiversity and Human Well-being:
A Synthesis Report for the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was released
on May 22 to mark the International Day of Biodiversity. [See the March 2005
ES Report, Item 8.7, for the first in this series of seven similar Millennium
Assessment papers] In response to requests for information received through
the CBD, the report synthesizes and integrates findings related to biological
diversity from the four MA Working Groups: Conditions and Trends, Scenarios,
Responses and Sub-global Assessments. The key findings of the report are: in
the last 50 years, human actions have changed the diversity of life on the planet
more than at any other time in human history; biodiversity is the foundation
for human well-being; human activities are leading to the loss of the variety
of life; in the past, actions and programs that promoted conservation and the
sustainable use of biological diversity limited biodiversity loss; the size
of the task ahead of us is so great that the 2010 biodiversity target will only
realistically be achieved in certain areas and regions if we engage in substantial
efforts.
Sources:
MA releases second report: Biodiversity and Human Well-being (news release)
http://www.maweb.org/en/index.aspx
Biodiversity and Human Well-being (report downloadable)
http://www.maweb.org/proxy/document.aspx?source=database&TableName=Documents&IdField=DocumentID&Id=354&ContentField=Document&ContentTypeField=ContentType&TitleField=Title&FileName=CBDSynthesisFINAL.pdf&Log=True
Reforming International Environmental Governance: From Institutional
Limits to Innovative Reforms
Reforming International Environmental Governance: From Institutional Limits
to Innovative Reforms by the UNU addresses the international institutional framework
that would best serve global environmental governance. The ad hoc nature of
the current over 500 international agreements and institutions dealing with
environmental issues around the world complicates the implementation and compliance
process of environmental regulations. The contributors suggest institutional
reform of the current international environmental governance system and evaluate
three potential models: enforcement, centralization, and cooperation through
increased coordination and collaboration. They examine the possibilities of
improving international environmental governance by strengthening UNEP and clustering
the existent international regulations; a potential World Environment Organization;
and the prospect of a World Environment Court; as well as UN reforms.
Source:
Reforming International Environmental Governance: From Institutional Limits
to Innovative Reforms. Edited by W. Bradnee Chambers and Jessica F. Green. UN
University, May 2005
http://www.unu.edu/unupress/2005/reforming-ieg.html
Vital Signs 2005
Worldwatch Institute Vital Signs 2005 report discusses 35 economic, social,
and ecological trends that have crucial impacts on the world's future. It raises
awareness and a warning signal on the ecological and social costs of today's
unsustainable growth and consumption. The report notes that if present tends
and patterns continue, environmental refugees could reach 50 million by 2010.
Source:
Vital Signs 2005, Worldwatch Institute
http://www.worldwatch.org/pubs/vs/2005/
Nanotechnology: Environmental Implications and Solutions
Although the book review in Small Times says that the title is overstated--the
book not offering "solutions"--it presents a comprehensive overview
of today's environmental regulations and their current status, addresses pollution
issues including control techniques, and does an assessment of nanotechnology
referring to its potential health risks, risk communication, and ethical issues.
The book appears to be a good source of information both for environmentalists--explaining
nanotechnology - and for nanotech scientists--informing about environmental
policies and procedures.
Source:
Book Review: Eco-Friendly And Nano Smart, In Theory
By Candace Stuart, Small Times Editor-in-Chief
http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?section_id=76&document_id=9139
UN Convention against Nuclear Terrorism
The International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism
was adopted by the General Assembly on April 13, 2005 and will be open for signature
on 14 September at the high-level plenary meeting scheduled for the 60th session
of the UN General Assembly. The Convention creates an enforced legal framework
to counter nuclear terrorism. It will provide for a definition of acts of nuclear
terrorism, and covers nuclear safety, crisis and post-crisis situations in accordance
with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) standards. Under its provisions,
States are supposed to cooperate by sharing information and assisting each other
in preventing terrorist attacks, and the alleged offenders must be prosecuted
or extradited.
Sources:
General Assembly Adopts Convention On Nuclear Terrorism; Will Open For Signature
At Headquarters 14 September
Also Adopts 16 Budget Committee Texts; Peacekeeping Finance, Reform of UN Justice
System among Issues Addressed
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/ga10340.doc.htm
New Convention Against Nuclear Terrorism Bolsters Global Framework
http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2005/conv_nuclterror.html
International Conference on Environmental
Compliance and Enforcement
Participants from over 60 countries and 125 organizations explored strategies
to improve compliance with domestic and international environmental law at the
7th International Conference of the International Network on Environmental Compliance
and Enforcement (INECE) held in Marrakech, Morocco, from 10-15 April 2005. Papers
from the conference stressed the relationship of compliance and enforcement
to the rule of law to help achieve a system of good governance and ultimately
meet sustainable development objectives. Supporting materials are available
on the interactive INECE website.
INECE is the only global network of independent experts dedicated to pursuing
the rule of law, good environmental governance, and sustainable development
at all levels of governance. It links the environmental compliance and enforcement
efforts of more than 4,000 practitioners - inspectors, prosecutors, regulators,
parliamentarians, judges, and NGOs - from over 120 countries, through training
and capacity building programs, raising awareness, and enhancing enforcement
cooperation.
Sources:
INECE Conference Program with interactive feature of draft results available
by clicking on the relevant section http://inece.org/conference/7/program.html
and conference proceedings at:
http://www.inece.org/conference/7/vol1/index.html
Marrakech Statement (Co-Chair and Executive Planning Committee Final Conference
Statement) http://www.inece.org/conference/7/statement.html
International Water Policies Needed
Gorbachev Calls for a Treaty to Declare Clean Water Access as a Human
Right
Mikhail Gorbachev wants the UN World Summit in September to declare that access
to safe water is a human right and embody this right in a new international
treaty. His speech at the 13th meeting of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development
called for a legally binding treaty with adequate implementation mechanisms
to guarantee the right to clean water and sanitation to all. This former head
of the Soviet Union declared that providing clean water for everyone is a bigger
challenge than ending the nuclear arms race during the Cold War.
Sources:
Commission on Sustainable Development, 13th meeting
Mikhail Gorbachev statement under Topic: Turning Political Commitments into
Action: Interactive Discussions with UN organizations, Thursday, 21 April 2005
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd13/csd13.htm
Gorbachev Urges Water Treaty; Criticizes U.S. Nuclear Policy
http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200504/200504220004.html
(article stored for a limited time on the website)
Sustainable Development Commission Fails to Sustain Enthusiasm
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2005/2005-04-26-03.asp
(by subscription only)
Two Reports Stress Water Management to Avoid Conflict
Water, Conflict, and Cooperation, a "policy brief" featured in the
latest Woodrow Wilson Center Environmental Change and Security Project Report
(10), argues that water scarcity issues are both a threat and an opportunity
for the UN system. Effective UN water policies and management could enhance
cooperation and reduce the potential for conflict. The authors suggest the creation
of a "one-stop shop" - pooling the many UN organizations that work
on water issues - so that nations and organizations would get the best synergies
of personnel, technologies, and advice to improve their water improvement systems.
Another report, Making Water a Part of Economic Development: The Economic Benefits
of Improved Water Management and Services, by the Stockholm International Water
Institute and WHO, argues that efficient water management for human security
could accelerate economic growth, sustainable development, and improving health.
The report demonstrates that economic benefits far outweigh the costs and suggests
three major investment priorities: access to safe water and basic sanitation;
protection of the integrity of aquatic and water-related terrestrial ecosystems;
and water-resource management. The report was released at the UN headquarters
in conjunction with the 13th Meeting of the Commission on Sustainable Development
(CSD).
Sources:
Water, Conflict, and Cooperation
Policy Brief by Alexander Carius, Geoffrey Dabelko, and Aaron Wolf
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ecspr10_unf-caribelko.pdf
Making Water a Part of Economic Development: The Economic Benefits of Improved
Water Management and Services
http://www.siwi.org/downloads/Reports/CSD_Economics.pdf
China River Basin Issues
Promoting Sustainable River Basin Governance?Crafting Japan-U.S. Water Partnerships
in China, a publication by the Woodrow Wilson Center's China Environment Forum
and Japan Institute of Developing Economies, is the result of cooperation between
Chinese, U.S., and Japanese water experts on improving Chinese river basin management.
The report explores areas of collaboration between the three countries on three
central issues: (1) river basin management institutions, (2) financing, and
(3) public participation.
Meanwhile, the lower Min River, which is one of the Yangtze's major tributaries,
is essentially dry as a result of dams built in its upper section; consequently,
the downstream communities do not get water for domestic use and irrigation
for millions of hectares of farmland, causing food and water shortage in a heavily
populated area. [See also Prospects for Conflict over Water Rise in Several
Regions in the March 2005 environmental security scanning report]
Sources:
Promoting Sustainable River Basin Governance?Crafting Japan-U.S. Water Partnerships
in China http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Spot/28.html
CEF and Japanese partner Institute of Developing Economies publish book on promoting
river basin governance in China
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1421&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=117302
Major Yangtze tributary drying up due to dams, environmental group says
http://www.terradaily.com/2005/050423031949.iz5t0ynm.html
EU to Set Higher Targets for Cuts in
Energy Consumption
The European Parliament's Industry Committee approved a proposal for raising
energy consumption cuts from the earlier target of 10% to 11.5% over the period
2006-2015. The new schedule is to cut 3% from 2006 to 2009, 4% from 2009 to
2012, and an additional 4.5% from 2012 to 2015. During the Brussels European
Council Summit at the end of March, the EU heads of state and government reiterated
the importance of implementing the Lisbon Strategy for growth, competitiveness
and social cohesion in today's knowledge-based world, and addressed climate
change and sustainable development. They also emphasized EU preparations for
the September UN Summit and its substantial role in achieving the Millennium
Development Goals.
Sources:
EU Lawmakers Want Higher Energy Use Cut in 2006-15 http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/30512/story.htm
Presidency conclusions of the Brussels European Council http://www.europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article_4505_en.htm
Nanobacteria in Clouds could Spread
Disease
Nanobacteria in clouds could become pathogenic airborne contaminants. They
could play a crucial role in the spread of disease and in the formation of rain
drops, according to Dr Andrei P. Sommer of the University of Ulm, Germany, and
Professor Chandra Wickramasinghe of Cardiff University, UK. Nanobacteria are
microorganisms 100 times smaller than ordinary bacteria and can self-replicate.
The wind can blow disease-carrying nanobacteria from the ground all the way
to the stratosphere where they can oscillate between dormant and active states,
as they move between high and low-humidity regions in clouds and then return
to different areas on the earth via rain.
Sources:
Nanobacteria in clouds could spread disease, scientists claim. EurekAlert, 6-Apr-2005
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2005-04/cu-nic040605.php
Nanobacteria in Clouds May Spread Diseases Around the World
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2005/2005-04-11-03.asp
(by subscription only)
New Nanotechnology Forecasting and Assessment
Programs
The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies launched by the Woodrow Wilson Center
(WWC) and the Pew Charitable Trusts will assess possible health and environmental
implications of nanotechnology and potential nanotechnology risk management
strategies. It will be a reliable source of information for businesses, governments,
and the public through reports, analyses and regular meetings with leaders in
the field.
The Institute of Nanotechnology, a global leader in nanotechnology matters,
will officially launch the European Nanotechnology Trade Association (ENTA),
on June 1, 2005, to act as an interface between nanotechnology businesses across
Europe and: governments, science and industry policy makers; and the public
and watchdog organizations 'to ensure transparency and that new nanotechnologies
are developed in a safe and responsible manner.'
Sources:
Wilson Center Launches New Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies http://wwics.si.edu/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.item&news_id=120312
European Nanotechnology Trade Association Established http://www.nano.org.uk/enta/press_release_300305.htm
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental
Security Implications
New and Improved Land Mine Destruction Technique
A British de-mining specialist corporation, Disarmco, in partnership with ordnance
and explosive experts at Cranfield University at Shrivenham, have developed
a new environmentally friendly and low-cost mine destruction device, codenamed
"Dragon". The device is based on a high-temperature pyrotechnic torch,
which burns the explosive material in the mine rather than detonating it, a
technique that can cause destruction and contamination over a substantial area.
According to the university, "The torches are made in situ in … [a]
portable unit and do not require any specialist knowledge or expensive training
in order to be used safely by local communities employed in decontamination
efforts."
Sources:
Cranfield Leads The Development Of Next Generation Anti-Land Mine Device http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/university/press/2005/29032005.cfm
Next Generation Anti-Land Mine Device, March 29 http://www.physorg.com/news3531.html
Degradable Plastic Could Reduce Environment Footprint
David R. Tyler, a chemist at the University of Oregon, and his colleagues have
developed a molybdenum/chlorine-containing plastic which degrades to dust in
three days under exposure to light. Items made from this material would, of
course, have to be limited to those concealed from illumination until used,
and then be required to function for only a short time. However, this disintegration
property would offer a simple, environmentally friendly solution to disposal
of used devices meeting the above constraint.
Source:
Clues to Breaking Down Plastics
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A23499-2005Apr3.html?referrer=email
(article stored for a limited time on the website)
New More Efficient Microbial Fuel Cell Cleans Wastewater and produces
Hydrogen
The BioElectrochemically-Assisted Microbial Reactor (BEAMR) is an anaerobic,
electrically-assisted microbial fuel cell (MFC). It produces four times the
amount of hydrogen from dissolved organic matter such as human, agricultural,
and industrial waste and simultaneously cleans the wastewater used as its feedstock
than bacteria achieve in normal fermentation. It uses 0.25 volts of electrical
boost, about one-tenth the voltage needed for electrolysis of water, which helps
it surmount the fermentation energy barrier limit. This form of decentralized
renewable energy production could make fuel-cell-based transportation and wastewater
treatment more efficient, but further study will be needed for commercialization.
The National Science Foundation and U.S. Dept. of Agriculture supported this
Pennsylvania State University research.
Source:
Microbial fuel cell: High yield hydrogen source and wastewater cleaner http://live.psu.edu/story/11709
Nanotechnology Used to Produce Hydrogen for Fuel Cell Cars
Using nanotechnology, scientists from the Department of Physics and Astronomy,
and Laboratory for Surface Modification, Rutgers, The State University of New
Jersey, might have found an efficient and environmentally friendly solution
for the hydrogen fuel cell-powered car industry. The nanostructured catalyst-based
hydrogen production technology seems also to provide solutions for safe and
easy distribution by "binding hydrogen with atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia
molecules," so that the "resulting liquid could be handled like gasoline
and diesel fuel", thus avoiding the high costs involved in building a new
infrastructure for fuel cells. Using this technology, "pure hydrogen could
be extracted under the vehicle's hood on demand, as needed by the fuel cell,
and the remaining nitrogen released back into the atmosphere. The atmosphere
is normally four-fifths nitrogen, so the nitrogen emissions are not viewed as
polluting" comments an Environment News Service article.
Sources:
Nanotechnology Used to Produce Hydrogen for Fuel Cell Cars
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2005/2005-04-11-09.asp#anchor7
(by subscription only)
Decomposition of Ammonia and Hydrogen on Ir Surfaces: Structure Sensitivity
and Nanometer-Scale Size Effects. J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 127, No. 14: April
13, 2005
http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jacsat/2005/127/i14/abs/ja042617c.html
(abstract; full article by subscription only)
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Single-hull Oil Tanker Phase-out Entered into Force
Single-hull oil tanker phase-out--implementation of MARPOL Annex I regulations
13G and 13H--entered into force on April 5, 2005 for all States Party to the
MARPOL Convention. [See also UN Maritime Agency to Accelerate Phase-Out
Of Single-Hull Tankers in December 2003 and
French Create 90-mile Mediterranean Ecological Zone in April
2003 environmental security scanning reports]. On May 19, 2005, Annex VI
of MARPOL on regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships will
be effective.
Source:
Single-hull oil tanker phase-out - implementation of MARPOL Annex I regulations
13G and 13H
http://www.imo.org/Newsroom/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1052
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) First
Meeting of the Conference of the Parties
The First Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention
on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) will be held in Punta del Este, Uruguay
from 2-6 May, 2005 and is anticipated to be attended by 800 government officials
and observers from 130 countries. The Conference is expected to establish a
process for evaluating future POPs candidates to add to the list, and to discuss
best policies and strategies for implementing the Convention's requirements
with Guidelines on Best Available Techniques and Environmental Practices.
The Stockholm Convention came into force on May 17, 2004 and the 12 POPs covered
so far by the Convention are: aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor,
mirex, toxaphene, polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene, dioxins
and furans. [See also Stockholm Convention on POPs Came Into Force this Month
in the May 2004 environmental security scanning report]
Source:
Governments Meet to Launch Global Campaign to Eliminate 12 Most Hazardous Chemicals
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=431&ArticleID=4784&l=en
Avian Influenza New Developments
New Worldwide Avian Influenza Network (OFFLU)
At the recent international conference on bird flu held in Paris, the World
Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO), and the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the new Worldwide Avian
Influenza Network (OFFLU) to improve health security by a better collaboration
between veterinary and public health services at local, regional and global
levels. Reference laboratories specializing in avian influenza in animals will
be coordinated by OIE and FAO, and laboratory networks focusing on human influenza
will be coordinated by WHO. Also at the conference, the Democratic People's
Republic of Korea has formally requested assistance from the international community
for fighting avian influenza. On April 25th, it was announced that the outbreak
has been successfully contained.
Europe Drafts New Law To Control Bird Flu Epidemics
The European Commission adopted a draft Directive for a law to control bird
flu viruses. The new legislation will require EU states to introduce and reinforce
surveillance and control measures against low pathogenicity viruses, in order
to prevent mutation into a more harmful strain, mostly one that would be transmissible
between humans. The new law is expected to enter into force January 1, 2007,
replacing the existing one.
Bird Flu less Deadly but more Infectious
The human mortality rate from bird flu in Vietnam dropped considerably over
the past year, from about 70% of the people with confirmed cases, to about 20%.
The good news is that avian influenza seems to be less deadly than was thought.
The downside of the news is that the virus might be more infectious, increasing
the probability of an outbreak in Southeast Asia and, hence, worldwide. The
fact that people can be infected/carry the virus without even showing symptoms
further aggravates the situation and alarms international health organizations.
[See also 7.2 Avian Flu Danger at Rise in the February
2005 and other related items in the previous months' environmental security
scanning reports]
Source:
Bird flu: North Korea appeals for assistance http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2005/101678/index.html
Bird flu outbreak in North Korea contained http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2005/102016/index.html
Europe Drafts New Law to Prevent Bird Flu Epidemics http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2005/2005-04-28-04.asp
(by subscription only)
In Vietnam, A Dark Side To Good News On Bird Flu
By Alan Sipress, Washington Post Foreign Service, Saturday, April 23, 2005;
Page A01
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A10548-2005Apr22.html?referrer=email
(article stored for a limited time on the website)
Avian Influenza: Outbreak in Northern Vietnam Baffles Experts
Dennis Normile, Science, Vol 308, Issue 5721, 477, 22 April 2005
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/308/5721/477a?ijkey=7uqp2RtTZsqj6&keytype=ref&siteid=sci
(by subscription only)
Climate Change Updates
UN Secretary-General calls for an inclusive regulatory framework to combat
global warming
In a recent article in Foreign Affairs, UN Secretary-General, Kofi Annan, listed
environmental degradation and infectious disease among today's greatest threats
undermining "states as the basic units of the international system".
Referring to the post-Kyoto period, he called for a new international regulatory
framework that would include all countries to fight global warming.
Decrease of Himalayas' Snowfall Threatens Arabian Sea Marine Life and Aggravates
Climate Change
Research conducted by a team of the U.S. Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
concludes that decreased winter snowfall in the Himalayas is threatening marine
life in the distant Arabian Sea and could also aggravate global warming by augmented
phytoplankton that produces nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas.
Antarctic glaciers shrinking accelerating
A joint study by the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) and U.S. Geological Survey
(USGS) reveals that in Antarctica 87% of 244 glaciers studied are in retreat
due to global warming, and that average retreat rates have accelerated over
the past years. Antarctica contains more than 90% of the world's ice. Antarctic
melting could dangerously raise sea levels, thus drowning low-lying island states
and regions. [See also item 9.2 New Developments on Climate Change in January
2005 and 8.7 Human Footprint on Earth Ecosystem at Critical Stage and Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report of March 2005 and other items on global
warming in previous environmental security reports.]
Source:
Warming of the Eurasian Landmass Is Making the Arabian Sea More Productive
Joaquim I. Goes, Prasad G. Thoppil, Helga do R Gomes, John T. Fasullo
Science, Vol 308, Issue 5721, 545-547, 22 April 2005
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/308/5721/545?ijkey=qjxryXn.ioKxY&keytype=ref&siteid=sci
(by subscription only)
"In Larger Freedom": Decision Time at the UN. By Kofi A. Annan. Foreign
Affairs, Monday 25 April 2005 http://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/stories/sg-25apr2005.htm
Antarctic Peninsula glaciers in widespread retreat. British Antarctic Survey
(BAS) Press release No: 7/2005, 21 Apr 2005
http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/News_and_Information/Press_Releases/story.php?id=163
European Geosciences Union General Assembly
The annual European Geosciences Union General Assembly took place in Vienna
from 24 to 29 April 2005 with about 8,000 scientists presenting over 3,000 papers
from the fields of Earth and planetary sciences. Space science has become essential
for monitoring climate change effects, geophysical changes and pollution, and
for enhancing natural hazard awareness and management. [See also Increasing
Capacity of Space Technology to Assist Environmental Security in July
2004 and other related items in previous environmental security scanning
reports]
Sources:
ESA Press Release: http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMCEANQS7E_planet_0.html
EGU 2005 http://www.copernicus.org/EGU/ga/egu05/index.htm
Planetary Science Archive http://www.rssd.esa.int/index.php?project=PSA
Reports and books to review
New reports from the National Academy of Sciences on Nuclear Safety
Monitoring Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear-Explosive Materials, a new report
by the Committee on International Security and Arms (CISAC) of the National
Academy of Sciences (NAS), outlines technical and collaborative approaches that
could help policy-makers minimize the proliferation of nuclear weapons, prevent
terrorists from acquiring them, and reduce risks posed by existing nuclear arsenals.
The report emphasizes that transparency, monitoring, and verification of all
categories of nuclear weapons and material are crucial. It also addresses some
of the institutional and technical approaches related to these issues. However,
it doesn't make recommendations on policy or action priorities. There are 30,000
existing nuclear weapons in the world of which the U.S. and Russia possess 95%.
Nevertheless, the report notes "enough additional nuclear-explosive material
exists in military and civil nuclear facilities worldwide to make something
like 100,000 additional nuclear weapons", possibly by non-nuclear weapon
states and/or terrorist groups.
Another NAS report, Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel
Storage: Public Report addresses the safety issues of spent nuclear fuel
storage at commercial nuclear reactors. It makes recommendations to the U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission on measures to reduce terrorist attack possibilities,
as well as implementation of these measures. It calls for plant-by-plant vulnerability
analyses and prompt communication of the results for timely implementation of
the measures to reduce potential risks.
Policy-makers, industry representatives, and experts representing the world's
nonproliferation and nuclear power communities gathered for the 14th International
Security Conference organized by Sandia National Laboratories on April 4-6 near
Washington, D.C. to bolster discussions about the nuclear fuel cycle and strategies
to reduce proliferation risks involving civilian nuclear fuels.
Meantime, the menace of poor safety conditions at nuclear sites around the world
persists. Recent massive landslides in Kyrgyzstan in an area with 20 neglected
spent nuclear fuel depositories threaten the whole of Central Asia with nuclear
ecological disaster. Furthermore, UN officials and non-proliferation experts
are concerned that nuclear materials smugglers could be using the drug trafficking
routes in Central Asia, exploiting the present instability in the region--such
as the political turmoil in Kyrgyzstan. According to the IAEA, the disappearance
of radioactive material from facilities in Central Asia after the breakup of
the Soviet Union in 1991 was a "widespread phenomenon."
Sources:
Monitoring Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear-Explosive Materials: An Assessment of
Methods and Capabilities
http://books.nap.edu/catalog/11265.html
Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage: Public Report
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11263.html?onpi_newsdoc04062005
Nonproliferation, nuclear industry experts to discuss fuel cycle issues at conference
near D.C. April 4-6
http://www.sandia.gov/news-center/news-releases/2005/all/isc05.html
Massive landslides to sweep away spent nuclear fuel depositories in Kyrgyzstan
http://english.pravda.ru/printed.html?news_id=15293
Heightened security concerns about an old trade route
http://www.dailystar.com/dailystar/news/68634.php
New nanotechnology report from the Institute of Medicine
Implications of Nanotechnology for Environmental Health Research comprises the
results of a workshop by the Institute of Medicine's Roundtable on Environmental
Health Sciences, Research and Medicine, aiming to assesses promises and implications
of nanotechnology in order to develop a research agenda to address critical
issues related to the impact of nanotechnology on heath and the environment.
In addressing priorities, policy, and government implications, the report concludes
that for efficient assessment of potential hazards of nanotechnology, the following
are required: an adequate nomenclature; an effective risk-benefit analysis;
and both a research framework and strong leadership.
Source:
Implications of Nanotechnology for Environmental Health Research
Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research and Medicine.
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309095778/html/
Agenda. Technology and Environmental Health: Implication on Nanotechnology
http://www.iom.edu/subpage.asp?id=19612
The Little Green Data Book, 2005
"The Little Green Data Book 2005," a joint product of the World Bank's
Development Data Group and Environment Department is a quick reference on key
environmental data for over 200 countries (one country per page). It presents
47 environment indicators and data, structured under the headings of agriculture,
forests, biodiversity, energy, emissions and pollution, water and sanitation,
and 'greener' national accounts. Unfortunately the current book's data are only
through 2003; nevertheless, it helps the reader get the big picture in a small
resource. It can be ordered by sending a email to eadvisor@worldbank.org or
it can be downloaded at: http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/envext.nsf/44ByDocName/TheLittleGreenDayaBook2005/$FILE/2005Littlegreendatabook.pdf
Source:
The Little Green Data Book, 2005
http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/envext.nsf/44ByDocName/EnvironmentalIndicatorsCurrentInitiativesTheLittleGreenDataBook2005
New UN Reform Report Stresses Environmental Issues
The UN Secretary General has issued an extensive report on UN reform entitled
In Larger Freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all, with
environmental issues cited in all sections. It states that 'threats to peace
and security in the twenty-first century include not just international war
and conflict but […] also include poverty, deadly infectious disease and
environmental degradation since these can have equally catastrophic consequences.'
[para.78] It proposes that the Secretariat include better responses to, "humanitarian
emergencies and its handling of environmental issues", that, "National
investment and policy priorities" improve environmental management and
policy reforms, and calls on countries to adopt time-bound environmental targets.
"Ensuring environmental sustainability", should be one of the global
actions priorities. It specifically requires [para.212] a more coherent framework
of global environmental governance, for effective implementation, coordination
and monitoring of the over 400 international environmental treaties already
in force. This is reiterated in the Annex-For decision by Heads of State and
Government calling for a, "more integrated structure for environmental
standard-setting, scientific discussion and monitoring, and treaty compliance."
The Reform Report will be discussed and adopted at the summit of world leaders
in September 2005 at the UN.
Sources:
The Secretary-General Statement To The General Assembly
New York, 21 March 2005
http://www.un.org/largerfreedom/sg-statement.html
In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all
Report of the Secretary-General http://www.un.org/largerfreedom/contents.htm
[see: Secretariat, System-wide coherence, i]
Marine Protection Issues
Could large-scale ocean zoning prevent conflicts?
Increasing numbers of environmental lawyers and environmentalists believe that
future conflicts could be prevented by large-scale ocean zoning for oil, fishing
and wind farms, as well as that there is an immediate need for regulations to
protect the oceans' natural resources. "We're now able to do on the open
ocean what we once did on our western frontier-eradicate the wildlife, extract
the minerals and alter or pollute the habitat," says David Helvarg, president
of the Blue Frontier Campaign. Many variations of coastal zoning have been established
around the world, which may one day lead to new large-scale ocean zoning within
a more comprehensive integrated planning mechanism for local, regional and international
standards and regulations for 'pro-active rather than re-active' ocean management.
Source:
Zoning Rules to Protect Marine Resources. by Daniel Hendrick http://www.emagazine.com/view/?2300
(by subscription only)
Improved Cooperation Among International Organizations to Fight Marine
Pollution
The fight against marine pollution gained strength with the signing of a Memorandum
of Understanding between the Secretariat of the Basel Convention on the Control
of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, and the UNEP
Regional Seas Programme. The effort is designed to implement environmentally
sound management of hazardous wastes in order to prevent coastal and marine
pollution. It is based on collaboration of the 13 Basel Convention Regional
Centres (BCRCs) with the various Regional Seas Programmes, and reciprocal technical
and legal training support. [The Basel Convention regulates the movement of
hazardous waste; it covers toxic, poisonous, explosive, corrosive, flammable,
ecotoxic, and infectious wastes that are being moved from one country to another.]
IMO Secretary-General Efthimios E. Mitropoulos and the European Commissioner responsible for the environment, Stavros Dimas, also had a meeting this month focusing on better collaboration between the two organizations to enhance marine environmental protection from pollution from ships and related activities. They agreed on the need for ratification, by as many States as possible, of the newest IMO conventions such as the Ballast Water Management Convention and the Convention on Anti-fouling Systems, to enable them to come into force soon.
The amendments to the MARPOL Convention-including the revised phase-out schedule
for single-hull tankers and a new regulation on the carriage of heavy grades
of oil-will enter into force on April 5, 2005; and, on May 19, 2005, Annex VI
of MARPOL on regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships will
be effective.
Sources:
Basel Convention on Hazardous Wastes and UNEP Regional Seas Programme to fight
coastal pollution together
http://www.basel.int/press/presrel010305.doc
Secretary-General Mitropoulos and EC Commissioner Dimas focus on marine pollution
issues at a productive meeting
http://www.imo.org/Newsroom/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1018&doc_id=4775
Water-related Issues
Decade "Water for Life" Launched
The International Decade for Action "Water for Life" was officially
launched on World Water Day, March 22, 2005. This is intended to focus world
attention on improving policies and strategies to achieve the international
commitments and targets concerning water-related issues by 2015. The actual
debates and policy recommendation issuance are expected to occur next month
at the 13th session of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development.
Sources:
Water for Life website: http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/index.html
UN News: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=13724&Cr=water&Cr1=
Prospects for Conflict over Water Rise in Several Regions
Rapidly melting glaciers in the Himalayas could cause vast
flooding followed by long-term, severe water shortages in the region, according
to World Wildlife Fund's report, An Overview of Glaciers, Glacier Retreat, and
Subsequent Impacts in Nepal, India and China. Water from the Himalayas feeds
into seven great Asian rivers, ensuring the water supply of hundreds of millions
of people. Flooding and then water shortage will inevitably cause mass migration.
The reduced capacity of the Jordan River and the ecological
disaster caused by its over-exploitation triggered discussions between Israel
and Jordan. However, no agreement has been reached. The problems are worsened
by Jordan's plan to construct a new dam on the Yarmuk River, the largest tributary
of the Jordan. Friends of the Earth Middle East (FoEME) tries to mitigate the
situation by organizing discussions and joint activities; it also launched the
idea of placing the Jordan river on UNESCO's World Heritage List due to its
tremendous ecological and cultural significance.
The risk of conflict over water for countries along the river Nile
or its tributaries increases as the 1929 treaty is being increasingly contested.
The treaty allows Egypt to use Nile water only for irrigation or power generation.
Meantime, under the umbrella of the Nile Basin Initiative launched by the Nile
riparian states in 1999, Italy is funding a new project to improve water management
among the ten Nile Basin countries. Implemented with assistance from FAO, the
project will integrate technical water resource and water use data with demographic,
socio-economic and environmental information to examine how specific policies
and projected water use patterns will affect water resources in the region.
Sources:
An Overview of Glaciers, Glacier Retreat, and Subsequent Impacts in Nepal, India
and China.
http://www.panda.org/downloads/climate_change/himalayaglaciersreport2005.pdf
Once mighty Jordan reduced to a trickle http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,2763,1433272,00.html
(article stored for a limited time on the website)
Risk of armed conflict over Nile water http://www.mg.co.za/articlepage.aspx?area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__africa/&articleid=199809#
(article stored for a limited time on the website)
Promoting equitable and sustainable use of Nile water resources http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2005/90101/index.html
New Reports on Water-related Issues
The Environment, Development, and Sustainable Peace Initiative, a joint project
of Adelphi Research, the WWICS Environmental Change and Security Project, and
the National University of Costa Rica, has recently published two papers analyzing
the role of water for security: Regional Water Cooperation as Confidence
Building: Water Management as a Strategy for Peace, by Aaron T. Wolf
The report analyzes the shift of the "environmental security" concept
from a presumed causal relationship between environmental stress and violent
conflict to a more intricate framework of "human security" that considers
a complex set of relationships between environment and society. Water has been
identified as the most critical factor in many areas-from political to economic,
social, and environmental. While looking at 'Indicators of Tension,' the paper
also suggests some opportunities and types of policy recommendations to mitigate
possible water-related disputes: the new technologies for water negotiation
and management (including modeling and monitoring tools); watershed commissions
developed for those basins that do not have them, and strengthened for those
that do; improved water-related funding assistance; and better involvement and
focus of civil society, private industry and research organizations.
Environmental Conflicts and Regional Cooperation in the Lempa River Basin:
The Role of Central America's Plan Trifinio, by Alexander López
Assessing current environmental trends in the Central American context, the
report focuses on the region's international river basins and uses the Lempa
example to analyze areas of conflict and cooperation; factors that could reduce
conflict potential; and the effectiveness of the Trifinio Plan and its role
in facilitating post-conflict dialogue and confidence building among the three
signatory countries: Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador.
The U.S. National Academies have created the Water Information Center, a new
Web site that provides free access to more than 100 Academies reports on water-related
issues http://water.nationalacademies.org/
Sources:
Regional Water Cooperation as Confidence Building: Water Management as a Strategy
for Peace, by Aaron T. Wolf
http://www.sustainable-peace.org//download/EDSP_Papers/Water_Management_as_a_Strategy_for_Peace_72.pdf
Environmental Conflicts and Regional Cooperation in the Lempa River Basin: The
Role of Central Americ's Plan Trifinio, by Alexander López
http://www.sustainable-peace.org//download/EDSP_Papers/Environmental_Conflicts_and_Regional_Cooperation_in_the-Lempa_River_Basin_72dpi.pdf
Water Information Center of the NAS: http://water.nationalacademies.org/
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental
Security Implications
Self-Assembling Robots
The M-TRAN II robot, developed by the Japanese Distributed Systems Design Research
Group, represents a new generation of modular robots, with a flexible design
able to rearrange itself into countless different shapes and create dramatically
different patterns of movement. [See also 5.2 Scorpion Robot for Complex Roving
Missions item in the February 2005 environmental security report]
Source:
Self-Assembling Robots
http://www.discover.com/issues/apr-05/departments/emerging-technology/
Microbes Can Help Build Nanodevices for Detection
University of Wisconsin scientists have electrically stimulated bacteria to
self-assemble into nano-bio-electrical circuits that could detect toxins like
anthrax in near real-time. These circuits have the potential to make building
atomic-scale machines far easier than current methods, and create a new class
of biological sensors. This ability to a) manipulate individual bacteria by
electrical means, b) form them into nanostructures, and c) use their biochemical
properties for useful applications, such as the detection of toxins, provides
an alternative to the painstaking manufacture and assembly of nano systems by
larger more costly systems. Nanotechnology self-assembly to create larger devices
(bottom up construction) has been seen as a more distant future possibility.
This breakthrough brings the promise of low-cost, precision mass production
a step closer to reality.
Source:
Harnessing microbes, one by one, to build a better nanoworld http://www.news.wisc.edu/10831.html
Russian Discovery of New Bacterial Cleanup Technique
Scientists from the G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of
Microorganisms of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Pushchino have discovered
that the bacterium Pseudomonas putida can transform the toxic by-products contained
in reaction masses (RMs) that arise when mustard gas residue is destroyed by
chemical detoxification. This technology, if extended to other hazardous materials
and brought to the point of practical application, could be an alternative to
incineration or a process called bituminization for the final cleanup of CW
sites. Both those methods are expensive and environmentally risky.
Source:
Could Microbes Solve Russia's Chemical Weapons Conundrum? http://cwwg.org/nw03.04.05.html
Nanotechnology Issues
Nanotechnology Assessment Reports
Scientific Forward Look on Nanomedicine is a foresight study by the European
Science Foundation, assessing the application of nanotechnology to medicine.
This study included over 100 international experts from academia, industry,
private foundations and governmental agencies, who reviewed future developments,
opportunities and challenges facing this emerging field worldwide. The study
analyzes the current state-of-the-art in nanomedicine, identifies Europe's strengths
and weaknesses, and provides recommendations on future research priorities and
organizational matters.
Response To The Royal Society And Royal Academy Of Engineering Report: 'Nanoscience
and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties' is a 'response report'
to the independent study conducted by the UK Royal Society and the Royal Academy
of Engineering (published in July 2004) on the opportunities and uncertainties
concerning nanotechnology to ensure that England has an adequate regulatory
system for responsible nanotechnology development. This 'response report' sets
out the UK Government's agenda on nanotechnologies; and will be reviewed by
an independent body after two and five years.
Potential Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards Resulting from Possible
Military Uses of Nanotechnology with Implications for Research Priorities Helpful
to Prevent and/or Reduce Such Pollution and Hazards is the result of a two-round
Delphi by the Millennium Project of the American Council for the UNU that assembled
a 25-member expert panel to identify and rate these issues.
Sources:
European Science Foundation Publishes Forward Look Report on Nanomedicine ESF
news release - issued 28/02/2005 -
http://www.esf.org/esf_pressarea_page.php?section=6&language=0&newsrelease=83
Response To The Royal Society And Royal Academy Of Engineering Report: 'Nanoscience
and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties' www.ost.gov.uk/policy/issues/nanotech_final.pdf
Potential Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards Resulting from Possible
Military Uses of Nanotechnology with Implications for Research Priorities Helpful
to Prevent and/or Reduce Such Pollution and Hazards is available on request
from the Millennium Project via email to jglenn@igc.org
China Creates World's First National Standards for Nanotechnology
The first national standards for nanomaterial in the world will come into effect
in China on April 1st. Research on 15 nanomaterials standards is underway, but,
so far, seven items are included: a Glossary, four standards for nanoproducts
(nickel powder, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and calcium carbonate), as well
as two for testing of gas adsorption BET and the granularity of nanopowder.
Source:
World's first national standard for nanotech to be effective in China
People's Daily Online, March 2, 2005 http://english.people.com.cn/200503/02/eng20050302_175299.html
Asia and Pacific Countries Adopt Declarations on the
Environment
At the Fifth Ministerial Conference On Environment And Development in Asia
and the Pacific that took place in Seoul, Republic of Korea, 24-29 March 2005,
ministers and senior officials from 52 Asian and Pacific countries pledged green-friendly
approaches to development in the region. The delegates adopted the Ministerial
Declaration on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific (2005), the
Regional Implementation Plan for Sustainable Development in Asia and the Pacific
(2006-2010) and the Seoul Initiative on Environmentally Sustainable Economic
Growth. These instruments set clear implementation actions to promote environmentally
friendly economic policies, including promoting partnerships and economic tools
to improve ecological efficiency, reviewing national laws and identifying, assessing,
monitoring, and capacity building to manage disaster risks.
The leaders' group from the Pacific Islands Forum held its first meeting on
the Pacific Plan, a Forum initiative. One of the four areas of concern is sustainable
development and environmental security. The Pacific Islands Forum is the association
of the 16 independent island states of the Pacific. Its objective is, "to
enhance the economic and social well-being of the people of the South Pacific".
The Plan lays out how the region can improve cooperation in the four areas;
it will be further developed during the coming months.
Sources:
Fifth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development in Asia and the
Pacific http://www.mced2005seoul.org
Delegates at UN meeting pledge green-friendly approach to development in Asia
and the Pacific http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=13787&Cr=Asia&Cr1=development
PM and Pacific leaders to meet http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0503/S00443.htm
Regionalism Yes - Federalism Going Too Far Says PM http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0503/S00238.htm
Pacific Islands Forum www.forumsec.org.fj
Liberia's First Environment Center Opened
The UNHCR has opened an environmental protection agency in Liberia to ensure
that the repatriation of thousands of refugees will not have a negative impact
on the environment already devastated by 14 years of war. The agency will educate
the repatriates on how to use and revive the environment as they resume their
daily activities.
Source:
UNHCR opens Liberia's first environment centre
http://www.unhcr.ch/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/news/+fwwBmerGhdeqxwwwwnwwwwwwwhFqnN0bItFqnDni5zFqnN0bIAFqnN0bIDzmxwwwwwww1FqnN0bI/opendoc.htm
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
The Gothenburg Protocol on Air Pollution to Enter into Force on May
17
The Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone (Gothenburg
Protocol) will enter into force on 17 May 2005. The Protocol is the eighth to
take effect under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution of
the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The Gothenburg Protocol
controls several pollutants and their effects and sets targets for emission
cuts by 2010 for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), and ammonia, as well as specific emission sources (e.g. combustion plants,
electricity production, dry cleaning, cars and trucks). [See also item 9.2 Changes
to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution of December 2004
environmental security scanning reports.]
Source:
New Air Pollution Protocol To Take Effect On 17 May 2005
http://www.unece.org/press/pr2005/05env_p02e.htm
The REACH Program Closer to Entry Into Force
The Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH) legislation
for controlling hazardous chemicals is likely to enter into effect in 2006 or
shortly thereafter. It has already passed the legislative process, but the EU
Commission has to approve it, and some modifications are possible. Manufacturers,
importers and users who exceed the established threshold of 1,000 metric tons/yr
will have to provide physical, chemical and toxicological data. Lifecycle safety
and environmental risks for specific uses will have to be provided. "High
concern" and "very high concern" are designations for chemicals
that will need 1) tight management or possible substitution or 2) "are
carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic to reproduction (CMRs); persistent, bio-accumulative
and toxic (PBTs); very persistent and very bio-accumulative (vPvBs); persistent
organic pollutants (POPs); or have equivalent properties", respectively.
Owing to the EU's large trade volume, impacts of this legislation will be worldwide.
Provision is made for an agency to securely handle proprietary information.
Some 30,000 chemicals are expected to be controlled by this legislation/policy.
Full registration of a given chemical must be completed within three years of
final enactment of REACH, or manufacture, importation and use will have to cease.
As with the U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act, REACH supplements the Rotterdam
Convention. [See also items related to the REACH program in the environmental
security reports of May and January 2004, August and April 2003, and November
2002.]
Source:
Prepare now for REACH compliance
By Beth Sirull, Chemical Engineering Progress, March 2005 (by subscription only)
www.cepmagazine.org
Interpol Creates Global Information Center to Combat Bioterror Threat
At a recent Interpol conference, police and health specialists decided to create
a global information center to fight the threat of bioterrorism and asked for
greater cooperation between law enforcement and health organizations. The health
sector representatives called for an alert system that would allow quick response
in case of an epidemic-whether of natural origin or from a bioterrorism source.
Three training workshops are scheduled: the first in South Africa at the end
of this year, the next two in 2006 in Chile and China. The information center
on bioterrorism will be located at the Lyon Interpol headquarters and be available
to all 182 members of the organization. [See also item 1.2 Interpol Warns World
Unprepared for an Eventual Bio-terrorist Attack in February 2005 environmental
security report.]
Source:
Interpol to Create Global Bioterror Information Hub
http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2005_3_3.html#EC2010EC
Ambitious Post-Kyoto EU Emissions Goals
EU environmental ministers seek to push for more ambitious EU emissions targets
after the current Kyoto target period, proposing a reduction of developed nations'
greenhouse gases emissions of 15-30 percent by 2020 and 60-80 percent by 2050
relative to 1990. However, while keeping the 2020 target, the EU heads of state
and government omitted the 2050 goal, with the provision to review it later
in the light of future developments. The UN Secretary-General's UN reform report
asks for a more inclusive international framework for mitigating climate change,
and calls on all states for a better mobilization to develop tools for stabilizing
greenhouse gas emissions beyond 2012, with broader participation by all major
emitters. [See also item 7.1 Kyoto Protocol Came into Force on February 16,
2005 in February 2005 environmental security report.]
Sources:
EU Ministers Want Tough Post-Kyoto Emissions Target http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/29895/story.htm
EU Leaders Drop 2050 Emissions Reduction Target http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/30074/story.htm
In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all
Report of the Secretary-General http://www.un.org/largerfreedom/contents.htm
The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop
Summary (2005)
The Institute of Medicine of the National Academies published summaries of the
workshop held June 16-17, 2004, addressing the increased concern about the prospect
of an influenza pandemic and exploring the issues that must be resolved to prepare
and protect the global community. The summary report, The Threat of Pandemic
Influenza: Are We Ready? outlines lessons learned from previous influenza pandemics;
the avian influenza outbreak in Asia and its implications for human health;
influenza pandemic preparedness strategies and planning opportunities and obstacles
in different domains and geographical levels.
This month a Vietnamese family of five was infected by Asia's bird flu epidemic,
which has killed 49 people since the end of 2003.
Although North Korea has confirmed initial cases of bird flu, South Korean
officials suspect that it is far more widespread and is taking steps to protect
its boarder with its northern neighbor.
[See also 7.2 Avian Flu Danger at Rise in February and 9.3 Bird Flu Outbreak
Urge World Readiness in January 2005 environmental security reports]
Source:
The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005) http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11150.html
Vietnam Family of Five Confirmed With Bird Flu http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/30138/story.htm
South Korea Suspects North's Bird Flu Outbreak Extensive http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/30137/story.htm
[HIO-UPDATE] Health Information Operations Update, (Dated Weekly) http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/Hioupdate/
Regional Governance Key for Tsunami Early Warning and Recovery
The first Network of Regional Governments for Sustainable Development Summit
was held at Lake Toba, Indonesia, March 10-12, 2005, under the theme "Global
Partnership on Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Post-Disaster Settlements."
The Lake Toba Call declaration summarizes the agreements reached by the participants,
mainly focusing on creating partnerships at the regional level within the UN
system for disaster early warning systems and post-disaster rehabilitation,
and to guarantee that the local governments could work properly in a network
of regional governments to ensure sustainable development not only at local,
but also at regional and international levels. [See also 9.1 Tsunami Triggers
an Early Warning System for Indian Ocean and Beyond in January 2005 environmental
security report]
Sources:
Lake Toba Call Emphasizes Coop Among Regional Governments In Overcoming Tsunami
http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=1733
Network of Regional Governments for Sustainable Development Summit http://www.dambaintra.org/toba.html
Human Footprint on Earth Ecosystem at Critical Stage and Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report
Two recent studies at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder
Colorado have indicated that global warming will continue to increase even if
its causative factors are brought under better control. The investigators, Gerald
Meehl and Tom Wigley, used three computer simulations, two extremely detailed,
to derive the predictions that, even assuming greenhouse gas content stayed
at the 2000 level, there would still be a minimum 0.9° F rise in the global
temperature, and a 4" ocean level elevation by 2100, causing severe dislocations.
In the worst case, the temperature change could be as much as 6.3°F, with
a one-foot rise in the ocean with no further input of greenhouse chemicals.
At the recent meeting in London, environment and energy ministers from 20 of
the world's biggest polluters discussed the best policies for sustainable growing
non-polluting economies. Britain emphasized that environment-centered economic
policy and international cooperation are the only effective way to prevent a
crisis caused by global warming.
The UN Secretary-General's report for the reform of the UN also lists climate
change as one of the three major challenges for the international community
that require particularly urgent action.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report, conducted by 1,300 experts
from 95 countries, reveals that approximately 60 % of Earth's vital ecosystem
services are being degraded or used unsustainably. Without improved ecology-centered
policies, revised consumption patterns, better education, and implementation
of new eco-friendly technologies, the situation will worsen in the next 50 years,
seriously endangering life on earth. This is the first report in a series of
seven synthesis reports and four technical volumes that assess the state of
global ecosystems and their impact on human well-being. It has been released
together with a statement by the Millennium Ecosystem board of directors entitled
"Living beyond Our Means: Natural Assets and Human Well-being."
[See also related item 9.2 New Developments on Climate Change in January 2005
and other items on global warming in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
No stopping rising sea levels, study says http://msnbc.msn.com/id/7225653/
Global Warming Threat Central To Policy - Britain
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/29948/story.htm
In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all
Report of the Secretary-General http://www.un.org/largerfreedom/contents.htm
Millennium Ecosystem Synthesis reports http://www.millenniumassessment.org//en/Products.Synthesis.aspx
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report http://www.millenniumassessment.org//proxy/document.aspx?source=database&TableName=Documents&IdField=DocumentID&Id=356&ContentField=Document&ContentTypeField=ContentType&TitleField=Title&FileName=MA+General+Synthesis+-+Final+Draft.pdf&Log=True
Better International Cooperation to Combat Bioterrorism and Epidemics
UN Report Recommends New Powers to Combat Bioterrorism and Epidemics
The UN report A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility recommends expansion
of the UN's capacity to investigate and intervene in a country when a suspicious
disease outbreak occurs, whether the epidemic has a natural or terrorist origin.
The Security Council should cooperate with the WHO to respond to and support
international action including "cordon operations" for quarantine
and international public health access. If existing International Health Regulations
(IHR) "do not provide adequate access for WHO investigations and response
coordination, the Security Council should be prepared to mandate greater compliance."
The report's recommendations will be considered at the fall summit of Heads
of State. The eventual changes required to IHR-the rules that govern the WHO-might
get to a vote in May.
Note: The recommendations might get serious support, in light of governments'
response times to cases of SARS in 2003 and recent avian flu outbreaks.
Sources:
Biowar: U.N. to expand bioterror powers?
By Dee Ann Divis, The Washington Times, January 27, 2005. http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20050127-014400-9949r.htm
A more secure world: Our shared responsibility (relevant to this item: V.B.4.
Better public health defences, 142- 144 pp. 44; and recommendation 37, pp. 82)
http://www.un.org/secureworld/
Interpol Warns World Unprepared for an Eventual Bio-terrorist Attack
Interpol chief Ronald Noble warns that there is substantial evidence of a possible
biological attack by Al Qaeda, "which could cause contagious disease to
be spread," and "no entity in the world is prepared for it."
Some 400 police officers and health officials from around the world will attend
a bio-terrorism conference organized by Interpol beginning March 1, in Lyons,
France, to improve cooperation and information sharing between intelligence
agencies and police departments to better combat bioterrorism threats.
Source:
Interpol sounds bio-terror alarm http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4289485.stm
(article available for a limited time on the website)
Russia No Longer Funding Bioterrorism Countermeasures Research
Lev Sandakhchiyev, Director General of the Vektor State Science Center of Virology
and Biotechnology in Novosibirsk, announced that from 2005, Moscow would not
fund any more research for biological terrorism countermeasures, Interfax reported
on February 1, 2005. "Russia has effectively wound up its program to develop
protection against pathogens" said the Russian scientist, and he added
that there are no "real, constructive programs" among Russia, the
U.S. and Europe for cooperating to counter the threat of biological terrorism.
Sources:
Russia No Longer Funding Bioterrorism Countermeasures Research, Scientist Says
http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2005/2/2/0D1BAAD6-9B29-4295-BFAD-420A27EE7925.html
Russian General Describes Plan for Military, Civilian Bioterrorism Countermeasures
http://nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2004/11/18/41726158-5672-46b4-a697-51750e27c2d0.html
UNEP Report Warns of Increasing Changes
in Infectious Disease Patterns due to Environmental Encroachments
The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)'s Global Environment Outlook
Year Book for 2004/2005 warns that the loss of forests, increasing construction
of roads and dams, urban growth, agricultural expansion, mining, and pollution
of coastal waters are causing major rises in the incidence of infectious diseases,
including the appearance in humans of diseases such as Nipah, which had previously
been found only in animals.
Source
The Independent, Michael McCarthy, 22 Feb 2005 http://grist.org/cgi-bin/forward.pl?forward_id=4391
GEO Year Book 2004/5 http://www.unep.org/geo/yearbook/
Governments Call for Global Assessment
and Control of Mercury Pollution
As part of the effort towards a legally binding treaty to control mercury pollution,
environment ministers attending UNEP's 23rd Governing Council and Global Ministerial
Environment Forum in Nairobi, Kenya, requested UNEP to conduct a study on the
amounts of mercury being traded and supplied around the world. The EU called
for a clear framework with bans and deadlines, but the Governing Council was
not ready to go that far at this time and decided instead on a partnership formula.
The first pilot partnership projects should begin by September. The program
will be reviewed in two years and assessed to determine whether further action
(including a legally binding treaty) is needed. Similar global assessments were
suggested for cadmium and lead to better understand the health and environment
effects of these heavy metals and establish whether global action is needed
to address them. [See also Senators Urge U.S. Support for Global Mercury Treaty
of October 2004, EU Parliamentary Committee Moves to Strengthen Air Pollution
Laws of January 2004, and UN Protocol to Restrict Heavy Metal Emissions in Europe
Came Into Force in December 2003 environmental security reports.]
Note: the EU Executive Commission recently proposed a ban on mercury exports
by 2011. Europe is the world's largest supplier of mercury.
Sources:
Summary of the 23rd session of the UNEP Governing Council/Global Ministerial
Environment Forum 21-25 February 2005
http://www.iisd.ca/vol16/enb1647e.html
Action on Heavy Metals Among Key GC Decisions
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=424&ArticleID=4735&l=en
EU Commission Proposes Ban on Mercury Exports
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/29298/story.htm
Countries reject global mercury treaty
By Roxanne Khamsi, News@Nature.com, 28 February 2005
http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050228/full/050228-2.html
New International Treaty to Protect
African Rain Forest
At the Second Summit of Heads of State and Government of Central Africa on
the Conservation and Sustainable Management of the Central African Forest Ecosystems,
on February 5th, Central African countries signed a landmark regional conservation
treaty, establishing cross-border partnerships to help save the world's second
largest rain forest. The treaty will make it easier for countries to jointly
track and combat poachers, manage funds for training and conservation, and harmonize
laws in different countries that regulate logging. In his message, Secretary-General
Kofi Annan stressed the linkage between forest ecosystems and security in the
region.
Sources:
African leaders sign landmark forest treaty
http://www.smh.com.au/news/Environment/African-leaders-sign-landmark-forest-treaty/2005/02/06/1107625045175.html?oneclick=true
(by subscription only)
Forests Central To Anti-Poverty, Sustainable Development Efforts, Says Secretary-General
In Message To Brazzaville Summit
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/sgsm9707.doc.htm
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental
Security Implications
Scientific Models Could Help Navy Avoid Whales During Sonar Tests
Duke University biologists are developing scientific models based on sets of
environmental parameters which could predict different marine species' presence
in proximity to sonar testing areas, helping to prevent eventual harm to the
animals. The research was triggered when several whales of three species beached
in January near Oregon Inlet just after a Navy training exercise used sonar
at 240 nautical miles from Oregon Inlet. Although the incident might be a coincidence,
the new model might help rule out the possibility of such accidents.
Source:
Scientist Could Help Navy Avoid Whales During Sonar Tests
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/feb2005/2005-02-01-09.asp#anchor5
(by subscription only)
Scorpion Robot for Complex Roving Missions
The Scorpion robot developed by Frank Kirchner from the University of Bremen,
Germany, is able to access difficult terrains that are inaccessible to larger,
wheeled vehicles. A prototype is currently being evaluated at NASA's Ames Research
Center at Moffett Field, CA. Although developed mostly for other planets' exploration,
the Scorpion robot could also be used on Earth, to investigate difficult or
dangerous territories inaccessible to humans or larger vehicles.
Sources:
Scorpion Robot Could Conquer Worlds
Walking machine may go where wheeled explorers cannot.
Jessica Ebert, 10 February 2005; news050207-14
http://info.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eSAY0Gyeak0C30aCI0Ee
Robot Wars. Technology guru Ray Kurzweil offers a vision of future fighting
machines.
Philip Ball, 08 February 2005 http://info.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eSAY0Gyeak0C30aCS0Eo
Better Water Management to Safeguard
Ecosystems
UN conference 'Water for Food and Ecosystems'
The recent UN conference 'Water for Food and Ecosystems,' attended by 26 ministers
and more than 600 delegates from 140 countries, emphasized the need for "a
true valuation of water" and called for better strategies for balancing
water use between agriculture and environment. It called for better management
of water, taking into account socio-economic and environmental concerns, basic
human rights, and cultural factors, and adopted a list of actions to improve
the efficient use of water, highlighting the importance of public/private partnerships
in achieving the goals. Water policy and strategy issues were also discussed
at the 23rd session of the UNEP Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment
Forum held 21-25 February 2005, at Nairobi, Kenya.
Source:
Water for food and ecosystems conference http://www.fao.org/ag/wfe2005/index_en.htm
New strategies needed to secure food and safeguard ecosystems http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2005/89615/index.html
Summary of the 23rd session of the UNEP Governing Council/Global Ministerial
Environment Forum 21-25 February 2005
http://www.iisd.ca/vol16/enb1647e.html
Finally--A Project to Address the Aral Sea Disaster
The Government of Uzbekistan and the World Bank have instituted a Drainage,
Irrigation and Wetlands Improvement Project, described as "the first meaningful
intervention in the Aral Sea Basin to break a vicious cycle of high water applications,
water logging and secondary soil salinisation", said Masood Ahmad, head
of the World Bank team designing the project. According to a World Bank statement,
the agreement hopes to improve the local economy, and the water quality of the
Amu Darya River by safe disposal of drainage effluent and enhancing the quality
of wetlands in the Amu Darya delta. The team leader added that the project would
begin to address the problem by substantially improving drainage conditions
and significantly improving water use efficiency in the irrigation sector.
Source:
Uzbekistan: World Bank funds water project in Aral Sea region
http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=39459&SelectRegion=Central_Asia&SelectCountry=UZBEKISTAN
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Kyoto Protocol Came into Force on February 16, 2005
The UN Kyoto Protocol to the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) came into force on February 16, 2005. Under the Protocol, the industrialized
Member States are bound to reduce their combined greenhouse gas emissions that
contribute to global warming to at least 5% of 1990 by 2012. The six major greenhouse
gases covered by the Protocol are: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous
oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6). So far the Protocol was ratified by 128 states. Plans for
post-Kyoto climate change policies and strategies have already begun. A "G8
Plus" group (including key developing industrial countries China, India
and Brazil) could emerge to advance Kyoto by helping emerging industrial nations
to develop "clean" technologies based on G8 scientific advances. [See
also EU Environment Ministers Propose post-Kyoto Protocol Climate Policies and
Russian Vote Will Bring Kyoto Protocol Into Force in the October 2004 environmental
security monthly reports.]
Sources:
UN's Kyoto treaty against global warming comes into force http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=13359&Cr=global&Cr1=warm
The Kyoto Protocol Enters Into Force. UNEP article
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=425&ArticleID=4714&l=en
Climate change talks heat up as clean technology emerges
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-1486338,00.html
(article might be available for a limited time on the website without subscription)
Avian Flu Danger at Rise
According to CDC Director Dr. Julie Gerberding, the avian flu is the "most
important threat that we are facing right now." Recent evidence that the
avian flu can move between species increases the concern that a large-scale
human-to-human transmission is possible, and could lead to a pandemic if the
virus mutates. A new National Academy of Science study of the 2003 bird flu
outbreak in the confirmed that the avian influenza virus can spread from human
to human. The study published in the January/February 2005 issue of the Journal
of the American Medical Association shows that both direct and indirect transmission
of the virus are possible (over half of those who worked directly with infected
birds, and nearly two-thirds of people who had direct contact with farmers tested
positive for bird flu antibodies.) Japanese researchers found flies infected
with H5N1 virus after the 2004 outbreak among chickens in Japan.
Veterinary officials from 28 countries participating to the recent international
conference on avian influenza in Asia, also stressed the gravity of the situation
and concluded by calling upon the governments in the region and the international
community to make combating bird flu a top priority and examine the likelihood
of an influenza pandemic and strategies for prevention and response. Shigeru
Omi, chief of WHO Asia, warned "the world is now in the gravest possible
danger of a pandemic." The conference was held on February 23-25 in Ho
Chi Minh City, Viet Nam, jointly organized by the UN FAO, the World Organization
for Animal Health (OIE), and the WHO. [See also Bird Flu Outbreak Urge World
Readiness in January 2005, and Birdflu Will be a Much Bigger Killer than SARS,
According to WHO item of November 2004 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Human Transmission of Avian Virus Documented http://www.nationalacademies.org/headlines/
Flu pandemic warning http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20050223/01
(by subscription only)
Leading veterinary experts of 28 countries call for more vigorous bird flu control
http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/subjects/en/health/diseases-cards/special_avian.html
Japan Says Found Bird Flu in Flies From 2004 Outbreak http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/29667/story.htm
Avian Flu World's No. 1 Threat, CDC Head Says
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/29651/story.htm
Multilateral Approach Needed To Keep Nuclear Arms from Terrorists
Multilateral Approaches to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, a study carried out by a
group of experts from 26 countries at the request of the International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA), concluded that multilateral cooperation is essential for
curbing "burgeoning and alarmingly well organized nuclear supply networks,
and from the increasing risk of acquisition of nuclear or other radioactive
materials by terrorist and other non-State entities." The report suggests
multilateral arrangements-by region or by continent-to strengthen controls over
fuel manipulation, transparent fuel movement, enrichment, reprocessing and disposal
and storage of spent fuel. The study is now widely circulated and will be discussed
at the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference in May. International
cooperation was also the call of UN Secretary General Kofi Annan at the 41st
Conference on Security Policy held in Munich this month.
IAEA Director, Mohamed ElBaradei, warned that terrorist groups might have already
obtained a nuclear weapon, or the material necessary to create one. He is proposing
seven measures to strengthen the NPT, which will be presented at the May NPT
Review Conference, including a five-year moratorium on construction of uranium
enrichment facilities.
In the meantime, nuclear materials are moving around without control. Indian
Police found weapons-grade uranium on two men who were arrested on suspicion
of being drug peddlers. 253.6 grams (8.8 ounces) of substance was identified
as 99% uranium by the Bhabha Atomic Research Center. The origin and destination
of the uranium are currently being investigated. Russian police seized 40 kg
of uranium-238 from a person who claimed to be using it as 'weight lifting equipment'.
[See also Increasing Calls for Improved Management of Nuclear Materials and
Nonproliferation in the January 2005 environmental security report.]
Sources:
UN panel says multilateral approach needed to keep nuclear arms from terrorists
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=13424&Cr=nuclear&Cr1=proliferation
ElBaradei Warns Terrorists May Have Obtained Nuclear Weapon or Related Materials
http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2005_2_1.html#FD747EBA
Annan Seeks Overhaul of Security Measures
http://abcnews.go.com/International/print?id=496508
(article stored for a limited time on the website)
ElBaradei Proposes Measures to Strengthen NPT http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2005_2_2.html#C612551A
Two suspected Indian drug peddlers carried weapons-grade uranium: report http://www.spacewar.com/2005/050205055854.kge9z4b6.html
Russian Man Says Toxic Uranium for Weight Lifting http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/29273/story.htm
Global Earth Observing System of Systems Gets 10-Year Mandate
At the Third Earth Observation Summit held in Brussels, February 16, representatives
of 54 nations and over 40 international organizations formally adopted the 10-year
plan for implementing the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS).
The plan provides a framework and institutional mechanism to connect Earth observation
tools used by different nations and agencies independently. GEOSS will facilitate
environmental monitoring, a better understanding of the environment and trends
of change, and building of an early warning system. Part of GEOSS, the Global
Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) initiative jointly led by the
European Commission and ESA is designed to collect and manage data and information
for both environment and civil security purposes. [See also International Agreement
on Earth Environmental Observing System of April 2004, and Improved coordination
of global Earth observation in August 2003 environmental security reports.]
Source:
Earth and Space Week: Third Earth Observation Summit agrees ten-year GEOSS action
plan http://www.esa.int/export/esaEO/SEMSABYEM4E_index_0.html
GMES, European Contribution To GOESS Initiative http://www.spacedaily.com/news/eo-05n.html
GMES Website http://www.gmes.info/
Nine New Hotspots Added to World's Protected Areas
The new report by Conservation International, Hotspots Revisited, the result
of a four-year project by nearly 400 ecologists, reveals nine more crisis areas
for biodiversity. The 34 identified 'hotspots' harbor half of the world's plant
species, three-quarters of the most threatened mammals, birds, and amphibians,
and 42% of land vertebrates. The new website launched by Conservation International
(www.biodiversityhotspots.org) features complete and updated information on
the 'hotspots' around the world. [See also Intensified Efforts Needed to Save
Biodiversity in January 2005, and related items on UNESCO World Heritage Sites
in November and June 2004, and October 2003 environmental security monthly reports.]
Sources:
Website with all the hotspots http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots
Nine more crisis areas for biodiversity. By Jessica Ebert, News@nature.Com,
2 February 2005
http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050131/full/050131-10.html#B1
(article available free for a limited time)
UK Cooperation with India and Others on the Environment and Sustainable
Development
As the result of a meeting between their ministers of environment, the UK and
India have decided to enhance cooperation in dealing with issues related to
sustainable development. These issues include emission of greenhouse gases,
joint research on climate change, wildlife conservation, and reforestation.
The UK Minister, Elliot Morley, also stated that this year, within the G8, the
UK would focus on multifaceted and complex areas of climate change and Africa,
and that these talks with India are the first in a series of dialogues that
the UK will initiate with developing countries with rapidly growing economies,
the next being China. [See also India Drafting New National Environment Policy
in January 2005 environmental security report]
Sources:
India, UK to enhance cooperation on sustainable development. The Hindustan Times,
February 4, 2005
http://www.hcilondon.net/cgi-bin/printnews.pl?NewsCode=1121
Britain and India to collaborate on climate research. By V. Padma, February
9, 2005, SciDev.Net
http://www.scidev.net/dossiers/index.cfm?fuseaction=dossierReadItem&type=1&itemid=1916&language=1&dossier=4
Bioterrorism via smuggled Ebola-contaminated bushmeat from Africa
Underground networks of African poachers have been selling illegal bushmeat
for decades. Might these networks be contacted one day by bioterrorists? Experts
speculate that Ebola-contaminated bushmeat could be smuggled into a country
by bioterrorists to trigger an Ebola outbreak. The World Health Organization
(WHO) and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) are currently working
in Gabon and the Congo with active cases of Ebola.
Sources:
Stop the Carnage http://www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/smithsonian/issues05/jan05/carnage.html
CONGO: MSF intervention for Ebola outbreak extended http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=24121
The European Union Environmental Initiatives
The European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
European Union (EU) Directive 2003/87/EC entered into force on 25 October 2003
to implement carbon dioxide allowance trading, which became formally active
on January 1, 2005. Over-the-counter allowance trading had begun even before
January 1, though formal markets will not be established until later in Spring
2005. Approximately 12,000 industrial plants and energy producers in the EU
had to begin monitoring and reducing CO2 emissions to meet limits set for 2005
and 2007. The EU has agreed under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce emissions by
8% compared to 1990 levels. Entities exceeding their assigned limits must either
find methods to reduce them or to buy unused allowances from entities that are
operating under their own limits. Plans for four nations have not been approved
so far: Czech Republic, Greece, Italy and Poland. The EU Commission is empowered
to accept or reject all or parts of any nation's plan. Transportation emissions
are not included in the requirements, but could be added at some later time.
Sources:
The European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/emission.htm
EU Launches Pioneering Emissions Trading Scheme. By Stuart Pearson, Reuters
News Service, January 4, 2005. http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/28777/story.htm
FACTBOX - EU Launches CO2 Emissions Trading on Jan 1. Reuters News Service,
January 4, 2005. http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/28776/story.htm
EU Clean Air for Europe Initiative to Limit Air Pollution
Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) is an integrated action plan prepared by the EC
to further improve the quality of the air for Europeans. An EU Directive of
1999 set limits for some air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM10
- airborne particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less), nitrogen dioxide,
sulphur dioxide and lead. The limits are to be met by 1 January 2005, with the
exception of nitrogen dioxide, which is 2010. The CAFE is the next step, and
the Commission is expected to adopt it by mid-2005. European citizens were invited
to comment by the end of January about the quality of the air they breathe and
suggest measures to improve it.
Source:
Questions and Answers on new EU limits for air pollution http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/05/15&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
Increasing Calls for Improved Management
of Nuclear Materials and Nonproliferation
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Director-General Mohamed ElBaradei, concerned about terrorism and the proliferation of nuclear materials, urged the international community to reinforce the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and draw a concrete roadmap and timetable for irreversible nuclear disarmament. Senator Joseph Biden (D-Del.) introduced a bill this month that proposed to re-establish U.S. efforts to convert Russian nuclear weapons production sites to civilian use, as part of the counterterrorism bill, Targeting Terrorists More Effectively Act of 2005. Nuclear proliferation and threats top the discussions of the Geneva Conference on Disarmament that began on January 27. The May 2005 NPT Review Conference will further discuss nonproliferation initiatives and a new disarmament action plan.
Meanwhile, the Institute for War and Peace recently reported on a former Grozny chemical factory wrecked by war, poverty and lawlessness, where dangerous radioactive cobalt lies practically unguarded and already caused the death of several people. In Armenia, the Metsamor aging nuclear power station is a problem given its location and the need to fly in fuel on Russian planes through Georgian airspace-equivalent to "flying around a potential nuclear bomb" states Alexis Louber, head of the EU delegation in Armenia.
Sources:
Intensified Efforts Needed to Save Biodiversity
The International Conference on Biodiversity, Science and Governance hosted
by UNESCO in Paris, 24-28 January 2005, concluded that strong science and effective
governance mechanisms, strategies, and concrete actions to curb the current
trend of biodiversity loss are needed by the 2010 target date set at the 2001
World Summit on Sustainable Development. With more than 7,000 animal species
and 60,000 plant species threatened, some scientists estimate that the current
rate of extinction is a thousand times greater than at any other time in the
course of human history. Biological diversity is the basis of environmental
viability for all life support.
Sources:
International Conference "Biodiversity: Science And Governance" http://www.recherche.gouv.fr/biodiv2005paris/en/
Toepfer Calls for Strong Science and Effective Governance at Paris Conference
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=421&ArticleID=4709&l=en
Small Island States Adopt Position on Addressing
Climate Change
The UN meeting of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) held in Mauritius,
January 10?14, concluded with the adoption of the Mauritius Declaration and
Strategy that emphasizes the need for developing robust global early warning
systems to protect against natural disasters, and measures and strategies to
cope with rising ocean levels and other consequences of climate change. As part
of fighting pollution, the SIDS asked for regulation of radioactive wastes transported
through their national waters.
Sources:
Small Island Nations Appeal for Help to Deal with Environmental and Economic
Woes http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=6900
UN Small Island Conference Adopts Mauritius Declaration, Strategy; Recommits
To Sustainable Development Of Most Vulnerable Nations (ENV/DEV/SIDS/6 14 January
2005)
http://www.un.org/smallislands2005/coverage/pressreleases/envdevsids6-eng.pdf
Rising Seas Threaten Islands, Cities, Coasts. Reuters News Service, Story by
Alister Doyle, January 10, 2005 http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/28874/story.htm
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental
Security Implications
Flexible Plastic Solar Cells Converting 30% of Sun's Power into Usable
Energy
Researchers at the University of Toronto, Canada have invented an infrared-sensitive
material that could turn the sun's power into electrical energy at 5 times higher
efficiency than present methods. This flexible plastic solar cell harnesses
infrared light from the sun (half of the sun's spectrum not previously accessed)
and forms a flexible film on the surface of cloth, paper or other materials,
becoming a 'portable' energy source.
Sources:
Nanotechnologists' new plastic can see in the dark. University of Toronto, Press
release, January 10, 2005. http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin6/050110-832.asp
Spray-On Solar-Power Cells Are True Breakthrough. Stefan Lovgren, for National
Geographic News, January 14, 2005 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/01/0114_050114_solarplastic.html
Nanoshells Dramatically Improve Sensing Capability
Research at Rice University's Nanophotonics Laboratory has shown that a class
of nanoparticles known as nanoshells can enhance the sensitivity of chemical
sensing by a factor as high as10 billion. This is accomplished by using them
to produce "surface enhancement" in Raman scattering, an optical technique
for chemical analysis. The nanoshells are a few hundreds of nanometers in diameter
and consist of a glass sphere coated with a layer, typically gold or silver,
whose thickness can be varied to "tune" the shell to a specific optical
wavelength. According to Prof. Naomi Halas, the Laboratory Director, this "creates
an opportunity to design all-optical nanoscale sensors-essentially new molecular-level
diagnostic instruments-that could detect as little as a few molecules of a target
substance, which could be anything from a drug molecule or a key disease protein
to a deadly chemical agent."
Sources:
'Nanoshells' enhance sensitivity to chemical detection by factor of 10 billion
http://www.physorg.com/news2644.html
Study shows nanoshells ideal as chemical nanosensors http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2005-01/ru-ssn011105.php
Iron Nanoparticles for Environmental Cleanup
A new study from Oregon Health & Science University's OGI School of Science
& Engineering, in collaboration with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
(PNL) and the University of Minnesota, shows that some iron nanoparticles may
be effective in cleaning up carbon tetrachloride in contaminated groundwater.
The researchers studied two types of iron nanoparticles, one with a shell of
sulfur-rich magnetite and the other with a coating of oxidized boron. When applied
to carbon tetrachloride contamination, the former produced a mix of harmless
chemicals while the latter yielded chloroform, a highly toxic material. These
fundamental results should aid greatly in the development of nano-iron-based
cleanup methods for contaminated sediments and soil as well as for groundwater,
and for their application to a range of more complex organic pollutants.
Sources:
OHSU-Led Study Finds Advantages To Iron Nanoparticles For Environmental Cleanup.
http://www.ogi.edu/about/news/dsp_news.cfm?news_id=87261996-0ECC-7C05-146A7FA533655B40
Study finds advantages to iron nanoparticles for environmental clean up http://www.physorg.com/news2686.html
Robots that Can "Recharge" by Eating
Researchers at the University of the West of England, Bristol, are working on
creating robots with artificial digestive systems and corresponding metabolisms
that would allow robots to 'eat' to recharge their electrical needs. The robots
would collect bacteria from sewage sludge, break it down into sugars, and convert
the biochemical energy into electricity that powers the robot.
Source:
Ecobot Eats Dead Flies for Fuel. Wired. Com, by Lakshmi Sandhana. http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,66036,00.html
New Assertions on the Role of Environment
in Global Security
Disputes over Water Continue to Threaten Security
In central Kenya, Kikuyu and Maasai tribal fighters clashed over scarce water
supplies, killing at least 14 people in two days. Thousands fled the fighting
site, some were injured, and dozens of houses were burned. Although officials
stopped the fight, tensions remained high.
India and Pakistan talks over the Baglihar hydropower dam on the Chenab River
failed. Pakistan is objecting to the construction of the dam that would affect
the flow of the Chenab into its territory, and contravenes a 1960 water-sharing
treaty negotiated by the World Bank. The long-running dispute threatens to cause
another setback to an already fragile peace process.
Sources:
At Least 14 Killed as Kenyan Tribes Clash over Scarce Water Supplies. Associated
Press, January 25, 2005. http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=6991
India, Pakistan Hold Crucial Talks over River Row. Reuters, January 06, 2005.
http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=6875
Pakistan says water talks failure will affect peace with India. Islamabad (AFP)
January 10, 2005. http://www.spacewar.com/2005/050110135746.m7x8ys5f.html
New Reports Stress the Link between Environment and Security
The 10th anniversary report of the Woodrow Wilson Center Environmental Change
& Security Project highlights the fundamental role of the environment for
global peace building. Top thinkers identified and analyzed key themes with
crucial impact on conflict prevention over the next ten years: population, environment,
and health. UNEP executive director, Klaus Toepfer, said that "Environmental
security is the disarmament policy of the future."
World Watch Institute State of the World 2005: Redefining Global Security calls for new approaches to global security by addressing poverty, disease, and environmental decline, 'the true axis of evil' as stated by the Institute's president, Christopher Flavin.
The Optimist, Green Cross International's magazine (now available online), is highlighting current problems and opportunities for achieving sustainable and equitable development as the true path towards global peace and security. With articles ranging from the environmental legacy of the Cold War to cultural and poverty issues, it covers the wide landscape of security components.
Outgrowing the Earth: The Food Security Challenge in an Age of Falling
Water Tables and Rising Temperatures, the new book by Lester R. Brown,
Founder and President of the Earth Policy Institute, investigates the impact
of water shortage and climate change on food security and implicitly security
in general. The book also suggests some practical steps to overcome food shortage
and its implications.
Sources:
Can Securing the Environment Win the Peace? 10th Anniversary Report Examines
the Next Steps for Environment, Population, and Security http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1413&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=104334
State of the World 2005: Redefining Global Security http://www.worldwatch.org/press/news/2005/01/12/
Optimist, Green Cross International http://www.optimistmag.org/gb/0003/one.php?id=256
(might require subscription)
Outgrowing the Earth: The Food Security Challenge in an Age of Falling Water
Tables and Rising Temperatures http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/Out/index.htm
India Drafting New National Environment
Policy
Having received inputs from the constituent states and others, the Ministry
of Environment and Forests in India is about to begin preparing the final draft
of the new National Environment Policy. This comprehensive new document will
replace a variety of single-issue statements and will incorporate the concepts
of sustainable development. The policy addresses all levels of concern, from
local to global, and is based on seven objectives and 15 guiding principles.
Sources:
Current draft policy: http://envfor.nic.in/nep.htm
A policy of promise. By B.S. Padmanabhan, India's National Magazine, Vol. 21
- Issue 26 http://flonnet.com/fl2126/stories/20041231002310100.htm
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Tsunami Triggers an Early Warning System for Indian Ocean and Beyond
The Tsunami Warning System in the Indian Ocean, followed by a global one, toped
the discussions of the World Conference on Disaster Reduction held in Kobe,
Japan, January 18-22, 2005. [See also items Tsunami Triggers an Early Warning
System for Indian Ocean of December 2004, and Natural Disasters Raise the Environment
on the Global Security Agenda of October 2004 environmental security report.]
The tsunami warning system for the Indian Ocean should be launched by June 2006
with the rest of the world to follow a year later, said Koichiro Matsuura, head
of UNESCO. UNEP's Executive Director Klaus Toepfer stressed that such a system
should be extended to all forms of natural and man-made disasters, including
climate change. Grassroots groups were unhappy with the conference's outcomes,
as it failed to set concrete plans of action and targets with political commitment
and measures to hold nations accountable for their pledges. Germany plans to
hold an international conference later this year on how to enhance early warning
systems and limit the damage from natural disasters. It has already hosted two
disaster early warning conferences in 1998 and 2003. The EU is considering setting
up an international reaction force made up of about 5,000 experts identified
by national governments, trained together and placed under central co-ordination
in an emergency, with rapid reaction teams in different disaster situations.
Sources:
World Conference on Disaster Reduction http://www.unisdr.org/wcdr
UN Ready for Indian Ocean Tsunami Alert System by 2006 http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/28972/story.htm
Scientists Get To Work On Early Warning System After Tsunami Disaster http://www.spacedaily.com/news/tectonics-05k.html
NGOs say disasters summit dropped the ball. AlertNet, By Tim Large, 22 Jan 2005.
http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/reliefresources/11063809863.htm
Germany Plans Disaster Early Warning Conference http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/28799/story.htm
EU Considers Creating Disaster Reaction Force http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/28811/story.htm
New Developments on Climate Change
New scientific evidence shows that the amount of solar radiation reaching the
earth's surface is decreasing. The decrease in the radiation is caused by the
increase of particulate pollution in the atmosphere, which renders it more reflective,
causing sunlight to produce less heat, apparently offsetting to some extent
the greenhouse-gas-caused global warming tendency. However, considering that
CO2 (the warming factor) levels are projected to rise over coming decades while
the particles (the cooling factor) are fairly under control, scientists estimate
that by 2100, there could be a temperature rise of 10ºC, rendering many
parts of the world uninhabitable.
Similar results were generated by the biggest-ever climate-modeling experiment, which revealed that greenhouse gases could cause global temperatures rise some 11ºC (20º Fahrenheit) by 2100, which is more than double the amount predicted by the UN Panel on Climate Change. This ongoing exercise involves more than 95,000 people from 150 countries who download the 'climateprediction.net' climate model screen saver. Over four million model years were simulated. The project is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council and coordinated by Oxford University.
Meeting The Climate Challenge, a report by the Institute for Public Policy Research in the UK, the Center for American Progress in the U.S., and the Australia Institute, has found that global warming is 10 years away from the point of no return. It states that the critical point will be when temperatures rise by two degrees centigrade above the average world temperature prior to the industrial era. Considering that global average temperature has already risen by 0.8 degrees since then, and the critical point will be when CO2 reaches 400 ppm, at the current level of 379 ppm and rising by more than 2 ppm annually, it means that the no-return point will be reached in about 10 years. The report suggests G8 countries should generate at least 25% of their energy from renewable sources by 2025, and double their research spending on low-carbon energy technologies by 2010.
Indian scientists say that global warming caused by pollution has affected the movement of the monsoon that is now difficult to predict and influences the life of millions of people.
In view of the latest evidences, Prime Minister Tony Blair promised to enhance
climate change policy efforts during this year as he heads the G8 group and
the European Union.
[See also UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference in December
2004 and Global Warming Issues Get Momentum in November
2004 environmental security reports]
Sources:
Why the Sun seems to be 'dimming'. BBC News, by David Sington, 13 January, 2005.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4171591.stm
Global warning "10 years from no return". BizWorld, Monday, January
24 http://www.businessworld.ie/livenews.htm?a=1091735;s=rollingnews.htm
Bleak first results from the world's largest climate change experiment http://climateprediction.net/science/pubs/climateprediction_press_release.pdf
Internet project forecasts global warming. News@nature.com, by Michael Hopkin,
26 January 2005 http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050124/full/050124-10.html
City pollution affecting weather and its forecast. Times News Network, January
17, 2005 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/993395.cms
Bird Flu Outbreak Urge World Readiness
The H5N1 virus has killed at least 42 people in Asia in the last year, including
30 in Vietnam. WHO warned at mid-January that the bird flu virus was endemic
in Asia and it appeared to be evolving towards a possible human outbreak. The
"New England Journal of Medicine" reported this month on the first
documented human-to-human transmitted case of bird flu that occurred in Thailand
last September. Infectious disease experts warn that the H5N1 virus could be
more dangerous than SARS, as H5N1 infected victim could appear healthy even
while carrying the virus. The outbreak of the deadly virus in Asia prompted
the EU to check Europe's preparedness to cope with an eventual pandemic. [See
also Birdflu Will be a Much Bigger Killer than SARS, According to WHO
item of November 2004 environmental security report]
Sources:
Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao called on Friday for "all possible measures"
to fight the emergence and spread of deadly bird flu that has appeared in Southeast
Asia, Xinhua news agency reported.
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/29266/story.htm
Asia Acts But Helpless if Deadly Bird Flu Occurs http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/29239/story.htm
Asia Bird Flu Outbreak Spurs EU To Check Readiness http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/29186/story.htm
First Person-to-Person Avian Flu Transmission Confirmed http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2005/2005-01-31-08.asp
(by subscription only)
Tsunami Triggers an Early Warning System for Indian Ocean
If a system like the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific, headquartered in
Hawaii, existed for the Indian Ocean, many lives would have been saved this
December. This realization will lead to international agreements to create a
Tsunami early warning system in the Indian Ocean (and possibly the Atlantic,
leading to a global system). The Governments of Japan, India, and Australia
announced that they will create such a system headquartered in India. This will
be a top priority for the World Conference on Disaster Reduction to be held
in Kobe, Japan January 18-22, 2005. [See also item Natural Disasters Raise the
Environment on the Global Security Agenda of October 2004 environmental security
report.] The establishment of globally connected early warning for natural disasters
seems inevitable.
Sources:
Experts Say Tsunami Warning System Would Have Saved Lives http://www.voanews.com/english/2004-12-28-voa5.cfm
Japan pledges $500 million in tsunami aid (includes technical support for Tsunami
Early Warning System to be headquartered in India) http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/apasia_story.asp?category=1104&slug=Tsunami%20Japan
Australia Offers to Set Up Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000081&sid=auLhWSUbIhnU&refer=australia
India says will set up tsunami warning system http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/DEL301680.htm
World Conference on Disaster Reduction http://www.unisdr.org/wcdr/
The Army Strategy for the Environment http://www.un.org/secureworld/
Time to Strengthen the 1972 Biological
Weapons Convention
Because the knowledge of how to weaponize diseases and alter their genetic
properties is increasing, the sooner these capabilities are controlled, the
safer the world will be. To this end, international experts met in Switzerland
December 5-9 to strengthen the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention. Discussions
focused on enhancing international surveillance capabilities for infectious
diseases and improving national and international response to suspected use
of biological or toxic weapons. In addition to a verification regime, Switzerland
proposed more attention to biological weapon disarmament to prevent proliferation
and terrorist access. Agreements necessary to manage these threats have not
been achieved. An international code of conduct for scientists will be considered
in 2005 at the Meeting of Experts (13?24 June) and the Meeting of States Parties
(5?9 December). The Sixth Review Conference in 2006 will assess the Convention's
operation and implementation.
Bioweapons Report 2004, produced by the Bioweapons Prevention Project, assesses
the global state of technology that could be used to create biological weapons
and the state of regulations addressing such efforts. It concludes that the
BWC "lacks effective mechanisms for monitoring and verifying whether or
not states parties are complying with their treaty obligations," and unless
updated at its 2006 review conference, the BWC will become irrelevant. The report
also forecasts scientific advances by 2011, indicating that a more responsive
mechanism is needed for reviewing scientific developments other than the five-year
review conferences. Australia and Indonesia have scheduled a February regional
workshop in Melbourne on the BWC and strategies to reduce the possibility of
bioterrorism in South Asia. Other countries of the region will also be invited.
Sources:
Swiss seek progress on biological weapons
swissinfo, Scott Capper, December 6, 2004 http://www.swissinfo.org/sen/swissinfo.html?siteSect=105&sid=5384973
Official Documents of the BWC experts meeting http://disarmament2.un.org/wmd/bwc/annualmeetings/listofdocs-2004%20States%20Parties%20mtgs.html
Bioweapons Report 2004 report http://www.bwpp.org/documents/2004BWRFinal_000.pdf
Biological Weapons Convention Requires Updates to Match Technological Change,
Group Says
By David Ruppe, Global Security Newswire http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2004_12_13.html#09F1B1D0
Australia to host bioterror workshop, News.com.au, December 22, 2004 http://www.news.com.au/common/printpage/0,6093,11760887,00.html
Chemical Weapons Convention Annual Conference
The ninth annual Conference of the States Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention
(CWC) was held in The Hague, from 29 November to 3 December 2004, to re-enforce
efforts to eliminate chemical weapons and their production facilities. Although
this was the largest meeting thus far and countries representing 90% of the
world's chemical industry are States Party to the Convention, some States of
concern remain outside its control. An interesting precedent was created when
Libya's request was approved to convert chemical weapons production facilities
into a pharmaceuticals plant to produce low-cost treatments for AIDS/HIV, malaria
and tuberculosis for the African market. The Chinese representative called on
Japan to get rid of the chemical weapons it left in China during World War II.
She noted that 2000 Chinese casualties were caused by these weapons since the
end of the War, underlining the need to make the Convention more effective and
timely for the destruction of such weapons, as well as creating the relevant
facilities for preventing chemical weapons proliferation and acts of chemical
terrorism.
Sources:
Chemical Weapons Ban Conference papers (see events from Nov. 26, to Dec. 2,
2004) http://www.opcw.org/html/global/ra_frameset.html
U.S. Chemical Weapons Convention website http://www.cwc.gov/
China urges Japan to destroy chemical weapons abandoned in China http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-11/29/content_2274747.htm
EU to Ban the use of Cadmium in Batteries
As part of its effort for reducing environmental pollution from heavy metals,
the EU has decided to ban the use of cadmium in consumer batteries. Cordless
power tools, medical equipment, emergency lighting, and alarm systems are exempted
so far, but in 2008 when the law will be reviewed, the European Commission might
propose a complete ban-as previously suggested by such countries as Sweden and
Denmark. The environmental ministers also set collection targets for portable
batteries. After adapting their national legislation to the new EU regulations,
in the first four years, 25% of all used batteries should be collected on their
territories; while after eight years, the rate rises to 45%. The new legislation
is awaiting European Parliament approval.
Source:
Council agrees minimal ban on cadmium in batteries
EurActive, December 21, 2004 http://www.euractiv.com/Article?tcmuri=tcm:29-133674-16&type=News
Microwave Frequencies used for Environment-sensing
are in Jeopardy
Interference caused by increasing microwave activities from such applications
as mobile phones, wireless computer communications, collision avoidance systems,
and possible new military communications technologies are ruining the reliability
of satellite data for weather forecasting and climate change. In a recent interview
with the BBC, Dr Stephen English, manager of the Satellite Radiance Assimilation
Group at the UK Met Office, called attention to the serious impact on climate
change research of allowing various terrestrial radio services to use narrow
bands in the microwave spectrum which are uniquely suited for making satellite-based
meteorological observations that yield vital data for such research. He told
the BBC, "Microwave observations are vital because they see through clouds--this
is not possible in any other frequency band. We only need a few narrow-frequency
bands for Earth remote-sensing, but most of these are unique, so there is no
alternative. These bands are primarily used for temperature, water vapor, sea
ice, clouds (ice and liquid), and rainfall and snowfall estimation." According
to the BBC, a meteorologists' working group on frequency management says protecting
key regions of the microwave spectrum for passive remote-sensing is "a
dramatic challenge", because of "the huge pressure of the commercial
and military telecoms".
Source:
Forecasters face losing key tools
By Alex Kirby, BBC News, December 17, 2004 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4104355.stm
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental
Security Implications
"Designer" Bacteria could help Cleanup Pollution and Produce
Hydrogen
Craig Venter (who led the Human Genome Project) and his colleague Hamilton Smith
are trying to construct the entire genomes of living creatures to create organisms
by design. The team first created a virus from its chemical elements in November
2003 and now is trying to create bacteria. The Department of Energy's "Genomes
to Life" program coordinates the research and hopes to use future "designer"
bacteria to create hydrogen and methane, and clean up nuclear waste. Although
it is already known how to use bacteria for some forms of environmental cleanup,
building bacteria from scratch would allow the design of very specific bacteria
for very specific tasks, including prevention of the designer bacteria's ability
to reproduce in the environment beyond the original intended purpose.
Source:
Let there be bacteria
By Geoffrey Carr. The Economist, 'The World in 2005' http://www.economist.com/theworldin/science/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3370790&d=2005
(by subscription only)
Korean Nanotechnology production techniques Cut Costs and Environment
Impact
Prof. Taeghwan Hyeon and associates at Seoul National University's School of
Chemical Engineering have announced the development of a safe and inexpensive
way to directly produce a large amount of monodisperse (uniformly sized) nano-crystals
using non-toxic salts. Hyeon said that these are truly revolutionary findings
enabling large-scale production of nano-particles at low cost--just 250 won
(about 25 cents) per gram. His team used metal salts as a reactant to regularly
produce as much as 40 grams in a single reaction. Although the technique reduces
the environmental impact in production, it does not mean it reduces the environmental
impact of the nanomaterials after production and application.
Sources:
Green breakthrough for nanoscience: http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/12/06/explorers.nano/
South Korean scientists report nano-technology breakthrough http://www.spacedaily.com/2004/041129085754.i9qj56tc.html
Flexible Solar Cells could be sewn in Clothing
A European Union research project called H-Alpha Solar has developed light,
flexible solar panels that could be sewn on fabrics and placed on surfaces to
charge objects such as cell phones. When in full production, it is estimated
to cost about 1 euro ($1.34) per watt.
Sources:
Pliable solar cells are on a roll http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6802
Bendy Solar Panels Provide Portable Energy Supply http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=28621&newsdate=17-Dec-2004
Proposed T-Rays (TeraHertz) Devices Could Detect About Anything
New devices that use terahertz rays (T-rays have a 1000 times higher frequency
than microwaves) to see through clothing and packaging can precisely identify
chemical and biological weapons, explosives, or conventional weapons. Even hermetically
sealed anthrax and plastic guns would be detected. The potential applications
of T-rays are huge, ranging from military and security, to medical sector, and
are even promising for nanotechnology. Research is preliminary, but T-ray palm
devices might one day detect cancers in the body, determine from a distance
the chemicals in a hazardous waste spill, or find victims trapped under rubble,
says one of the researchers, Dr. James Kolodzey, of the University of Delaware.
Scientists from America, Europe, Asia and Australia shared the latest advances
in T-ray technology at the international workshop on TeraHertz for Defence and
Security, at Adelaide University, Australia.
Source:
T-Rays Detect Chemical, Biological Weapons, Find Cancers
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/dec2004/2004-12-14-02.asp
(by subscription only)
Biodegradable Mobile Phones
Researchers at the University of Warwick, together with high tech materials
company PVAXX Research and Development Ltd, and Motorola designed a mobile phone
that can be turned into compost and even flower when discarded. The phones are
made of a new high tech biodegradable material, which disintegrates in a few
weeks when buried in compost, and grows a flower from a seed placed in the phone's
cover.
Source:
Researchers compost old mobile phones & transform them into flowers http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-11/uow-rco112904.php
Automated Water Safety Sensor Units
Sandia National Laboratory teamed with CH2M Hill of Englewood, Colo., an engineering
and construction firm, and Tenix Investments (Australia's largest defense and
technology contractor) to develop a monitoring device that can detect currently
unmonitored biological agents--such as germs, toxins and bacteria--in water
systems. Initial commercial units and wider deployment are anticipated from
late 2005 to mid 2007.
Source:
Sandia, Tenix, and CH2M Hill will develop automated water safety sensor units
Sandia National Laboratories, Press Release, December 6, 2004 http://www.sandia.gov/news-center/news-releases/2004/all/tenix.html
New Zealand's Largest Environmental
Management Forum
The Environmental Institute of Australia and New Zealand (EIANZ) will hold
its annual Environmental Conference in Christchurch, New Zealand, 29 March -
1 April 2005. This will be the largest Australasian environmental management
event to be held in New Zealand; more than 300 specialists are expected to attend.
According to the conference announcement, concurrent sessions will explore case
studies in resource management, environmental management systems; integrated
planning and systems-thinking; environmental assessment and reporting; and communication
and environmental education. Field trips and technical tours will include the
Living Streams restoration program, a Maori perspective of resource management
at Te Waihora/Lake Ellesmere; the Kowhai Organic Farm at Lincoln University
and ecosystem protection in Canterbury's braided rivers. The meeting is designed
to be environment-friendly; delegates can make their travel carbon-neutral by
paying a CO2 carbon offset charge ranging from $3 to $26. These funds will be
used for regeneration of native forest.
Sources:
EIANZ Conference 29 Mar - 1 Apr 2005, Christchurch, New Zealand http://www.conferenceteam.co.nz/eianz/
New Zealand to Host Major Environment Forum, EIANZ Press Release http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/SC0412/S00042.htm
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference
About 6,000 scientists, decision-makers, and activists attended the Tenth Session
of the Conference of Parties (COP 10) of the UN Framework Convention on Climate
Change (to which is attached the Kyoto Protocol) held in Buenos Aires, 6?17
December 2004. The conference discussed ways to reduce global warming and its
effects. It also discussed post-Kyoto policy plans. Although no specific actions
and/or regulations were adopted, progress was achieved on the issue of mitigation
and adaptation to possible effects of climate change. The Buenos Aires Programme
of Work on Adaptation and Response Measures adopted by the conference, includes
further scientific assessments of vulnerabilities and options for adaptation,
expert papers on various aspects of climate change risks, and recommendations
for sustainable development planning. A seminar of governmental experts is planned
for next May in Bonn to continue discussions on the issue.
Sources:
COP 10 Conference site: http://unfccc.int/meetings/cop_10/items/2944.php
U.S. Waters Down Global Commitment to Curb Greenhouse Gases
New York Times, by Larry Rohter, December 19, 2004 http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/19/international/19climate.html
(article available for a limited time)
EU Wants More Mandatory Emissions Cuts, US Opposed http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/28619/story.htm
UN to look beyond Kyoto in climate change conference http://www.spacedaily.com/2004/041205083938.yektmfdt.html
Changes to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
U.S. ratification brought the Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication
and Ground-level Ozone to just two ratifications away from its entry into force.
This eighth Protocol to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
(LRTAP) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) sets emission
ceilings for 2010 for four pollutants: sulphur, NOx, VOCs, and ammonia, regulating
emissions by sources (e.g. combustion plant, electricity production, dry cleaning,
cars and trucks), and requiring the use of best available techniques to keep
emissions down. In the meantime, an expert group is conducting work on fine
particles; the results might lead to either amendment of the Gothenburg Protocol
or a new protocol specifically on fine particles.
Two new persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may be considered for addition
to the Protocol on POPs, pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE) and perfluorooctane
sulphonate (PFOS).
As the 1979 Convention presently covers just Europe, the U.S., and Canada, efforts
will increase to extend it towards the east, involving East European, Caucasian
and Central Asian countries.
[See also the items Study Proposes an International Air Pollution Treaty
and Protocol to Control Heavy Metals to Enter into Force of October
2003, and POP Protocol Comes into Force of August
2003 environmental security scanning reports.]
Sources:
Air Pollution Protocol Boosted by U.S. Ratification. Executive Body wraps up
jubilee session http://www.unece.org/press/pr2004/04env_p21e.htm
Protocols to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/status/lrtap_s.htm
Fines for Oil Spills will Increase in 2005
Oil pollution damage compensation under the 1992 Civil Liability Convention
will be substantially enhanced with the entry into force of the Supplementary
Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage at the beginning of March 2005.
Under the new Protocol, payments for an oil spill will be raised and capped
at 750 million Special Drawing Rights (about $1.152 billion).
Meantime, the EU agreed on stronger measures against ships polluting European
waters. Each EU country would be allowed to charge a minimum penalty for marine
pollution. The fines are between 150,000 and 300,000 euros (about $398,500)
for less serious cases, and between 750,000 and 1.5 million euros for more serious
cases, although member states may set higher fines if they want. The new rule
is pending approval by the European Parliament. The EU ambassadors will also
seek agreement for proposing that ships' captains' personal liability be included
in international maritime conventions. [See also International Maritime
Organization (IMO) and EU Collaborate on Oil Spill Prevention of March
2003, and International Maritime Organization (IMO) wants global rather
than many different local or regional rules of January
2003, and Europe Looks to Maritime Rules After Tanker Spill of
November 2002 environmental security monthly reports.]
Sources:
New fund heralds better deal for oil pollution victims
Supplementary Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage to enter into force
http://www.imo.org/Newsroom/mainframe.asp?topic_id=848&doc_id=4531
EU Agrees Deal on Punishing Ship Pollution
Reuters News Service, December 10, 2004 http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/28516/story.htm
Europe Declares Thousands of Protected Natural Sites
The European Commission adopted a list of more than 7,000 nature sites in the
Atlantic and Continental regions of the EU to become part of NATURA 2000, the
network of protected sites with the objective of halting the decline of biodiversity
by 2010.
Source:
Nature protection: Commission establishes largest ever list of protected areas
in the EU
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/04/1449&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
Birdflu Will be a Much Bigger Killer than SARS, According to WHO
WHO's director of their Western Pacific Regional Office said that the conservative
estimate is that Birdflu (H5N1) could infect 30% of the world, killing 2-7 million
people, but it could go as high as 50 million deaths. SARS killed 800 people
last year with a mortality rate of around 15%, while H5N1 kills up to 33%. The
Asian practice of selling live chickens and ducks, and slaughtering them in
front of customers, should be stopped, and a central abattoir or restriction
of slaughtering to a few areas should be substituted. Hong Kong scientists have
been fighting to end the widespread practice of killing live chickens in markets
since 1997, when the H5N1 virus first spread to humans and killed six people
in the territory.
Although birdflu has killed 32 people in Thailand and Vietnam this year, and
millions of chickens, ducks and other birds have been culled across Asia, the
virus is expected to mutate, allowing it to infect human populations with no
immunity. The next indicator of this possibility is expected to be increased
infections among pigs. Clinical trials for a vaccine against H5N1 have begun,
but even successful results might still have a time-lag of half a year, while
many humans could be infected and killed.
Source:
Birdflu Far More Deadly than SARS, WHO Says
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/28343/story.htm
International Issues of Managing Radioactive Materials
A Single set of International Standards is proposed for Nuclear Power Plants
from Design to Decommissioning
The Conference on Topical Issues in Nuclear Safety, with 274 delegates from
37 countries held last month in Beijing, recommended that the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) develop a single set of international standards
for all nuclear installations from design to decommissioning. Given the growing
diversification and globalization of the industry, the sooner these standards
are developed and implemented the better.
Source:
Safety Experts Endorse Single Set of International Standards for Nuclear Power
Plants
Recommendations from the Conference on Topical Issues in Nuclear Safety, Beijing,
China
Staff Report, 4 November 2004 http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2004/topical_issues.html
Reducing Proliferation Risks by Converting 60 High- to Low-Enriched
Uranium Research Reactors Could Take 10 Years
A key to lowering risks induced by the proliferation of weapons-grade uranium
is converting civil nuclear research reactors to run on low-enriched uranium
(LEU) instead of high-enriched uranium (HEU). So far 31 research reactors have
been converted to low-enriched uranium and 7 have been partly converted. However,
IAEA estimates it could take 10 years to convert some 60 civilian research reactors
that are still running on HEU that are targeted for this conversion. Approximately
200 experts from across the globe discussed these conversion issues at the International
Meeting on Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors (RERTR) held in
Vienna, November 8-11.
Source:
Curbing Potential Spread of Weapons-Grade Uranium Could Take 10 Years - IAEA
UN Press Release, New York, Nov 16 2004 11:00AM (email newsletter)
Progress Reported in Big Job to Convert Research Reactors from HEU Fuel
http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2004/retr2004.html
International Cooperation to Address Radioactive Waste Emergent Disaster
in Central Asia
"Radioactive waste in northern Tajikistan is the biggest human-made disaster
in Central Asia," said an Environmental Officer of the OSCE at a two-day
conference on radioactive waste disposal sites in northern Tajikistan and its
consequences on the environment and health of the local population. During the
Soviet era, nuclear waste in Tajikistan was not managed well. As a result, it
is now claimed that 10 million people in the basin of the Syr-Darya River have
been affected by nuclear waste. Over 200 participants from countries of the
Commonwealth of Independent States, as well as representatives of the UN, the
EU, the U.S., and Iran came to Dushanbe to share their expertise in addressing
this problem, which has also been a cause of tension with neighboring states,
namely Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. The conference recommendations
will be submitted to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the OSCE
Permanent Council for a further action plan.
Source:
First international conference on radioactive waste in Tajikistan opens in Dushanbe
http://www.osce.org/news/show_news.php?ut=2&id=4512
Biosecurity Internet Tools
United Nations Upgrades Early Warning System for Health and Terror
Alerts
The United Nations launched the Global Public Health Intelligence Network II
(GPHIN II), an upgrade of the GPHIN emergency-preparedness system designed to
alert national health agencies to imminent health and terror emergencies. This
Internet-based "early warning" system will gather and disseminate
preliminary reports of public health threats on a continuous basis to the WHO
and public health officials worldwide, helping early detection of potential
public health threats including infectious disease outbreaks around the world,
whether they are naturally occurring or the result of an act of bioterrorism.
The program was developed by Canada's Ministry of Health with support from Nuclear
Threat Initiative's Global Health and Security Initiative.
Sources:
Will We Be Able to Identify and Prevent the Next Pandemic Before It is Too Late?
http://releases.usnewswire.com/GetRelease.asp?id=39820
Canada behind new health threat alert system
http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1100648689967_96057889/?hub=TopStories
New Tool Launched in Fight Against Infectious Disease Outbreaks; Expanded Global
System Will Help Detect Potential Public Health Threats
http://www.nti.org/c_press/release_gphin_111704.pdf
New NAS Website on Biosecurity
The Policy and Global Affairs division of the National Academy of Sciences launched
a new website that is a collection of resources, studies and other activities
at the National Academies related to biosecurity. So far, the categories are:
biosecurity, publications, reports in preparation, and other activities.
Source:
Biosecurity @ the National Academies http://www7.nationalacademies.org/biosecurity/index.html
Technology Issues Relevant to Environmental Security
Arsenic-polluted Water Decontamination Using Sulphate
Detecting and detoxifying water contaminated with arsenic could become faster,
easier, and cheaper according to recent research by the University of Illinois.
Tests so far demonstrate that changing the chemical composition of water by
adding sulphate to it, could stimulate the bacteria that control arsenic concentration,
precipitating arsenic, which is then easily removable from the water. The research
remains to be tested in the field.
Source:
A cheap fix for arsenic-polluted water?
http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=1702&language=1
Nanomaterials Help Stop Bullets
Bulletproof vests' performance could be improved by chemically attaching different
nanoparticles to already well-known materials such as Kevlar, says Professor
Victor Castano, of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Ceramic nanoparticles would make the material UV-shielded, and chemically functionalized
nanoparticles linked to organic structures could be used for waterproofing.
Source:
Nanomaterials help stop bullets
By Alan Osborn 23/11/2004 http://www.prw.com/main/newsdetails.asp?id=3444
Future Computer-Human Interface Means Cyber Viruses Could Infect Humans
As the human-computer interface continues to evolve into a continuum, it is
reasonable to assume cyber viruses will one day be able to transfer into electronic
components that will have been added into the human nervous system, and so have
biological effects. Kevin Warwick, professor of cybernetics at Reading University,
and a cyborg pioneer, warned that the emergence of computer-human connection
and the production of synthetic viruses comes with great advantages, but also
a huge risk: computer viruses will be able to infect augmented humans as they
do PCs.
Source:
Could future computer viruses infect humans? One ex-cyborg thinks they could...
Silicon.com, November 12 2004, by Jo Best http://networks.silicon.com/webwatch/0,39024667,39125887,00.htm
Recent Developments in Addressing Impacts
of Nanotechnology
International Council on Nanotechnology (ICON) Created
The International Council on Nanotechnology (ICON) is a coalition of academic,
industry, regulatory, and non-governmental organizations working together to
ensure that nanotechnology benefits humanity without negative implications for
health and the environment. ICON activities' categories include: science and
engineering research into the potential environmental and health impacts of
engineered nanostructures; social science research into public perceptions toward
new technology, and the role that regulatory and other governmental policies
can and should play in nanotechnology stewardship; collaborative policy activities
that develop international standards for engineered nanostructure terminology
and metrology, safety guidelines, and best laboratory practices; public communication
and outreach that tracks all relevant technical data on nanotechnology's potential
risks; and presentation of this information in terms and formats that are accessible
by laypersons. ICON is located and coordinated by The Center for Biological
and Environmental Nanotechnology (CBEN) at Rice University.
Sources:
About ICON http://cohesion.rice.edu//centersandinst/icon/about.cfm
CBEN launches partnership for sustainable nanotechnology
Broad coalition will work together to ensure tiny tech benefits human health
and the environment
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-10/ru-clp102804.php
Wise-Nano Project of the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology
The Wise-Nano project of the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology is a collaborative
website for researchers from around the world addressing the facts and implications
of advanced nanotechnology and what to do about them.
Source:
Wise-Nano project http://wise-nano.org/w/Main_Page
Studies on Environmental Impacts of Nanotechnology
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) awarded 12 grants to universities
to investigate the potential health and environmental impacts of nanomaterials.
Six of the grants awarded will investigate if manufactured nanomaterials could
have any negative health effects or environmental impacts, while the other six
grants will study the fate and transport of nanomaterials in the environment.
The grants were awarded through EPA's Science to Achieve Results research grants
program.
The National Toxicology Program, a part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health,
will be conducting animal studies to investigate the effects of nanoparticles
in the lungs and on the skin, and their uptake and distribution into and through
the body.
Other U.S. agencies, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
and the Food and Drug Administration, have also begun to pay attention to the
field.
Source:
EPA Backs Nanomaterial Safety Research. Activists Say $4 Million Is Far Too
Little for Studies
By Rick Weiss, Washington Post Staff Writer, Friday, November 12, 2004; Page
A23
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43763-2004Nov11.html
(free subscription required)
2003 Exploratory Research to Anticipate Future Environmental Issues: Impacts
of Manufactured Nanomaterials on Human Health and the Environment. STAR Recipients
http://cfpub1.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/recipients.display/rfa_id/352
ETC Report on Nanotechnology Impact on Food and Agriculture
The ETC Group recently released a report, "Down on the Farm: The Impact
of Nano-Scale Technologies on Food and Agriculture", that addresses nanotechnologies'
impact on farmers, food and agriculture. The report recommends that until the
clear implications of nanotechnology use in agriculture and food chain are known,
its use be guided by the Precautionary Principle or even prohibited until a
regulatory regime specifically designed to examine these nano-scale products
finds them safe. The report also addresses the 'green goo' issue related to
potential dangers associated with synthetic biology or nanobiotechnology and,
given the extreme risks (that even mainstream scientists are beginning to acknowledge),
calls for an immediate moratorium on laboratory experimentation and environmental
release of these materials until there is thorough knowledge of their health,
environmental and socio-economic implications.
Source:
Down on the Farm: The Impact of Nano-scale Technologies on Food and Agriculture
(Summery) http://www.etcgroup.org/article.asp?newsid=485
Down on the Farm: The Impact of Nano-scale Technologies on Food and Agriculture
(Full report) http://www.etcgroup.org/documents/ETC_DOTFarm2004.pdf
Global Warming Issues Get Momentum
Kyoto Protocol Will Enter Into Force on February 16, 2005
With the Russian Federation's ratification on November 18, the Kyoto Protocol
will enter into force on February 16, 2005. UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan
characterizes the Treaty's entry into force as "a historic step forward
in the world's efforts to combat a truly global threat." The Treaty commits
participating industrial countries to reduce their combined emissions of six
greenhouse gases by 5.2 percent below 1990 levels by 2012. [See also October
2004 environmental security report.]
Sources:
UN Secretary-General receives Russia's Kyoto Protocol ratification http://unfccc.int/press/interviews_and_statements/items/3290.php
Kyoto ratification: pressure rises on US, China, India http://www.terradaily.com/2004/041118143923.nbe17rdb.html
Arctic Warming Much Faster Than Expected
The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) report reveals that the Arctic is
warming nearly twice as fast as the rest of the planet, with dramatic physical,
ecological, social, and economic consequences for the whole planet. At least
half of the summer sea ice in the Arctic is projected to melt by the end of
this century, along with a portion of the Greenland Ice Sheet, possibly raising
global sea levels by 1 meter by 2100 and 7 meters in the long-term, threatening
millions of people living in coastal areas. The possible disappearance of summer
sea ice endangers Arctic animal species such as ice-living seals and polar bears,
with devastating consequences for local people for whom these animals are a
primary food source.
Impacts of a Warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment is the
result of four years of research by an international team of about 250 scientists,
and was commissioned by the Arctic Council-a ministerial intergovernmental forum
comprising the eight Arctic countries and six Indigenous Peoples organizations-and
the International Arctic Science Committee-a non-governmental organization for
facilitating arctic research. At its Fourth Ministerial Meeting held in Reykjavik,
November 24, the Arctic Council failed to devise a plan to address the problem,
as the U.S. delegation opposed including any specific recommendations in the
council's joint declaration. The Arctic peoples and tropical islanders plan
to create an alliance to campaign against global warming and lobby industrial
nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions, even threatening to file official complaints
against the U.S.
Sources:
Impacts of a Warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Report http://www.acia.uaf.edu/
(Select "ACIA Overview Report")
Climate change is here, now, say scientists
North.cbc.ca, Nov 3 2004 http://north.cbc.ca/regional/servlet/View?filename=climate-change-11032004
Rapid Arctic Warming Brings Sea Level Rise, Extinctions
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/nov2004/2004-11-08-02.asp
(by subscription only)
Arctic People Seek Tropical Team on Global Warming
November 26, 2004 - By Alister Doyle, Reuters http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=468
Arctic Nations Cool On How To Fight Global Warming http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/nov2004/2004-11-30-11.asp
(by subscription only)
A Sample of Counter Global Warming Activists around the World
Unless major actions to reduce greenhouse gases are taken worldwide, parts of
Australia could become uninhabitable, warned participants at the recent International
Climate Change Taskforce meeting. An Australian court has ordered that an expert
planning panel assess the greenhouse gas pollution consequences before any extension
of the Hazelwood power station in the Australian State of Victoria begins. Environmentalists
petitioned that sites in Belize, Nepal and Peru be considered for UNESCO's World
Heritage in Danger List in order to be protected from the effects of climate
change. China and the European Commission of the European Union announced a
five year, €42.9 million energy and environment program in Beijing to improve
energy efficiency in China and combat climate change. Britain and Germany, whose
greenhouse gas reductions are among the biggest in the world, are enhancing
their fight against global warming through a new partnership backed by leading
industrialists, businessmen, and scientists. A range of innovative recommendations
for environment-friendly industry will be presented to the countries' leaders.
The importance of the event was highlighted by its opening by Her Majesty Queen
Elizabeth II during her State Visit to Germany.
Sources:
Parts of Australia could become uninhabitable, environment conference told http://www.terradaily.com/2004/041115064829.h743x5yh.html
Australia court rules that greenhouse gas emissions can't be ignored http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/other_news/news.cfm?uNewsID=16211
Melting Glaciers Said to Be Threatening Everest http://www.enn.com/ch_clim.html?id=25
EU-China energy and environment program launched
(Xinhua) Updated: 2004-11-04 00:32 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-11/04/content_388294.htm
(article stored for a limited time on the website)
Global warming: Britain and Germany chart the way forward http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=412&ArticleID=4658&l=en
The U.S. Might Ratify the Law of the Sea
This month marked the tenth anniversary of the entry into force of the Law
of the Sea. There are indications that the U.S. Senate is now ready to agree
to the U.S. ratifying the law in order to keep its important place at the table
of negotiations.
Sources:
Oceans and Law of the Sea website http://www.un.org/Depts/los/index.htm
The U.S. and the Law of the Sea
Jonathan Power, International Herald Tribune, Wednesday, November 3, 2004
http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/11/02/news/edpower.html
(article stored for a limited time on the website)
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Europe Ratified the Stockholm Convention
EU ratified the Stockholm Convention that bans the use of POPs. The treaty entered
into force on May 17, 2004. So far it has been ratified by 83 countries, among
them 13 EU member states. As Party to the Treaty, the European Commission says
that it has already prepared a list of nine additional POPs to propose to be
banned under the Convention. [See also related items in May and February 2004,
and October 2002 Millennium Project's environmental security monthly reports.]
Sources:
EU ratifies global accord against dangerous pollutants
http://www.terradaily.com/2004/041118182847.skpqzazj.html
Environmental Destruction During War Aggravates Instability
On the occasion of the International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of
the Environment in War and Armed Conflict, observed on November 6, UN officials
highlighted again that environmental degradation, mostly destroying natural
resources in wartime, worsens conflicts inside and between nations and re-launched
the call for cleanup of the remnants of war. Although legal protections for
the environment during war-time is covered by several existing international
laws, there might be "need to go further than this piecemeal coverage,
and develop clear standards, appropriate sanctions and credible enforcement
mechanisms to ensure that environmental damage is avoided, deterred or punished.
We may well need to add a 'green' chapter to the long established rules of war
set out in the Geneva Conventions" said Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General.
Klaus Toepfer, Director of the United Nations Environment Programme, stressed
that "Joint projects to clean up sites, agreements and treaties to better
share resources such as rivers and forests, and strengthening cooperation between
the different countries' ministries and institutions may hold the key to building
trust, understanding and more stable relations." [See also item UN Secretary-General
Wants Updated Laws Against Environmental Damage in War of November 2003 environmental
security scanning report.]
Sources:
Statement by Mr. Kofi Annan, United Nations Secretary-General. Message On The
International Day For Preventing The Exploitation Of The Environment In War
And Armed Conflicts
http://www.unep.org/PDF/SG_message_conflict.pdf
International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War
and Armed Conflicts. Statement by Klaus Toepfer, Executive Director of UNEP
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=413&ArticleID=4659&l=en
Nineteen new Biosphere Reserves Added to UNESCO's MAB Network
The International Coordinating Council of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB)
Programme have added 19 new sites in 13 countries to UNESCO's World Network
of Biosphere Reserves. The MAB Network now consists of 459 sites in 97 countries.
The biosphere reserves are places recognized for promoting development in the
service of both socio-economic development and biodiversity conservation. [See
related items on UNESCO World Heritage Sites in June 2004 and October 2003 environmental
security monthly reports.]
Sources:
The MAB Programme. New Biosphere Reserves http://www.unesco.org/mab/news/newbr2004.htm
18th Session of the MAB International Co-ordinating Council http://www.unesco.org/mab/mabicc/2004/eng/docs.htm
NASA's Eyes in the Sky to Help Global Conservation
NASA and the World Conservation Union (IUCN) signed an agreement to use the
space agency's satellite system to map the earth, monitor global environment
change, and help conservation efforts. Although the focus will be to discover
unknown species of plants and animals and pinpoint their habitats, this is an
important project for international collaboration for biodiversity protection
in general. [See also July 2004 item Increasing Capacity of Space Technology
to Assist Environmental Security and other related items in previous environmental
security monthly reports.]
Source:
NASA's Eyes in the Sky to Help Global Conservation
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/28202/story.htm
EU Environment Ministers Propose post-Kyoto Protocol Climate Policies
Now that the Russian ratification will bring the Kyoto Protocol into force
[see item 8.2 in this report], the European environment ministers are planning
to initiate talks within the UN on climate policies that would follow after
2012 (when the Protocol's first commitment period ends). The next UN Climate
Conference (COP10) will be this December in Buenos Aires and the European Council
will meet next spring on its climate policy objectives. The EU's general climate
objective is to pursue polices leading to temperatures that would not exceed
pre-industrial levels by more than two degrees Celsius. Meanwhile, the European
Environmental Ministers are planning to ban the more destructive fluorinated
gases in certain products, which European Environment Commissioner Margot Wallström
said "have huge global warming potential - in some cases almost 24,000
times that of carbon dioxide." The Ministers also plan to regulate leakage
of these gases prior to their complete phase-out. They propose to ban the use
of fluorinated gases in double-glazing, fire extinguishers, car tires and recreational
items. There was also a call for concrete action to reduce emissions from international
aviation and shipping industries.
Source:
EU Environment Ministers Limit Most Destructive Climate Gases
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2004/2004-10-14-03.asp
(by subscription only)
Natural Disasters Raise the Environment
on the Global Security Agenda
Natural Disasters as an Environmental Security Issue
Recent natural disasters increased environmental security concerns. The last
few years' storms, droughts, and heat waves increased poverty and migrations
in regions already vulnerable to conflict. David Anderson, former Canadian Environment
Minister, said that global warming posed a greater long-term threat to humanity
than terrorism. Although natural hazards cannot be avoided, their dramatic consequences
can be reduced by preparedness and risk reduction measures including early warning
systems, environmental protection, land-use planning, technology development,
and education. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) says that early warning
and advance planning, and building a "culture of prevention" could
halve the rates of death and destruction in the decade following 2010 compared
with this decade. To address these goals, the WMO has launched the Natural Disaster
Mitigation and Prevention Programme. The new Early Warning Promotional Platform
for natural disasters has been set up in Bonn, Germany, under the auspices of
the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR). Several international
organizations are working closely with the Secretariat for the ISDR in preparing
the World Conference on Disaster Reduction to be held in Kobe, Japan, January
18-22, 2005.
Sources:
Timely Access And Response To Accurate Early Warnings Are Crucial For Minimizing
Impacts Of Natural Disasters. WMO, International Day for Disaster Reduction,
13 October 2004
http://www.wmo.ch/web/Press/Press715_E.doc
Improve Chain Of Information, Decision-Making In Preparing For Recurring Hazards,
Says Secretary-General In Disaster Reduction Day Message
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sgsm9520.doc.htm
World Disasters Report 2004
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)
http://www.ifrc.org/publicat/wdr2004/
Analysis - Global Warming Seen as Security Threat
http://www.planetark.com/avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=27838
Additional Environmental Security Role for the UN Security Council
Klaus Toepfer, Executive Director of UNEP, said that the restructuring of the
UN Security Council might be necessary to address the environment-conflict nexus
more efficiently. He stated, "One of the options being discussed is to
create a subdivision under the Security Council that focuses on environment-related
security concerns." [See related item in September environmental security
scanning report].
Sources:
"Solving the Environmental Problems of the 21st Century" lecture by
Dr. Klaus Töpfer
Georgetown University, October 7, 2004
The United Nations Environment Programme's Klaus Toepfer Launches Understanding
Environment, Conflict, and Cooperation
http://www.ems.org/nws/2004/10/04/the_united_natio
OSCE Workshop on Environmental Risks and Security in Earthquake Areas
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) held an international
workshop on environmental risks and security in earthquake-prone areas, as part
of the preparations for the World Conference on Disaster Reduction to be held
in January in Kobe. More than 250 participants from 52 countries addressed such
issues as raising public awareness, education and training on social consequences
of earthquakes, preparedness, and risk and disaster reduction. Ambassador Vladimir
Pryakhin, Head of the OSCE Office in Yerevan said that these issues are "closely
linked with the provision of national security to the country and the region."
Source:
OSCE Office in Yerevan holds workshop on environmental risks and security in
earthquake areas http://www.osce.org/news/show_news.php?ut=2&id=4462
Technology Issues Relevant to Environmental
Security
Bionanotech Particles Can Detect Bacteria in 20 Minutes
A team of researchers at the University of Florida created a bioconjugated nanoparticle
that can detect single pathogenic bacteria in just 20 minutes. Although demonstrated
just for E. coli, researchers say that by changing the antibodies employed,
the ultrasensitive particles can be modified to detect a wide variety of bacteria.
The team continues to work for enlarging the technique's scope by creating bioconjugated
nanoparticles to detect multiple bacteria simultaneously. The new technique
is a promising method for detecting bioagents in food, and clinical and environmental
samples, and for early medical diagnosis. It could also prove important for
assisting the enforcement of current and future international treaties that
address organic transfers across national borders.
Sources:
A rapid bioassay for single bacterial cell quantitation using bioconjugated
nanoparticles
National Academy of Sciences, 10.1073/pnas.0404806101
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/101/42/15027
Nanoparticles Enable Speedy E. coli Detection
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa003&articleID=0002FFA7-F4A6-1166-B4A683414B7F0000
Nanodevices for Biomolecules Detection
Two U.S. research teams designed nano-devices for virus detection. The nanoelectromechanical
device by Cornell University can detect an insect baculovirus, while the nanowire
field effect transistors developed by Harvard University can detect single influenza
viruses. These techniques enlarge the capability to detect different viruses
simultaneously.
Argonne National Laboratory scientists developed a magnetic sensor for bacteria
and virus detection. The device relies on measuring the Brownian relaxation
of magnetic nanoparticles when they are bound to target biomolecules. The team
is now working to improve the sensitivity of the technique.
All three methods could be used in medicine and/or the detection of bacteria
and viruses in the environment.
Sources:
Nanodevices target viruses http://nanotechweb.org/articles/news/3/10/7
Electrical detection of single viruses, National Academy of Sciences, 10.1073/pnas.0406159101
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/101/39/14017.pdf
Magnetic sensors tackle viruses http://www.physicsweb.org/articles/news/8/10/11/1
Motion Detector Allows Naked Eye to See Motion of 10 Nanometers
Sandia National Laboratories have developed a motion detector 1,000 times more
sensitive than any known so far. It has the ability to sense a motion of 10
nanometers with the naked eye. The device is based on a formerly unrecognized
property of optics: light diffracted from very small gratings that move very
small lateral distances undergoes a relatively big, and thus easily measurable,
change in reflection. That change can be amplified for human visibility, or
it can be fed to additional instruments for a variety of measurement and automated
control and analysis functions. Such high sensitivity detectors would have extensive
applications from improving earlier warnings of earthquakes to detecting future
nanotech weapons and surveillance equipment.
Sources:
Device allows naked eye to see motion of 10 nanometers
http://www.sandia.gov/news-center/news-releases/2004/all/nanomeasure.html
Low-cost, Non-polluting Sewage Treatment System
Nothing escapes into the ground or water supplies from BIPU (bio-remedial in
field personnel unit), a low-cost, non-polluting, flush toilet sewerage system.
It holds solids in a special plastic chamber where they break down, while the
liquid content is removed and evaporates in an elevated absorption system. The
system is produced by Tasmanian Environmental Solutions at George Town, Tasmania.
It has been used in Tasmania for several years, and the UN used 150 BIPU systems
during the East Timor peacekeeping operations.
Source:
Loo-loo of an idea breaks new ground, Sunday Tasmanian, by Mike Bingham, 26
Sep. 2004
http://www.themercury.news.com.au/printpage/0,5942,10881610,00.html
Water Nanofilters
Carbon nanotube water filters might replace traditional filtration systems,
which are difficult to clean and must be changed frequently. The new technology,
developed by a team of researchers from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in
Troy, NY, and the Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi, India, consists of a
quartz tube filled with tightly packed radially oriented nanotubes. The water
molecules can squeeze out through nanometer-sized gaps in the walls, but bacteria
like E. coli and viruses like the 25-nanometer-wide poliovirus get stuck. The
resistant structures can be cleaned repeatedly.
Source:
Nanofilters. By David Cotriss, Innovation News, November 2004
http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/04/11/innovation61104.asp?p=1
Revival of Nuclear Power in Asia Poses
Security Concerns
China is planning to build two large new nuclear reactors per year for the next 16 years. While much of the rest of the world is turning away from this energy source, 16 of the 27 nuclear power plants now being built worldwide are in China, India, Japan and South Korea. The political-military issues of this are addressed in the new edition of The Military Balance by the London-based International Institute of Strategic Studies.
Source
Dyer: China syndrome: Asia leads in the revival of nuclear power http://www.sltrib.com/opinion/ci_2432170
The Military Balance 2004-2005. International Institute of Strategic Studies,
October 2004
Report buying information: http://www.iiss.org/conferencepage.php?confID=61
Editor's Foreword http://www.iiss.org/showdocument.php?docID=455
Think-tank warns of increased nuclear threat. By Peter Spiegel in London, Financial
Times, October 19 2004 20:21
http://news.ft.com/cms/s/853207f0-2203-11d9-8c55-00000e2511c8.html
(free registration required)
Russia's Green Movement Plans to Become
a Political Party
The Green movement finally made a public appearance in Russia, with a press
conference on 15 October, led by Alexei Yablokov. A major figure in their campaign
to become a recognized political party is Alexander Nikitin, the former naval
officer who was acquitted of espionage for revealing pollution hazards in Russia's
submarine program. Yablokov claims that 50-60% of the population is concerned
about a healthy environment and would support a trusted green party. It is unclear
if this group can overcome the substantial bureaucratic obstacles to forming
a new party to participate in the 2007 parliamentary election, but their efforts
are certain to bring the environment much more strongly into the forum of public
discussion in the country.
Source:
Russia looks to green alternative as political screws tighten http://www.terradaily.com/2004/041015154005.fsxt9d7v.html
Chinese Automobile Industry's Potential
Environmental Emphases
China is the world's fastest-growing car market and may surprise the world
at how fast it becomes a major automobile producer of next generation cars (as
it surprised the world at how fast it became the world leader in mobile phone
usage). 150 experimental and advanced-technology vehicles were on display at
the Challenge Bibendum, an exhibition of eco-friendly cars held in Shanghai.
The China Daily speculates that the rising cost of oil and the forthcoming Olympics
(2008) and World Expo (2010) are strong incentives to make China a green car
leader, rather than following the gasoline model.
Source:
Automakers unveil efficient cars in China http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-10/17/content_383067.htm
New Reports Relevant to Environmental
Security
WWF The Living Planet Report 2004
World Wildlife Fund's The Living Planet Report 2004 examines humanity's ecological
footprint, and the state of nature and resource use in 149 countries. It reveals
that humanity is running an 'ecological debt,' consuming over 20 percent more
natural resources than the Earth can produce, destroying ecological balance,
depleting groundwater, and damaging biodiversity. The report urges us to live
within the means of our planet, and adopt and implement policies to reverse
the ecological debt trend: increase biocapacity; reduce world population; diminish
per person consumption; and improve resource efficiency. The WWF is urging governments
to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 and create national and regional
targets for creating networks of protected areas to safeguard biodiversity,
as agreed at several UN Summits.
Sources:
The Living Planet Report 2004 available online at: www.panda.org/livingplanet
WWF Press release, 21 Oct. 2004 http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/news.cfm?uNewsID=15976
Environmental Double-role in Southern Caucasus Conflicts
Environment and Security: Transforming Risks into Cooperation - The Case of
the Southern Caucasus, highlights the link between environment and security
in the Southern Caucasus, arguing that environmental degradation and competition
for natural resources could worsen the situation in this area already vulnerable
to conflicts. The report gives an overview of human security in the regional
context and then looks at specifics for the three countries, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
and Georgia. It examines both the negative effects of conflict in the region
and the opportunities environmental issues present for cooperation and confidence
building. The report is part of the Environment and Security Initiative (ENVSEC)
[see item OSCE-UN Launches Environmental Security Initiative in Southern Caucasus
in the May 2004 environmental security scanning report].
Sources:
Environment and Security: Transforming Risks into Cooperation??The Case of the
Southern Caucasus
Report downloadable http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2004/envsec_transforming_risk_en.pdf
Caucasus - Transforming Risks into Co-Operation
Joint OSCE/UNEP/UNDP News Release http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=409&ArticleID=4666&l=en
Technology and Biological Weapons: Future Threats
Technology and Biological Weapons: Future Threats, a report published by Bradford
University, UK, is an overview of present biological warfare possibilities,
with case studies and possible future threats involving the vulnerability of
the immune system. The report analyses the possible dual use of research in
the area in order to show potential misuses. It finally shows that all biotechnology
and bioinformatics areas discussed in the paper are of particular concern for
the future for both promoting and combating biological warfare. The authors
warn that if governments do not act fast enough, then one day, "…
it will be virtually impossible to defend ourselves."
Sources:
Science and Technology Report No. 2. Technology and Biological Weapons: Future
Threats
By Kathryn Nixdorff, Neil Davison, Piers Millett, and Simon Whitby, Bradford
University, UK
http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc/ST_Reports/ST_Report_No_2.pdf
Scientists warn of growing bioweapons threat
USA Today, October 28, 2004, http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/biotech/2004-10-28-biothreat_x.htm
(article stored for a limited time on the web site)
Blood and Soil: Land, Politics and Conflict Prevention in Zimbabwe
and South Africa
Blood and Soil: Land, Politics and Conflict Prevention in Zimbabwe and South
Africa by the International Crisis Group (ICG) analysis the link between land
reform in the region and instability and violence, offering practical policy
suggestions.
Source:
Blood and Soil: Land, Politics and Conflict Prevention in Zimbabwe and South
Africa
Africa Report N°85
http://www.icg.org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=2998
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
European Parliament Resolution to Protect Whales From Sonar
The European Parliament has passed a resolution calling on its 25 member states
to halt the deployment of high-intensity active naval sonars until a global
assessment of their cumulative environmental impact on marine mammals, fish
and other marine life has been completed. The resolution also asks the European
Commission to conduct an assessment study of current practices and their impact
in European waters. The issue is expected to be on the agenda of two upcoming
events: the second meeting of the Parties to a European regional cetacean conservation
treaty November 9 to 12 that will vote on a resolution on the harmful effects
of military sonar on marine life, and the final stakeholders meeting on the
EU Marine Strategy, November 10-12. [See also items Research Confirms Military
and Industry Sonar Harms Whales of July 2004, and US military waived in respecting
environmental law of May 2004 environmental security reports.]
Source:
European Parliament Calls For Halt To High Intensity Naval Sonar Use
http://www.nrdc.org/media/pressreleases/041028a.asp
Russian Vote Will Bring Kyoto Protocol Into Force
The Kyoto Protocol will come into force 90 days after Russia deposits the formal
instrument of ratification with the Secretary-General of the UN. Being ratified
by the Russian State Duma on October 22, 2004 and by the Federation Council
on October 27, it needs just Putin's stamp of approval. The Treaty commits participating
industrial countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2 percent
below 1990 levels by 2012. The six greenhouse gases covered are: carbon dioxide
(CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons
(PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). [See items on Kyoto Protocol in July
and June 2003, and December 2002 AC/UNU Millennium Project environmental security
reports.]
Sources:
Russian Duma ratifies Kyoto protocol http://www.esa.int/export/esaEO/SEM0IN0A90E_index_0.html
Russia forced to ratify Kyoto Protocol to become WTO member http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/88/354/14495_kyoto.html
China hails Russian State Duma's approval of Kyoto Protocol http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-10/28/content_2151090.htm
Open Skies Treaty may also Serve Environmental Agreements
Participants in the Seminar on the Environmental and Ecological Use of the Open
Skies Regime discussed the possible use of the Treaty's system for ecological
purposes, such as natural disaster cases, urbanization, and enforcement of international
environmental regulations. The main purpose of the Open Skies Treaty is to enhance
military transparency through observation flights, to facilitate the monitoring
of compliance with existing or future arms control treaties, and to assist in
conflict prevention and crisis management. The Treaty entered into force on
January 1 2002, and currently has 31 States-Party, including the United States.
[See also related items Increasing Capacity of Space Technology to Assist Environmental
Security of July 2004, Better Use of Satellites to Monitor International Treaties
of March 2003, Improved coordination of global Earth observation in August 2003
and International Agreement on Earth Environmental Observing System in the March
and April 2004 environmental security monthly reports.]
Source:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
Forum for Security Co-operation, Press release, 15 October 2004 http://www.osce.org/news/show_news.php?ut=2&id=4457
Open Skies Treaty-comprehensive overview
Federation of American Scientists http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/os/
Chemicals could be the Cause of 'Gulf Syndrome'
A new study by a federal panel of medical experts concluded that there is high
probability that some '91 Gulf War veterans suffer from inexplicable illnesses
due to exposure to neurotoxins such as sarin, (from an Iraqi weapons depot blown
up by American forces in 1991); pyridostigmine bromide (a drug given to troops
to protect against nerve gas); and pesticides used to protect soldiers in the
region. This is a new view, inconsistent with previous panels' conclusions.
Sources:
Gulf War and Health: Updated Literature Review of Sarin (2004)
National Academy of Sciences, ISBN: 0-309-09294-9, 132 pages, 6 x 9, paperback
(2004)
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11064.html
Chemicals Sickened '91 Gulf War Veterans, Latest Study Finds
By Scott Shane, October 15, 2004
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/15/politics/15gulf.html?oref=login&th
(article stored for a limited time on the website)
Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes
The COP7 of the Basel Convention on the Transboundary movements of hazardous
wastes focused on increasing electronic waste issues, and disposal of old military
vessels and decommissioned fishing boats. Under the theme 'Partnership for meeting
the global waste challenge,' the participants agreed that partnership between
governments; partnership with the private sector, international organizations
and NGOs; and synergies with other chemical management conventions, such as
the Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions, are key for environmentally sound wastes
management policies. [See also: UN University Study Calls for Reducing Electronic
Waste and Hazards of March 2004, Electronic Waste, and New and Stricter International
Regulations for Electronic Waste of March 2003, and Electronic Waste is the
Fastest Growing Waste Problem in the world of February 2003 monthly environmental
security reports.]
Sources:
Conference of the Basel Convention on the Transboundary movements of hazardous
wastes COP7 (25 - 29 October 2004)
http://www.basel.int/meetings/cop/cop7/index.html
Meeting the global waste challenge: Basel Convention conference to focus on
priorities, partnerships and resources
http://www.basel.int/press/pr10-04COP7.doc
Senators Urge U.S. Support for Global Mercury Treaty
A bipartisan group of seven Senators introduced a resolution urging the U.S.
to collaborate with international partners to prepare a comprehensive strategy
for reducing global mercury pollution and mercury use. The Senators introducing
the proposal include: Mark Dayton (D-MINN), Jim Jeffords (I-VT), Lincoln Chafee
(R-RI), Paul Sarbanes (D-MD), Joe Lieberman (D-CT), Patrick Leahy (D-VT), and
Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ). They suggest starting international negotiations for
a binding international agreement to limit mercury use, trade, mining, and pollution,
to be considered at the next UNEP Governing Council meeting in February 2005.
[See related items: EU Parliamentary Committee Moves to Strengthen Air Pollution
Laws of January 2004, UN Protocol to Restrict Heavy Metal Emissions in Europe
Came Into Force of December 2003, and Protocol to Control Heavy Metals to Enter
into Force of October 2003 environmental security monthly reports.]
Source:
Dayton urges Bush to support global mercury treaty
BusinessNorth, 10/8/2004 http://www.businessnorth.com/pr.asp?RID=1113
Congressman Leach Calls for New Actions to Address Asian Environmental Security Problems
Representative James A. Leach, chairman of the Subcommittee on Asia and the
Pacific of the House International Relations Committee said before the committee
September 22, 2004 that, "By almost any objective measure, it would appear
the scale of the environmental challenges in Asia demands a more robust response
from countries within the region as well as the international community,"
and he invited policy input.
Source:
Representative James A. Leach, Chairman, Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific
Asia's Environmental Challenges, September 22, 2004
Distributed by the Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department
of State http://usinfo.state.gov
OSCE Security Forum Urges Destruction
of Thousands of Tons of Dangerous Ammunition and Weapons
In a special meeting held on September 29 in Vienna, the OSCE's Forum for Security
Co-operation (FSC) discussed the best strategies to secure and/or destroy the
vast stocks of deteriorating weapons and munitions left over from the Cold War
across Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. The
life-threatening stocks represent a huge problem because of their quantity (very
large-Ukraine alone identified 120,000 tons on its territory overdue for destruction),
placement (in populated areas and next to important infrastructures), composition
(some are nuclear), and costs (their destruction or secure storage exceeds the
countries' financial capabilities). Representing an imminent human and environmental
hazard, and terrorism risk, it is critical to urgently deal with the situation.
Source:
OSCE security forum urges destruction of thousands of tonnes of dangerous ammunition
and weapons
http://www.osce.org/news/show_news.php?id=4403
China Climate Change Organization Formed
China National Council of International Human Dimensions Programme on Global
Environmental Change (CNC-IHDP) was launched by Chinese scientists and humanities
researchers to increase Chinese involvement in international discussions on
the impact of global climate change. The new organization run by the Chinese
Academy of Sciences will coordinate the efforts of researchers in all fields
to promote China's research on global climate and environmental changes, and
to investigate the relationship between those changes and sustainable development,
globalization and human safety, and global land change and urbanization.
Source:
China boosts research on impact of climate change
By Jia Hepeng, 3 September 2004
http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=1583&language=1
UN Agency to Intensify Tracking of Illicit
Nuclear Trafficking
At its 48th General Conference, IAEA warned that nuclear and radiological terrorism
didn't diminish in spite of the efforts to expand and accelerate preventive
actions. The IAEA Illicit Trafficking Database includes about 600 illicit incidents
involving unauthorized acquisition, possession, use, transfer, or disposal of
nuclear material and/or other radioactive or dangerous material. Non-participating
States are encouraged to join the 80 Member States to increase the program's
efficiency.
Source:
IAEA Database Tracks Illicit Trafficking of Nuclear Material Worldwide
http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2004/iaea_database.html
Technology Issues Relevant to Environmental
Security
A Radioactive Element's Rate of Decay Has Been Speeded Up
Japanese scientists from Tohoku University in Sendai have decreased the half-life
of beryllium-7 by about half a day, which represents almost 1%, the most dramatic
result obtained so far. While this is a promising success, researchers admit
that the possibility to significantly speed up the process remains "somewhat
remote". However, Peter Möller, from the Los Alamos National Laboratory
in New Mexico, says that re-creating conditions such as those found in the interior
of a hot star (which we don't know yet), might considerably enhance the effect
that the Japanese scientists have obtained.
Source:
Radioactivity gets fast-forward
By Philip Ball, news@nature.com, 17 September 2004
http://www.nature.com/news/2004/040913/full/040913-24.html
'On-Off Switch' for Buckyball (C60) Toxicity
Researchers at Rice University's Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology
(CBEN) have demonstrated that adjusting the surface properties of buckyballs
can control the nanoparticles' toxicity. They identified specific surface alterations
that can reduce or augment buckyballs' toxicity depending on the purpose for
which they are designed. Although just at the cytotoxicity level, these findings
are important for buckyball toxicological risk assessment, and more extensive
toxicological studies are already planned. However, this should not be confused
with the concept of creating "off-switches" for future nanoweapons,
a requirement in need of research and development.
Source:
Rice finds 'on-off switch' for buckyball toxicity
Public release date: 24-Sep-2004
Contact: Jade Boyd, jadeboyd@rice.edu, Rice University
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-09/ru-rf092404.php
Nanotubes that Detect and Kill Biological Agents
With funding from the U.S. Department of Defense's Army Research Office, University
of Pittsburgh researchers have found a technology for developing nanotube structures
that act both as biosensor and biocide. The objective is to produce a paint
that would change color in contact with biological and/or chemical agents and
also neutralize the toxic substances. The antimicrobial nanotube structures
are the product of a single-step synthesis of a hydrocarbon and a salt compound
(quaternary ammonium).
Source:
Nanotubes Made That Detect and Kill Biological Agents
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/sep2004/2004-09-27-03.asp
(by subscription only)
New Power Sources Needed for the Soldiers of the Future
At the request of the U.S. Army, the National Academies' Board on Army Science
and Technology conducted research to assess the present and future technological
needs for effective power systems for the "soldier of the future."
The report presents a review of various technology options, suggests future
design concepts, and makes recommendations for more energy-efficient technology
development and system design.
Sources:
Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors (full report) http://books.nap.edu/catalog/11065.html?onpi_newsdoc09102004
Press Release: New Power Sources Needed for Soldier of the Future http://www4.nationalacademies.org/news.nsf/isbn/0309092612?OpenDocument
Small Disposable Nuclear Power Plants Raise Environmental Concerns
The U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Lab is developing
a "small sealed transportable autonomous reactor" (SSTAR) that can
meet the energy needs of developing countries without the risk of diverting
fissile material to weapons programs. The reactor will have partial breeder
capability, and will incorporate a mechanical system to move a generation point
along a linear fuel store. A satellite-based alarm system to guard against tampering
is planned. The reactors can be transported to a location, and without needing
refueling or maintenance, generate power in the 10-100 MW range for up to 30
years. A prototype is hoped for by 2015.
Source
US plans portable nuclear power plants
New Scientist, September 03, 2004 http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99996344
Nuclear Energy to Go; A Self-Contained, Portable Reactor
Lawrence Livermore, Los Alamos http://www.llnl.gov/str/JulAug04/Smith.html
New Ecological Network Has Environmental
Implications
The National Science Foundation announced the formation of a Design Consortium
and Project Office for the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), field
and lab instrumentation deployed across the United States and integrated via
a cutting-edge information network into a continent-wide research platform designed
to answer scientific questions at regional and continental scales to enable
ecological forecasting. According to an NSF scientist, "It will …
[bring] together ecologists, engineers, social, physical, computer, and earth
scientists-to investigate ecological phenomena that span large geographical
areas and long periods of time." NEON is important because of the significant
role of ecological monitoring and evaluation in monitoring the state of the
environment as it is protected by domestic law and international agreements.
Source:
NEON Design Consortium and Project Office to Coordinate Design of Ecological
Observatories
http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/newsroom/pr.cfm?ni=15100000000112
UN Annual Treaty Event Produced 93 Actions from
32 Countries
A special event was held this month at the UN to get countries to speed up
the process of their acceptance of international agreements. The focus this
year was on treaties that protect civilians, especially during times of armed
conflicts. Some 32 countries participated by completing 93 actions??accessions,
ratifications or signatures to treaties that protect the rights of civilians,
covering subjects from armed conflicts to transnational crime, pesticides and
chemicals.
Sources:
Annual treaty drive at UN brings 93 actions from 32 countries
UN Press Release, September 24, 2004 http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=12037&Cr=treaty&Cr1=
Press Briefing on Focus 2004 Treaty Event http://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2004/KohonaBriefing_040924.doc.htm
New Reports Relevant to Environmental
Security
High-Level Panel Recommends the UN Better Connect Environment and Security
Environment and Security-The Role of the United Nations is the summary report
of a panel of experts in the fields of water, climate change, and natural resources
who assessed the link between environment and security and how the UN could
prevent environment-related conflict, and even use the environment to build
peace between nations. The report suggests that the UN more efficiently integrate
the environment into its security agenda and recommends that the "Security
Council mainstream environmental issues into its security operations, add environmental
conflict experts to its staff, and facilitate sharing conflict-related environmental
data and analysis across UN agencies." The report is part of the UN Foundation's
United Nations and Global Security Initiative.
Sources:
Protecting the Earth, Preserving Peace: Preventing Environmental Threats to
Security
ECSP Contributes to the United Nations' High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges,
and Change http://wwics.si.edu/index.cfm?topic_id=1413&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=76009
Environment and Security-The Role of the United Nations
Report of the Roundtable Conference, June 2, 2004 http://www.un-globalsecurity.org/pdf/reports/Environment_Security.pdf
UNEP Report Understanding Environment, Conflict, and Cooperation
UNEP's latest report, Understanding Environment, Conflict, and Cooperation was
launched by Klaus Toepfer at the conference Environment, Development, and Sustainable
Peace: Finding Paths to Environmental Peacemaking, held at Britain's Wilton
Park, September 16-19. The report features papers by several environmental security
experts, analyzing different aspects of the link between environment and conflict,
institutional implications, early warning, and opportunities raised by environment
and security initiatives.
Sources:
Environment, Development, and Sustainable Peace: Finding Paths to Environmental
Peacemaking
September 16-19 at Wilton Park in the United Kingdom
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1413&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=87325
http://www.wiltonpark.org.uk/web/welcome.html
Understanding Environment, Conflict, and Cooperation
UNEP report
http://mirror.unep.org/PDF/ECC.pdf
New WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality
World Health Organization (WHO) updated Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality
recommends a completely new approach to water management, shifting from reactive
action (responses to outbreaks), to preventive action, by managing drinking
water quality in a holistic, systematic way: from source to tap.
Sources:
WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality, third edition http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/guidelines/en/
WHO issues revised drinking water guidelines to help prevent water-related outbreaks
and disease
Press release, 21 September 2004 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2004/pr67/en/
Bioterrorism, Preparedness, Attack and Response 4
This new book edited by: John Blair, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas;
Myron Fottler, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, and the Hon.
Albert C. Zapanta , Office of the Secretary of Defense, Pentagon, reviews how
bioterrorism could affect the healthcare system of the United States. The book
gives one of the broadest overviews of the issues of bioterrorism preparedness
thus far.
Contents:
Part I: Biological Agents and Terrorist Agents
The Bioterrorism Formula: Facing the Certainty of the Uncertain Future; The
International Threat of Biological Weapons: Legal and Regulatory Perspectives;
Cocktails, Deceptions and Force Multipliers in Bioterrorism; Modeling the Environmental
Jolt of Terrorist Attacks: Configurations of Asymmetrical Warfare;
Part II: Chaos, Complexity and Change
Chaos and Complexity in a Bioterrorism Future; The Environmental Jolt of Likely
Bioterrorism; Changing Organizations for Their Likely Mass-Casualties Future.
Part III: Organizations Respond?or Not
Multiprovider Systems as First Line Responders to Bioterrorism Events: Challenges
and Strategies; Bioterrorism Visits the Physician's Office; Responding to Bioterrorism:
A Lesson in Humility for Management Scholars; Bioterrorism Preparedness and
Response: A Resource Guide for Health Care Managers.
Part IV: Defending the Homeland: Changes and Challenges
The Role of the Reserve Forces in Defending the Homeland; Civil-Military Relations
in an Era of Bioterrorism: Crime and War in the Making of Modern Civil-Military
Relations; Integration or Disintegration? An Examination of the Core Organization
and Management Challenges at the Department of Homeland Security.
Source:
Bioterrorism, Preparedness, Attack and Response
ISBN: 0-7623-1105-3, 392 pages, publication date: 2004 Imprint: ELSEVIER Price:
$95
http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/702791/description
Former EPA Administrator Calls for US Leadership in Environmental Protection
At the conference on the Making of Environmental Law at the Woodrow Wilson International
Center for Scholars, Russell E. Train, former Administrator of the Environmental
Protection Agency, presented his recent book, Politics, Pollution, and Pandas,
and called for US leadership in this field. Although the U.S. was the world
leader in environmental protection in the 1970s, he said, it is now widely viewed
as a laggard or even as an impediment to progress. With other panelists at the
conference, he urged the need for new US leadership in environmental protection.
Source:
WWICS Conference - The Making of Environmental Law: Past, Present, and Future
September 28, 3:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m.
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&event_id=82498
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
First Conference of the Parties to Rotterdam Convention
The first Conference of the Parties to Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed
Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International
Trade was held in Geneva, 20-24 September 2004. The delegates approved 14 new
hazardous substances to be added to the initial 27 substances already on the
UN-backed treaty list. The conference also established a Chemical Review Committee
to assess future proposals to add new chemicals and pesticides to the PIC list,
as well as finalize other administrative procedures necessary for good operations.
[See items of Rotterdam Convention in February 2004
and November 2003 AC/UNU Millennium Project environmental
security reports.] The fourteen new additions are: binapacryl; toxaphene; ethylene
dichloride; ethylene oxide; monocrotophos; DNOC and its salts; dustable powder
containing a combination of benomyl at or above 7 per cent, carbofuran at or
above 10 per cent and thiram at or above 15 per cent; amosite, actinolite, anthophyllite
and tremolite asbestos; tetraethyl lead and tetramethyl lead; parathion; and
chrysotile asbestos.
Sources:
COP 1. Documents of the Conference of the Parties at its First meeting (COP
1), Geneva, 20-24 September 2004 http://www.pic.int/en/ViewPage.asp?id=354
14 hazardous substances added to UN-backed treaty on pesticides
UN Press Release, September 24, 2004 http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=12028&Cr=pesticide&Cr1=
Aarhus Clearing House Launched
Aarhus Convention implementation is made more effective by the launch of a new
clearinghouse http://aarhusclearinghouse.unece.org, which provides information
on citizens' environmental rights. [See related item Full Application of the
Aarhus Convention in November 2003 AC/UNU Millennium
Project environmental scanning report.]
Source:
Environmental democracy clearing house launched to highlight progress under
the Aarhus Convention
http://www.unece.org/press/pr2004/04env_p12e.htm
Aarhus Convention clearinghouse http://aarhusclearinghouse.unece.org
UN to Help Tackle Iraq Pollution
UNEP in collaboration with the Iraqi Ministry of the Environment will start
a long-term, large-scale environmental clean-up process. The project will begin
with an assessment across the country to determine the areas with highest threats
and prioritize areas for cleaning. For the pilot project, five high priority
sites are likely to be chosen out of more than 300 environmental 'hot spots'.
[See related items in previous AC/UNU Millennium Project environmental security
reports: Medact Report on Iraqi Environmental Health, November
2003; Iraq Marshlands Restorations Could be Dangerous if not Preceded by
Cleanup, October 2003; Claims of Radioactive Battlefields
in Iraq need more scientific ground, September 2003.]
Sources:
UNEP and Iraqi Environment Ministry to Assess Key Polluted Sites
Eric Falt, UNEP Press Release, 14 September 2004
http://postconflict.unep.ch/pressiraq14sep2004.htm
Antarctica Glaciers Could Melt Faster than Expected
Two recent reports warn that the glaciers in Antarctica are melting much faster
than expected, and contain more ice than previously estimated, meaning considerable
sea level rise in case they break up.
Source:
Thin Glaciers Get Thinner in Antarctica - Report
Story by Maggie Fox, Health and Science Correspondent; 27/9/2004
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/27347/story.htm
Antarctic Glaciers Melting Faster This Year
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/sep2004/2004-09-23-09.asp
(by subscription only)
NASA Reports Show Antarctic Response to Global Warming - 23 September 2004
http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2004&m=September&x=20040923121122lcnirellep8.706301e-02&t=xarchives/xarchitem.html
Kyoto Protocol might Come Into Force
Russian President Vladimir Putin has asked key ministers to sign the documents
for the adherence of Russia to the Kyoto Protocol, in order to introduce it
to the Russian Duma for ratification. On September 30th the Russian Cabinet
approved this. However, the ministries have three months to submit implementation
plans, before the final Duma votes on ratification. This would put the Russian
Duma's vote after the U.S. election; hence, Russia would be making the Kyoto
decision knowing if Kerry or Bush has been elected. Russia non-ratification
may have been a bargaining chip with the Bush administration, but could have
less leverage with a Kerry administration. [See items on Kyoto Protocol in July
and June 2003, and December 2002
AC/UNU Millennium Project environmental security reports.]
Source:
Russian Cabinet backs Kyoto pact
http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/09/30/russia.kyoto.ap/index.html
Russian Ministries Move to Approve Kyoto Treaty
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/27360/story.htm
Call for Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Entry into Force
At the recent CTBT ministerial meeting, the participants issued a joint statement
calling on all non-signatory States, particularly the 12 whose ratification
is mandatory for the treaty's entry into force, to ratify the document. Representatives
of Finland and Japan stressed that this is essential in view of the present
threats to security emphasized by the use and proliferation of nuclear weapons
technologies and knowledge that has not been adequately addressed. [See item
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization to be Restructured, in July
2004 AC/UNU Millennium Project environmental scanning report]
Sources:
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
Press conference
http://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2004/CTBT_040923.doc.htm
Entry into force of nuclear-test-ban treaty would strengthen security of states,
peoples everywhere, Secretary-General says at launch of ministerial statement
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sgsm9499.doc.htm
Overview of Explosive Remnants of War Protocol
The Arms Control Web site published a comprehensive overview of the current
state of affairs of the abandoned ammunition and unexploded ordnance and the
Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) Protocol. The ERW is Protocol V to the Convention
on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW), aiming to make governments clean up battlefields
after armed conflicts end. [See Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War to the
Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in November
2003 AC/UNU Millennium Project environmental security report.]
Source:
Arms Control Today September 2004
Contending With Explosive Remnants of War
Ambassador Chris C. Sanders http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2004_09/Sanders.asp
Risks of Conflicts over Water are Increasing
World Water Week Warns of Wars over Water
Scientists at the World Water Week conference held in Stockholm, August 16-20,
2004, have stated that the risk of wars being fought over water is rising because
of explosive global population growth and widespread complacency. A report prepared
by the International Water Management Institute extrapolated present water consumption
to a point of conflict over water. The conference called for increased water
infrastructure investments. Water tables are falling on all continents. About
40% of humanity lives in the 260 major international water basins shared by
more than two countries. According to the recently released joint WHO-UNICEF
report, more than 1 billion people drink unsafe water and over 2.6 billion (40%
of the world's population) have no access to basic sanitation.
Sources:
Scientists Say Risk of Water Wars Rising
Reuters, 23 Aug 2004 http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/26728/story.htm
World meeting goals on safe drinking water, falling behind on sanitation: UN
Jonathan Fowler, Canadian Press, Thursday, August 26, 2004
http://www.canada.com/health/story.html?id=e69e9445-1621-47b9-92d0-aba5d040c3ff
One Billion People Still Drink Unsafe Water - UN
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/26800/story.htm
Generating Water from exhaust http://www.rdecom.army.mil/rdemagazine/200311/itf_tardec_water.html
Bangladesh Contests Indian River-Linking Project
At a recent regional meeting, Bangladesh and Nepal continued to object to India's
plans to divert water from 37 rivers to its drought-prone areas by building
reservoirs, dams, and canals. Bangladesh is claiming the plan would reduce its
water levels, threaten the livelihoods of millions of people, turn parts of
Bangladesh into desert, and damage the impoverished country's fishing and farming
sectors. Nepal is also claiming the project would cause unseasonal flooding
in Nepal, where most of the rivers flowing through India and Bangladesh originate.
As with the simmering Indian-Pakistani water situation, this water diversion
is a potential trigger for armed conflict. Although India's new government has
seemed willing to discuss the issue, the fact remains that India has a long-term
water scarcity problem that it must somehow address.
Sources:
Environmentalists decry India's river-linking project
Julhas Alam, Associated Press, 24 Aug 2004 http://www.enn.com/news/2004-08-24/s_26667.asp
S Asian peoples' network for water to face river linking
The New Nation, 22 Aug 2004 http://nation.ittefaq.com/artman/publish/article_11699.shtml
European Environmental Legislation New Developments
EC Reports EU Environmental Law Enforcement by EU Members is Poor
European environmental law implementation presents "serious shortcomings"
according to the "Fifth Annual Survey on the implementation and enforcement
of EU environmental law" covering the year 2003. Timely transposing of
environmental laws passed at the European Union level into national laws is
the main problem. In 2003, environmental law non-compliance represented over
a third of the cases brought before the European Court of Justice. The survey
found that most of the infringements were related to air quality, waste disposal
and treatment, water quality, nature protection and environmental impact assessments.
The report also suggests a more proactive policy in enforcing compliance by
designing more "enforcement-friendly" environmental laws, and offering
more support to nations in the implementation process.
Sources:
Implementation of EU environmental law: survey highlights serious shortcomings
Brussels, 19 August 2004, IP/04/1038 http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/04/1038&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
Fifth Annual Survey on the Implementation and Enforcement of Community Environmental
Law 2003
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/law/as03.htm
European Law Enforcement Poor: Citizens Complaints Justified http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2004/2004-08-23-01.asp
(by subscription only)
EU Persistent Organic Pollutants List
The European Union has proposed banning additional chemicals beyond those found
on the Stockholm Convention's list. The chemicals include: hexachlorobutadiene,
octabromodiphenyl ether, pentachlorobenzene, polychlorinated napthalenes, short-chained
chlorinated paraffins, pentabromodiphenyl ether, chlordecone, hexabromobifenyl,
and hexachlorocyclohexane.
Source:
EU Wants to Expand 'Dirty Dozen' Chemicals List
Reuters, 12 Aug 2004 http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/26553/story.htm
Chemical Munitions on San José Island, Panama
Several chemical munitions have been found recently on San José Island,
Panama, a chemical weapons testing site up to 1948. Although the US has offered
to dispose of the munitions found to date and provide funding for the equipment
needed for any further cleanup, Panama has been unwilling to release Washington
from further responsibility. Since the Panamanian government has refused the
offer, the US government considers the matter closed.
Sources:
Panama Pushes U.S. to Clean Up Chemical Weapons
Associated Press, 12 Aug 2004 http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2004_8_13.html#C073008D
Panama worried more U.S. chemical munitions left
Frances Robles, Miami Herald, 5 Aug 2004 http://www.kansas.com/mld/kansas/news/world/9325898.htm
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental
Security Implications
Technology for Perchlorates Cleanup
Sub-Surface Waste Management (SSWM) of Delaware has developed a technology for
rapid cleanup of perchlorates from soil and groundwater. The new technology
is based on a special blend of microbes and nutrients that can degrade perchlorates
in soils within approximately a week of initial inoculation.
Source:
SSWM Bio-Raptor Demonstrates Its Solvents & Rocket Pollution Solution
http://www.spacewar.com/news/2004/milplex-082304-2231-16.html
Aquatic Plant Removes POPs from Wetlands
Scientists at the Georgia Institute of Technology have discovered that duckweed,
a common floating aquatic plant, can remove persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
from wetlands, particularly chlorinated, fluorinated and mixed chloro-fluoro
compounds. It remains to be determined how to dispose of the plants after they
absorb and store the compounds.
Source:
Common Aquatic Plant Removes Pollutants from Wetlands
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2004/2004-08-27-09.asp#anchor6
(by subscription only)
Battle Simulators to Reduce Environmental Stresses from Military Exercises
The Department of Defense has just acquired two massive new simulation-oriented
computer complexes, which should substantially reduce environmental stresses
from large-scale battlefield exercises. Each cluster consists of 256 dual 3-GHz
Linux processors; they will be delivered to the USAF Maui HPCC (Maui High Performance
Computing Center) and ASC (Aeronautical Systems Center) CMSRC (Center Major
Source Resource Center) at Wright Patterson AFB, and will be used by the Joint
Forces Command's Joint Experimentation Directorate (J9). These systems will
allow large-scale, high-resolution combat simulations that weren't possible
with the previous hardware. [See also previous AC/UNU Millennium Project environmental
scanning items: Software algorithms for ecoterrorism prediction and simulations
to improve environmental policy efforts, by identifying plausible futures linked
to key environmental issues, August-September 2003; and Virtual Earth Simulation
might help reduce environmental impact of military operations, March 2004.]
Related news: Sandia National Labs announced that they are assembling the world's
fastest yet smaller and most cost-effective supercomputer. Red Storm, the new
supercomputer, is expected to become operational in January 2005.
Sources:
Pentagon turns to Linux for high-end battlefield simulations
Computerworld News Story by Todd R. Weiss, August 17, 2004
http://www.computerworld.com/softwaretopics/os/linux/story/0,10801,95309,00.html?nas=AM-95309
Red Storm to be assembled in New Mexico
http://www.sandia.gov/news-center/news-releases/2004/all/redstormrising.html
New UK Study on Future Impacts of Nanotechnology
Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties, by the UK
Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering reviews the state of knowledge
and ignorance about potential health, safety and environmental impacts of nanotechnology,
plus an assessment of the social and ethical issues of its future. Although
clearly stipulating that there is no ground for a moratorium on nanotechnology
research, the report calls for more research into the health, safety, and environmental
impacts of nanotech. It recommends establishment of "an
Interdisciplinary centre (probably comprising several existing research institutions)
to undertake research into the toxicity, epidemiology, biopersistence and bioaccumulation
of manufactured nanoparticles, their exposure pathways, and methods and instrumentation
for monitoring them in the environment."
Source:
Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties report text
http://www.nanotec.org.uk/finalReport.htm
pdf of the main report (3,511 KB) or a hard copy of either the main or summary
reports can be ordered via email nano@royalsoc.ac.uk or phone at +44 (0)20 74512585.
Climate Change--New Developments
Dust and Climate Change
At a recent meeting of the International Geographical Congress, the issue of
dust as a hidden climate problem was raised. The deposition of dust can affect
the environment in several ways, including climate change, soil salinization,
disease transmission, ocean fertilization, ice cap reflectivity change, air
pollution, and the neutralization of acid rain. Professor Andrew Goudie of Oxford
University claims that in parts of Africa, which appear to be the major sources
of global dust, annual dust production has increased tenfold in the last 50
years. Research is scheduled for next year to determine whether dust in some
parts of the world is more important than pollution in affecting climate change.
Sources:
Dust 'is hidden climate problem'
Alex Kirby, BBC, 19 Aug 2004 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3579578.stm
4x4s replace the desert camel and whip up a worldwide dust storm
Paul Brown, environment correspondent, Friday August 20, 2004, The Guardian
http://www.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,12374,1287212,00.html
New Outcomes on Climate Change Consequences
"Impacts of Europe's Changing Climate", a report released by the European
Environment Agency (EEA) on August 18, reveals that the continent is warming
more rapidly than the rest of the world. Science published the results of a
new computer model developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research
(NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado that shows global warming might trigger more frequent
and intense heat waves, mostly in cities in the U.S. and Europe. A Johns Hopkins
University researcher, leading a team from several universities, forecast that
Eastern US cities will experience hotter summers and more smog; and that, by
the end of this century, the heat index will rise in the range of 5 to 15 degrees
Fahrenheit, translated mainly into deterioration of the air quality and related
health consequences. Our Changing Planet, which summarizes recent and planned
climate change research by 13 government agencies and was submitted to the U.S.
Congress this month with a covering letter signed by the president's secretaries
of commerce and energy, along with his science adviser, might change the Bush
administration's attitude on global warming. The report states that heat-trapping
gases, such as carbon dioxide, are the only likely causes of global warming
during the last 30 years, and also reveals other newly identified risks. Scientists
at the recent EuroScience forum in Stockholm concluded that humans will have
more impact on the environment than Nature and identified important hot-spots.
In the meantime, an analysis by Princeton University scientists shows that there
are technologies that could be immediately implemented to aggressively curb
global greenhouse gas emissions, but the political will is lacking.
Sources:
Impacts of Europe's changing climate
EEA Report http://reports.eea.eu.int/climate_report_2_2004/en
A Hot, Hot, Hot Europe
By Jim Motavalli http://www.emagazine.com/view/?2004
Europe 'must adapt on climate'
By Alex Kirby, BBC News Online environment correspondent
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3570602.stm
Heat Waves to Worsen Across America, Europe -Study
Story by Maggie Fox, Health and Science Correspondent, August 16, 2004
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/26588/newsDate/16-Aug-2004/story.htm
Study: European winters may vanish by 2080
http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/08/18/environment.europe.warming.reut/
More Heat Waves Expected
by Dan Whipple; Boulder CO (UPI) Aug 23, 2004
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/climate-04zzo.html
Global Warming Could Cloud Cities With More Smog
By J.R. Pegg, Washington, DC, August 5, 2004 (ENS)
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2004/2004-08-05-10.asp
(by subscription only)
White House report says people cause global warming
NewScientist.com news service http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99996334
U.S. Report Turns Focus to Greenhouse Gases
By Andrew C. Revkin, NY Times, August 26, 2004
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/26/science/26climate.html?pagewanted=print&position=
EuroScience Open Forum-the first pan-European Scientific Meeting ever!
http://www.esof2004.org/for_the_press/press_briefings_friday_27_august_publish.asp
Global Climate Technologies Here, Political Will Lacking
By J.R. Pegg, August 17, 2004 (ENS)
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2004/2004-08-17-10.asp
(by subscription only)
Emerging Viruses as Result of Environmental Change and Genetic Mutation
Researchers from the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston
have discovered that environmental alterations, such as replacing forests with
ranchland, combined with genetic mutations, can produce new, more infectious,
viruses. The paper published in the August 3 Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences [Make italics] details the background research and future focus
of the group of researchers.
Source:
Environmental Change + Genetic Mutation = New Viruses
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2004/2004-08-04-03.asp
(by subscription only)
FDA Approves Dirty Bomb Antidotes
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the commercialization of two
products designed to help deal with consequences of terrorists using dirty bombs.
The drugs (penetate calcium trisodium injection, Ca-DTPA; and penetate zinc
trisodium injection, Zn-DTPA) help speed elimination of radiation from the body
and are especially effective for treating contamination from plutonium, americium
and curium.
Source:
FDA Approves Dirty Bomb Antidotes
The Associated Press, ABCNEWS, Aug. 11, 2004 http://abcnews.go.com/wire/Living/ap20040811_1043.html
Health Impacts of Fuels
According to a new study published in the International Journal of Cancer,
the risk of ovarian cancer increases with increased exposure to diesel exhaust.
Likewise, exposure to gasoline engine exhaust also was found to increase the
risk of ovarian cancer. However, the study's findings contradict those of previous
studies linking other types of cancers to engine exhausts. Meanwhile, a study
in Occupational and Environmental Medicine showed that living near a fuel station
might quadruple the risk of acute leukemia in children.
Sources:
Diesel Exhaust Exposure Raises Ovarian Cancer Risk
Reuters, 17 Aug 2004 http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/26619/story.htm
Fuel stations may pose child cancer risk, says study
Reuters, 19 Aug 2004 http://www.enn.com/news/2004-08-19/s_26608.asp
US And Allies Should Change Priorities
Says New Book On Terrorism
The Four Faces of Nuclear Terrorism from the Monterey Institute in California recommends new priorities based on risk (likelihood multiplied by impact) and concludes that addressing the availability of highly enriched uranium should be put at the top of the list: "The United States must dramatically revise U.S. efforts to protect fissile materials abroad so as to make securing, consolidating, and eliminating highly enriched uranium (HEU) the leading and most urgent task, taking clear precedence over addressing the dangers posed by plutonium, which must, nonetheless, remain an important priority. The overarching principal guiding policy should be to move toward a world in which fewer countries retain HEU, fewer facilities within countries possess HEU, and fewer locations within those facilities have HEU present."
Source:
The Four Faces of Nuclear Terrorism by Charles D. Ferguson and William C. Potter
ISBN 1-885350-09-0 Available from the Monterey Institute in California publicaffairs@miis.edu
Phone: (831) 647-3545 or Fax: (831) 647-3585
UK Suggests Environmental Court similar
to Australia and New Zealand
A report for the UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) has recommended that a specialized court and judges be established to address environmental and "overdevelopment" issues. If the UK environmental court were to be established, becoming the third such national court in the world (after Australia and New Zealand), then increased environmentalist pressure for such a court in the US and other countries will increase. There have even been suggestions for a UN Environmental Security Council. It is reasonable to assume that increasing environmental law with increasing technological capacity to identify infractions will put increased pressure on courts to become more capable of addressing these matters.
Source:
Polluters targeted by court dedicated to environmental cases
http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/legal/story.jsp?story=555927
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Pollutants Travel Globally
As an update to Item 4.1 of the July 2004 Environmental
Issues report, which discussed transatlantic transport of upper air pollutants,
a new and larger study by the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research
on Transport and Transformation, or ICARTT, an air quality study billed as the
largest and most comprehensive yet done, reveals that pollutants from Asia,
in particular China, are reaching the East Coast of North America and are presumably
continuing eastward toward Europe and Africa.
Source:
Asian grit aloft in New England; Pollutants found to travel globally
By Stephanie Ebbert, Globe Staff August 9, 2004
http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/08/09/asian_grit_aloft_in_new_england/
Environmental Role for Army in Brazil
Further on last month's item, Environmental Role for Army in Brazil, on 6 August
2004, the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources
and the Army Command of Land Operations signed an agreement for the Army to
provide logistic support and guarantee the security of operations to monitor,
control, and combat deforestation in the Amazon. In addition, approximately
0.5% of Brazil's total defense budget has been allocated for this effort. This
is a further development from last month. (See last month's
scanning item on this topic.)
Source:
Brazil Calls Army to Battle Deforestation
Maurício Cardoso, Agência Brasil, Brazzil, August 2004
http://www.brazzil.com/2004/html/articles/aug04/p116aug04.htm
Maritime Worker Security
The necessary ratifications have been received for the Seafarers' Identity Documents
Convention (Revised) (ILO-185) to go into force on 9 February 2005. ILO-185
will set international standards for seafarer identification documents ("SID")
that will provide reliable, positively verifiable, and internationally recognized
identification and be acceptable in lieu of a visa for purposes of shore leave.
This agreement will ease the enforcement of treaties for protection of the maritime
environment against attack.
Source:
UN-backed maritime identification to go into force to fight terrorism
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=11668&Cr=terrorism&Cr1=#
The Military's Environmental Role Continues to Increase Around the World
Environmental Role for Army in Brazil
Brazil has established an agreement between its environmental and defense ministries
to provide military support to environmental enforcement efforts. Although Brazil
has used its army in such a role since the late 1990s, this marks the first
time that a formal agreement has been signed outlining the responsibilities
of the two agencies in directly addressing deforestation.
Note: A recent report by Conservation International reveals that Brazil's tropical savanna is disappearing at a faster rate than Brazil's Amazon and Atlantic rain forests and might disappear by 2030 if current clearing practices continue. This environmental group will meet with Brazil's government at the end of July to further discuss the situation.
Sources:
Brazilian Army to Help Protect Rainforest
VOA News, 14 July 2004 http://www.voanews.com/article.cfm?objectID=47C5D181-A200-41BE-A1EB01728513AD0A
Brazilian Army to Join Fight Against Deforestation
Associated Press, 14 July 2004 http://www.enn.com/news/2004-07-14/s_25815.asp
Brazil's Savanna is Set to Disappear by 2030, says Report
Reuters, 20 July 2004 http://www.enn.com/news/2004-07-20/s_25996.asp
Environmental Role for Army in Lebanon
A recent editorial in a Lebanese newspaper called for the Lebanese Army to take
on an environmental role in the country in the absence of a wartime mission.
Source:
Pollution: The war to vanquish an insidious enemy should begin now
The Daily Star, 10 July 2004 http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&article_id=6094&categ_id=17
Comment:
The growing trend of governments to use the military in peacetime for enforcing
environmental legislation indicates an increased recognition that environmental
conditions are an essential part of national security. [See also the recent
statement by a senior Chinese military official who has identified environmental
protection as a security role of the military; April 2004
report.]
China to Control NBC and Missile Exports, Possibly
Join MTCR
Speaking at the 5th Sino-US Conference on Arms Control, Disarmament and Nonproliferation,
Vice Foreign Minister Zhang Yesui announced a set of laws and regulations to
control exports of nuclear, biological, chemical, and missile technologies.
These presumably represent the full embodiment and extension of the similar
biological weapons and missile provisions announced in August and October 2002.
Zhang also indicated China's willingness to join the Missile Technology Control
Regime (MTCR).
Sources:
China enacts laws to control missile exports
Daily Times (site edition), July 22, 2004 http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_22-7-2004_pg4_5
Breakthrough Technologies with Environmental
Security Implications
Dirty Bomb Clean-Up Technology for Porous Structures
New technology to safely capture and dispose of radioactive elements from outdoor
porous structures (brick and concrete) is being developed by Argonne Laboratory's
Chemical Engineering Division in Illinois. The new decontamination system is
based on engineered nanoparticles and a super-absorbent gel. It is expected
to be available in 18 months.
Sources:
Nanoparticles, super-absorbent gel clean radioactivity from porous structures
Argonne National Laboratory, 2 July 2004 http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4752
Zircon Options for Nuclear Waste Storage
Cambridge-MIT Institute (CMI) in the UK discovered that the mineral zircon (ZrSiO4)
might be a solution for long-term nuclear waste storage. Computer simulations
show that when radioactive materials heavily damage the zircon, the atoms rearrange
themselves to form a protective shell around the damaged area. Once the principle
is proven and it's fully understood what is going on at the atomic level, then
it will be possible to explore alternative materials that could be produced
on a much larger industrial scale.
Sources:
Crystal Options for Nuclear Waste
Jo Twist, BBC News Online, 18 July 2004 http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/science/nature/3896463.stm
Roach-like Robots for Better Post-conflict Clean-Up and Survivor Detection
Researchers at Stanford, Berkeley, and Poly-PEDAL labs designed the Sprawl family
of hexapedal robots, based on the cockroaches model. These robots are fast,
stable, independent, and lower cost. They could be deployed for landmine detection
and for survivor location in natural or other disasters.
Sources:
Roach Robots
Karen Lurie, Sciencentral News, 8 July 2004 http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?language=english&type=24119&article_id=218392297&cat=3_3
Military Applications of Silicon-Based Ultraviolet Sensors
A photodetector sensitive to ultraviolet light was produced by researchers at
the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. They used standard lithographic
techniques to deposit thin films of silicon nanoparticles on silicon substrates
with small conductive pads of gold to complete the assembly. Electricity flows
when ultraviolet light strikes the nanoparticles. In addition to commercial
applications, the silicon-based ultraviolet sensors could have military and
security functions as ultraviolet-based detectors for missile-warning systems
and airborne biological agents. They could also be useful in detection of violations
to future environmental treaties; and hence might be considered in the implementation
section of future treaties.
Sources:
Silicon-Based Photodetector Is Sensitive To Ultraviolet Light
Champaign IL (SPX) Jul 20, 2004 http://www.spacedaily.com/news/chip-tech-04v.html
Military Implications of Air Pollution-related
Measures
Transoceanic Pollution
Researchers have begun studying whether gases from the United States are responsible
for pollution in Europe. Specific emphasis is being placed on the transport
of pollutants contributing to ozone depletion. [See also item 9.4 Space Technology
use for Environmental Security in this report.]
Source:
Scientists Investigate If Pollution Is Traveling Across Oceans
UN Wire, 14 July 2004 http://www.unwire.org/UNWire/20040714/449_25844.asp
Vehicle Emissions in Europe
Emissions from sports utility vehicles and vehicles powered by diesel engines
are at the core of vehicle emissions control efforts in Europe. Italy, France,
and the UK have already implemented or indicated intent to implement local policies
to discourage or ban the use of such vehicles. The health impact of emissions
from such vehicles is the source of this emerging policy debate.
Source:
All-Terrain Pollution
Julio Godoy, Interpress News Service Agency, 16 July 2004 http://www.ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=24664
Australia Cuts Sulfur Content in Transport Fuels
As part of the government's strategy to dramatically reduce urban air pollution,
Australia introduced tough new fuel standards by reducing sulfur in unleaded
gasoline and in diesel over the next five years. The new standards are estimated
to save A$3.4 billion in hospital and medical costs by 2020. (See also item
The U.S. Army to Use Hydrogen Fuel Cell Powered Cars item in October 2003 environmental
security report.]
Source:
Australia Cuts Sulfur Content in Transport Fuels
Environment News Service (ENS), July 26, 2004 http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2004/2004-07-26-04.asp
(by subscription only)
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization to be Restructured
The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) Organization will undergo considerable
restructuring over the next two years as it progresses from the buildup phase
to testing and evaluation, and operation and maintenance. The recently released
Report of the 22nd Session of the organization's preparatory commission, held
at the end of June 2004, offers some details of the plans. The CTBT will enter
into force when 44 required states (Annex 2 States) ratify the treaty; thus
far, 32 have ratified it.
Sources:
Report Of The Twenty-Second Session Of The Preparatory Commission For The Comprehensive
Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization
http://www.ctbto.org/bin/DeliverDoc?cmd=DisplayPDFFile&docid=1029
Twenty-Second Session of the Preparatory Commission concludes
Press Release, Vienna, Austria, 30 June 2004 http://www.ctbto.org
Changes Anticipated At Test Ban Treaty Organization
U.N. Wire, Thursday, July 22, 2004, By David Ruppe http://www.unwire.org/News/328_426_26084.asp
UN Establishes New Agency for Internally
Displaced People
Only three of the current 21 conflicts are trans-border wars, the remaining
18 are internal conflicts. There are about 50 million internally displaced people
(IDPs) who have fled their homes due to conflicts, environmental causes, and
government orders. In order to address the IDPs issues, the United Nations established
the Inter-agency Internal Displacement Division on July 1st. It will initially
focus on the major countries of internal displacement - Sudan, Uganda, Somalia,
Liberia, Burundi and Colombia; and will negotiate access to the Democratic Republic
of the Congo (DRC) and Sri Lanka. If continued environmental deterioration forces
increased migration and conflict within countries that UNHCR is not authorized
to reach, then IDP could play an important role in conflict prevention.
Source:
New UN office seeks to better address plight of 50 million uprooted people
http://www.un.org/apps/news/printnews.asp?nid=11412
UN Investigators Warn of Illegal Uranium
Mining in DRC
UN investigators warned that illegal mining at a closed uranium mine in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo poses a terrorism risk. UN authorities "recommended
that this mine be secured and put in the charge of a private operation for much
more disciplined operations, with the aim of avoiding risks including the high
rate of radioactivity ... and uranium trafficking with those who shouldn't get
it in their hands." The potential threats of transnational organized crime
in cooperation with terrorists for illegal uranium mining are significant.
Source:
DRC mining 'a terror threat'
http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1560484,00.html
Carpathian Mountain office of the United
Nations Environment Programme
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has opened a new office at
the Vienna International Centre, which will act as the Interim Secretariat of
the Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the
Carpathians. The office will also promote environmental cooperation in Central
and Southeastern Europe. Four of the Convention's signatories (the Czech Republic,
Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) have requested the European Commission to adhere
to the Convention and support its implementation.
Source:
New Vienna office of UN environment agency to focus on Carpathian Mountains
UN News Center, 15 July 2004 http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=11357&Cr=environment&Cr1
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Research Confirms Military and Industry Sonar Harms Whales
The newly released report by the scientific committee of the International Whaling
Commission (IWC) indicates that there is compelling evidence that sonar used
by the military and the oil and gas industry harms whales. Scientists are unsure
why sonar causes whale stranding, internal bleeding, and death. The use of low-frequency
sonar is already limited by an agreement worked out between the US Navy and
environmental groups whereby the Navy scales back its low-frequency sonar deployment
from 75% of the world's oceans to approximately 1% of that area. Now the Natural
Resources Defense Council (NRDC) is targeting the more common mid-frequency
sonar.
The IWC report may reinforce the actions of U.S. animal welfare groups that
threaten to sue the U.S. Navy over the use of mid-frequency sonar that harms
whales. The groups sent a petition to the European Parliament that asks countries
to immediately mitigate the effects of mid-frequency sonar. [See also item US
military waived in respecting environmental law in May 2003
Millennium Project environmental security monthly report.]
Sources:
Whale Sonar Deaths Bring Threat of Navy Lawsuit http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/26066/story.htm
Accord Is Sweet Music for Sonar-Afflicted Marine Life http://www.hsus.org/ace/19848?pg=1
Military, industry sonar harms whales - IWC report
Story by Robin Pomeroy, 23/7/2004, Reuters News Service http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/26196/story.htm
Israeli Dimona Nuclear Reactor
Ben Gurion University, the Water Authority, and the Center for Atomic Researches
in Wadi Sureek have published findings of elevated radiation levels in the Negev
and Arava aquifers near the Dimona reactor. This follows warnings from the Palestinian
Environment Quality Authority last year of the potential environmental threat
of the aging Dimona reactor. [This follows up on the item in the August-September
2003 environmental security report: Attention is needed to the Dimona Reactor
in Israel.]
Source:
Israeli Scientific Research: Negev and Arava Aquifer Radiation Caused by "Dimona"
Waste
Al-Jazeerah, 15 July 2004 http://www.aljazeerah.info/News%20archives/2004%20News%20archives/July/15%20n/Israeli%20Scientific%20Research%20Negev%20and%20Arava%20Aquifer%20Radiation%20Caused%20by%20Dimona%20Waste.htm
States to Sue the Energy Producers Over Global Warming
California and seven other states are to sue five large energy producers who
they contend are responsible for nearly 10% of the greenhouse gases emissions
of the United States. The suit demands substantial pollution cuts by the companies,
saying the carbon dioxide from energy producers is a 'public nuisance.' [See
also the item Carbon Dioxide Emissions calculated for ExxonMobil of February
2004 environmental scanning report.]
Sources:
States to Sue Over Global Warming
http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-warming21jul21,1,1699397.story
(by subscription only)
Spitzer and states to sue utilities over CO2, say sources
Deepa Babington and Timothy Gardner, Reuters, 21 July 2004 http://www.enn.com/news/2004-07-21/s_26042.asp
To Curb Global Warming, Eight States and New York City Vow to Sue Nation's Largest
Power Companies
Mark Johnson, Associated Press, 21 July 2004 http://www.newsday.com/news/local/wire/ny-bc-ct--emissionslawsuit0721jul21,0,792585,print.story?coll=ny-ap-regional-wire
Increasing Capacity of Space Technology to Assist Environmental Security
The global environmental monitoring system is becoming increasingly capable
of detailed diagnosis. The mission of the Aura spacecraft launched by NASA is
to give scientists information on the nature and movements of pollutants and
their effect on the atmosphere and the ozone holes. Over the next several years
four more U.S. and French satellites should be launched, forming a set of environmental
monitors. Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS), a new collaboration
between 17 U.S. federal agencies and nearly 50 countries will monitor data from
thousands of manned and unmanned land, air, and sea stations from around the
world as well as from space for a continuous assessment of the earth's vital
signs. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration leads the effort.
The coalition members are scheduled to release a 10-year plan in February 2005.
Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) launched a new Observing
the Earth Portal to better highlight GMES's global monitoring activities and
results. [See also related items Better Use of Satellites to Monitor International
Treaties of March 2003, Improved coordination of global
Earth observation in August 2003 and International
Agreement on Earth Environmental Observing System in the March
and April 2004 environmental security monthly reports.]
Sources:
Director José Achache unveils new Observing the Earth website http://www.esa.int/export/esaEO/SEMMDCM26WD_index_0.html
NASA launches Aura spacecraft to study atmosphere
Reuters, 16 July 2004 http://www.enn.com/news/2004-07-16/s_25913.asp
Nations Collaborate to Take Planet's 'Pulse'; Vast Network Will Monitor Environment
By Juliet Eilperin, Washington Post Staff Writer, Monday, July 26, 2004; Page
A07 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A13737-2004Jul25.html
Chinese Use of Weather Modification Technologies Might Cause Disputes
Severe droughts in China, particularly in major cities in the central Henan
province, led Chinese authorities to the use of weather modification technologies
to produce rain. The bombardment of clouds in one area provoked discontent in
the neighboring ones who claimed the loss of moisture.
Source:
Hey! You! Get off my Cloud
Reuters, 15 July 2004 http://www.enn.com/news/2004-07-15/s_25857.asp
Efforts for Increasing Corporate Eco-responsibility
The "Responsible Investment Initiative" launched by the United Nations
Environment Program (UNEP) aims to develop by September 2005 a set of globally
recognized principles for responsible investment to be considered by the major
institutional investors. The initiative is framed in support of the Global Compact,
a U.N. effort to enlist the support of the public and private sector for 10
key principles relating to human rights, labor and the environment, and is based
on the recent study, "The Materiality of Social, Environmental and Corporate
Governance Issues to Equity Pricing," launched at the UN Global Compact
Leaders Summit on 24 June in New York. The new principles will protect both
the planet and long-term shareholder value by integrating environmental, social
and governance concerns into investor and capital market considerations.
The Word Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable
Development (WBCSD) recently published the revised edition of The Greenhouse
Gas Protocol: A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard, a framework for
corporate GHG accounting and reporting, and a tool for helping companies more
efficiently manage their GHG emissions. The next steps are: developing of Web-based
GHG calculation tools; establishing complementary sector-specific protocols;
and working on a new standard focused on the quantification of GHG mitigation
projects.
[See also items: Online Database of Sustainable Consumption Initiatives in North
America Launched of April 2004, New Initiatives Aiming
to Increase Eco-Efficiency and their Implications for Environmental Security
of February 2004 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Creating a Global Alliance of Investors
Press release, UNEP, London/Nairobi, 15 July 2004 http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=402&ArticleID=4569&l=en
Corporations Take the Lead on Climate Change
World Resources Institute, 20 July 2004 http://pubs.wri.org/pubs_content_text.cfm?ContentID=2735
GHG Protocol Initiative http://www.ghgprotocol.org/
Iraq Marshlands to be Restored
UNEP announced an $11 million program, funded by the government of Japan, to
restore the damaged marshlands of Iraq. The project will use environmentally
sound technologies to restore drinking water and sanitation systems to the Marsh
Arabs. [This is a follow-up to the items: Iraq Marshlands Restorations Could
be Dangerous if not Preceded by Cleanup of October 2003
and Post-conflict Cleanup in Iraq of April 2003 environmental
security reports.]
Source:
Iraq: UN announces multi-million dollar plan to restore 'Garden of Eden' marshes
UN News Service, July 23, 2004 http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=11447&Cr=Iraq&Cr1=
Back to top
UNU Environmental Security-related Activities
UNU Institute for Environment and Human Security Founded
The United Nations University has established an Institute for Environment and
Human Security in Bonn, Germany (UNU/EHS) which aims to provide research-based,
policy-relevant advice and training to enhance the capacity of societies to
cope with catastrophic events. As its priority, UNU/EHS will focus on human
and environmental security and vulnerability assessment in flood plains and
deltas with particular emphasis on urban settlements. Its interdisciplinary
and multicultural core team will engage in the development and implementation
of research and training programs.
Sources
United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS)
http://www.ehs.unu.edu
Flood-menaced population to double by 2050
http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/25522/story.htm
Two billion vulnerable to floods by 2050; number expected to double or more
in two generations
New UNU Institute in Germany to Advise Governments on Mitigating "Human
Security" Threats
http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/umwelt_naturschutz/bericht-30168.html
Emerging Forces in Environmental Governance, UNU
A recent book published by the United Nations University presents arguments
for overhauling international environmental governance. It argues that a new
environmental coordinating body is needed to solve problems associated with
the proliferation of multiple organizations that administer various treaties,
conduct research, and maintain the information required to ensure consistent
enforcement of existing international environmental agreements. Enforcement
options presented include creation of a World Environment Court, a UN Environmental
Security Council with binding enforcement powers, and expansion of the UN Security
Council mandate to include environmental security.
Sources:
Experts weigh need to overhaul environmental governance system as world ecosystems
worsen
United Nations University, 2 June 2004 http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-06/unu-ewn060204.php
Emerging Forces in Environmental Governance
Edited by: Norichika Kanie and Peter M. Haas http://www.unu.edu/unupress/new/ab-EmergingForces1095.html
South Asia in the World: Problem Solving Perspectives on Security,
Sustainable Development, and Good Governance, UNU Publication
This 460 page book analyses South Asian regional economic, social, security,
and environmental issues. Several chapters are dedicated to security issues,
and two chapters are specifically addressing environment and security related
issues: "Environment: Critical links between environment and development
in South Asia" and "The environmental challenge to human security
in South Asia"
Source:
South Asia in the World: Problem Solving Perspectives on Security, Sustainable
Development, and Good Governance
Edited by: Ramesh Thakur and Oddny Wiggen
http://www.unu.edu/unupress/new/ab-SouthAsia1093.html
SIPRI 2004 Yearbook Warns about Genetic Weapons
The annual yearbook of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute includes a warning of the potential for new classes of biological weapons.
Sources:
What's new at SSPRI
http://first.sipri.org/db/dbf/sipri_whats_new_disp
Peace Center Alerts Risk of New Biotech Weapons
Reuters, 9 June 2004
http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&cid=570&u=/nm/20040609/sc_nm/arms_sipri_biotech_dc&printer=1
Citation Statistics May Reveal Covert
Weapons Work
A team at the NM Institute of Mining & Technology has reported, in Nature,
a statistical technique for using the interlocking network of authors and citations
among scientific papers to detect covert research projects. Applying the method
to a Soviet laboratory's body of publications, the scientists were able to detect
a 10-year period during which it was engaged in bioweapons studies.
Source
Bioweapons labs outed by own research
http://www.nature.com/nsu/040531/040531-1.html
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental Security Implications
Bacterial Integrated Circuits
University of Tennessee scientists have developed a device to collect signals
from specially altered bacteria. These Bioluminescent Bioreporter Integrated
Circuits (BBICs) have already been used for environmental monitoring.
Source:
Bacterial Integrated Circuits
Karen Miller, Science at NASA, 10 June 2004
http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2004/10jun_bbics.htm?list1126820
Robot Swarms
Advances in robotics and artificial intelligence make possible the development
of large "swarms" of cheap robots that range is size for a broad set
of applications. Operating off simple individual instruction sets, swarms of
robots can nevertheless potentially interact in a complex manner, performing
a myriad of tasks, including a number of supporting environmental missions.
The ability to produce large quantities of simple robots that interact with
each other decreases the unit costs of robotics and potentially increases the
number of tasks that such swarms can perform.
Source:
Send In the Swarm
Stuart F. Brown, Fortune, 1 June 2004
http://www.fortune.com/fortune/thisjustin/0,15704,643751,00.html
Sandia National Laboratories funded to develop improved Desalination
and Arsenic Removal Technology
Sandia will conduct a $6 million research program to develop techniques for
desalination ($3 million) to increase the supply of drinking water and removal
of arsenic ($3 million) from water sources. The groundbreaking ceremony for
the Tularosa Basin National Desalination Research Facility in Alamogordo was
held on June 29th.
Source:
$6 million appropriation to focus Sandia research on drinking water desalination,
removal of arsenic
http://www.sandia.gov/news-center/news-releases/2004/all/water.html
Environmental Implications of Military Activity
Israeli Trench Rises Environmental Concerns
An Israeli concept for digging a 2.5-mile long trench along the Gaza Strip -
Egypt border to reduce weapons smuggling has generated some environmental concerns.
Specifically, flooding the trench with seawater could cause contamination of
groundwater in the area.
Russian Military Exercise
Russia is planning to conduct a military exercise in June 2004 that will include
responding to an environmental disaster resulting from a terror attack. As Russia
is scaling up its military exercises from the 1990s, environmental issues are
being included in the exercise scenarios.
Source:
Russia Operates Large Scaled Military Training
Yoo-Seong Hwang Ki-Hyun Kim, Donga, 18 June 2004
http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?bicode=060000&biid=2004061920708
Personal Computer Dust Health Implications
A report by the Computer Take Back Campaign and the Clean Production Campaign
blames brominated flame retardants used in computer casings and other electronics
for a host of neurological and reproductive health problems. In order to avoid
using materials with these flame retardants, some companies have begun replacing
flammable materials with nontoxic flame-resistant materials. The European Union
has already banned the use of some of these chemicals in electronic products
by 2006, and several states in the US have taken legislative steps to do so
as well.
Source:
Dust on gadgets is toxic
Benjamin Pimentel, San Francisco Chronicle, 4 June 2004
http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/06/04/DUST.TMP
HIV in the Zimbabwe Military
A recent UNDP-sponsored report indicates that as many as 75% of Zimbabwean
soldiers die of AIDS within a year of being discharged. The prevalence of HIV
within the military is higher than in the general population, in which the HIV
infection rate is 25%.
Source:
Military Hit By HIV Scourge
Godfrey Marawanyika, Zimbabwe Independent, 11 June 2004
http://allafrica.com/stories/200406110450.html
Europe Embarks on Environment and Health Action
Plan
The European Commission has launched an action plan for the period 2004-2010
to reduce pollution health impacts. The new EU system will be focusing on a
better understanding of the link between the environment and health, by integrating
information on the state of the environment, the ecosystem and human health,
and also addressing the eventual effect of emerging environmental issues on
health.
Source:
Europe Embarks on Environment and Health Action Plan
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jun2004/2004-06-10-02.asp
(by subscription only)
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
UNMOVIC Could Become Permanent Agency
Former chief U.N. weapons inspector Hans Blix, recently suggested that the U.N.
Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (that searched for weapons
of mass destruction in Iraq prior to the war), could become a permanent U.N.
inspections body with a "more active role that the UN Security Council
envisages for itself in the sphere of weapons of mass destruction". In
another address, Blix urged U.S. to better share data and information with the
U.N. teams. (See also item UNMOVIC Might Become a Permanent Agency of November
2003 Environmental Security report.)
FAO's International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture Entered Into Force
The FAO's International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
entered into force on 29 June 2004. Countries can now share breeding material
from several countries without the need for bilateral agreements for each country.
An international fund will be established by payments from those who commercialize
plants bred with material from the Multilateral System created by the treaty.
The fund will be used to help developing countries improve general conservation,
sustainable use of plant genetic resources, and gene bank conservation. It is
expected to increase agricultural genetic diversity, which has been reduced
considerably; and hence, play a crucial role in the conservation and sustainable
use of plant genetic resources increasing food security.
In a related item, "Biodiversity for Food Security" is the theme of
this year's World Food Day (October 16th), which will emphasize the importance
and linkage between biodiversity and food, and ultimately human security. The
connection between food scarcity, migration, and conflict is increasingly recognized
by international organizations, which are focusing more attention on ways to
address this complex environmental security issue. (See also the items Grain
Harvest Shortfalls in the August-September 2003 report, and Food Crisis in Southern
Africa and Horn of Africa in January 2004 report.)
Sources:
Biodiversity for food security http://www.fao.org/newsroom
International plant genetic treaty becomes law http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2004/47027/index.html
UN Conference On Small Island States and Climate Change
The International Meeting to Review Implementation of the Programme of Action
for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, scheduled
for 10-14 January 2005 in Mauritius, will address the impact of climate change
on the environment, economic development, and security of the Small Island States
and will examine the results of the last decade's efforts to address the issue.
Note: Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3), a powerful new climate
modeling system at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reveals
that global temperatures may rise more than previously projected if humanity
doesn't act on reducing green gas emissions.
Source:
MAJOR UN MEETING ON SMALL ISLAND STATES SET FOR MAURITIUS IN EARLY 2005
UN News, New York, Jun 10 2004 2:00PM (full text in the Appendix)
Supercomputer Finds Climate Likely to Heat Up Fast
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jun2004/2004-06-24-09.asp#anchor7
(by subscription only)
Desertification Threatens 20% of the World's Population - UN Secretary-General
Says That Climate Change Is a Factor
June 17 marked the tenth anniversary of the Convention to Combat Desertification,
and the UN Secretary General took advantage of the occasion to issue a widely
publicized appeal for strong international action to stop this threat to a fifth
of the world's population, one that is consuming almost 1400 square miles per
year. Climate change is recognized as one of the causes of this creeping plague,
and the Secretary General's message is certain to increase worldwide pressure
for US and Russian ratification of the Kyoto Protocol on climate change. A recent
analysis in an English-language St. Petersburg newspaper speculated that Russia's
ratification is being delayed only by planning for the division of the enormous
financial dividend Russia stands to gain from the credit sharing mechanisms
of the Protocol.
Note: A new standards system suggested by the Climate, Community and Biodiversity
Alliance (CCBA) aims to address global warming by efficient land management.
Sources:
Ten years on: UN marks World Day to Combat Desertification
http://www.unccd.int/publicinfo/menu.php
Kyoto Financial Rewards: Who Will Benefit?
By Greg Walters, St. Petersburg Time http://www.sptimes.ru/archive/times/977/news/b_12716.htm
World's land turning to desert at an alarming speed, warns United Nations
By Chris Hawley, Associated Press, Wednesday, June 16, 2004 http://www.enn.com/news/2004-06-16/s_24932.asp
The CCB Standards http://www.climate-standards.org./standards/index.html
New UNESCO World Heritage Sites
UNESCO World Heritage Committee began its 10-day session on June 28, 2004 in
Suzhou, China. It is expected that 48 new sites (33 cultural and 8 natural sites)
will be added this year to the list of UNESCO World Heritage. (See also item
New Standard-setting Instruments Adopted at UNESCO's General Conference in October
2003 Environmental Scanning report.)
Source:
Wonders Of Russia, South Africa Up For World Heritage List
Monday. The Committee will consider the inscription of 33 cultural and eight
natural sites this http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jun2004/2004-06-29-04.asp
(by subscription only)
Stockholm Convention on POPs Came Into Force this Month
The 2001 Stockholm Convention banning the most dangerous Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) came into force on May 17, 2004. The UN-backed treaty is banning hazardous pesticides, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), as part of the UN effort to eliminate the worst health-threatening pollutants. The twelve POPs covered so far by the Convention are: aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex, toxaphene, polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene, dioxins and furans. Many experts consider the "dirty dozen" list too short. The first Conference of the Parties to the Convention (COP 1) to be held in Punta del Este, Uruguay, in early 2005 will establish a committee for evaluating other potential chemicals and pesticides to be added to the list. The COP will also finalize guidelines for promoting “best environmental practices” and “best available techniques” that can reduce or eliminate releases of the most toxic POPs. [See also related item in February 2004 and October 2002 Millennium Project’s environmental security monthly reports.]
Sources:
UN-Backed Treaty Banning Most Dangerous Pollutants Comes Into Force
Monday; UN Newsletter, New York, May 14 2004 12:00PM
UN Chemical Blacklist from May 17 Said Too Short; Planetark, By Alister
Doyle, 17/5/2004 http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/25124/story.htm
Environmental Security on the International Agenda
Conference on Environment, Security and Sustainable Development in
The Hague
Environmental Security in the 21st Century was the title of the Conference
on Environment, Security and Sustainable Development organized by the Institute
for Environmental Security in The Hague, May 9-12, 2004. Attended by senior
decision makers and representatives from governments, NGOs, development
institutions, the private sector, and academia, the Conference discussed
the role of environmental security in making the world a safer and more
sustainable place. The conference aimed to find integrated, science-based,
diplomatic and legal solutions for increasing environmental security. The
Conference’s concluding document, Pathways to Environmental Security [not
available yet], will include recommendations related to the conference’s
objectives.
Sources:
The Hague Conference on Environment, Security and Sustainable Development;
http://www.envirosecurity.net/conference/
The Environment: Threat to Security or Opportunity for Peace? Woodrow
Wilson Center, Environmental Change and Security Project
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1413&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=74688
Howling At A Waning Moon: Dispatches from the Hague Conference on Environment,
Security, and Sustainable Development, and a U.N. meeting in Nairobi http://bobwhitson.typepad.com/howlings/2004/05/dispatches_from_3.html
Dispatches from the Hague Conference on Environment, Security, and
Sustainable Development
Geoffrey Dabelko, at the Hague; http://www.gristmagazine.com/dispatches/dabelko051004.asp?source=daily
Environmental Security Stressed by World Islamic Forum for Dialogue
for Inclusion to Proposed International Charter on Values for the United
Nations
At a recent conference on religions and cultures, Dr. Hamid ibn Ahmed
Al-Rifae, president of the World Islamic Forum for Dialogue (WIFD) presented
WIFD’s proposals for inclusion in a new charter on values. Three fundamental
points were stressed: Unity of human family; human dignity and justice;
and environmental security. This paper was presented in preparation for
the development of an international charter on values to be submitted to
the United Nations
Source:
Academic to Give Input Into New International Charter for Values
Khaled Batarfi, Arab News, 7 May 04
http://www.arabnews.com/?page=1§ion=0&article=44465&d=7&m=5&y=2004&pix=kingdom.jpg&category=Kingdom
(article available for a limited time on the Arab News web site)
UNEP Post-Conflict Assessment Chairman’s input to UN’s High-Level
Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change, the Environmental Change and
a New Environmental Security Project at the Woodrow Wilson Center
As a contribution to the United Nations’ High-Level Panel on Threats,
Challenges, and Change, the Environmental Change and Security Project of
the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (WWICS) launched the
project Protecting the Earth, Preserving Peace: Preventing Environmental
Threats to Security. This new WWICS project will invite panels to address
three issues: “What is the link between environment and security? What
can be done about it? What contributions can be made by collective action
mechanisms such as the United Nations?
As part of this process Pekka Haavisto, Chairman, UNEP Post-Conflict
Assessment Unit made a well structured presentation May 25 at the WWICS
highlighting the UNEP’s work on post-conflict assessment, links between
environmental conditions and conflict, and NATO countries’ work on techniques
and equipment for minimizing environmental damage during conflicts.
Sources:
Protecting the Earth, Preserving Peace: Preventing Environmental Threats
to Security
ECSP Contributes to the United Nations’ High-Level Panel on Threats,
Challenges, and Change
http://wwics.si.edu/index.cfm?topic_id=1413&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=76009
UNEP Post-Conflict Assessments: New Tool in Improving the Environment
in Post-Conflict Countries; Featuring Pekka Haavisto, Chairman, UNEP Post-Conflict
Assessment Unit (live webcast archived)
http://wwics.si.edu/index.cfm?topic_id=1413&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&event_id=68772#
OSCE-UN Launches Environmental Security Initiative in Southern Caucasus
The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the
UN Environmental Programme (UNEP), and the UN Development Program (UNDP)
launched the Environmental Security Initiative through a series of consultations
in Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan May 10th-18th. The initiative began
with consultations among government officials, non-governmental organizations
and local and international experts, discussing environmental risk factors
that have the potential to hamper security in Armenia. Other workshops
focused on the role of environmental security in economic growth and poverty
reduction in Georgia and on environmental concerns with security implications
in Azerbaijan, including trans-boundary water pollution and freshwater
quality as well as contamination of the Caspian Sea and deforestation.
The purpose of the Environment and Security Initiative is to eliminate
environmental problems that might cause political tensions.
Source:
Environmental Security Initiative Launched In Southern Caucasus
Azertag, 19 May 04
http://www.azertag.com/en/index.shtml?language=english&catid=&news_year=&news_month=&news_day=&newsid=50525&themes_viewing=&themes_page=&themeid=&news_page=
International organizations launch initiative in southern Caucasus
on link between environment and security
http://www.osce.org/news/show_news.php?ut=2&id=4088
World’s Largest Environmental Forum to Set Priorities
About 3000 environmental leaders in government, business, NGOs, universities, and international organizations are expected at the 3rd IUCN World Conservation Congress scheduled to convene in November 2004 in Thailand. It will address the issue of natural resource conservation relative to economic and population growth. The Congress will have three elements: IUCN Commission Meetings, the World Conservation Forum, and the Members Business Assembly. The Commission meetings will set the priorities for conservation work for the coming four years, addressing species extinction, management of protected areas, laws to conserve nature, ensuring that fair benefits flow to rural people from natural resources, building understanding of how ecosystems function, and improving public understanding of conservation. The World Conservation Forum will discuss and define solutions for problems such as the loss of species and ecosystems, globalization and related health concerns, poverty alleviation, and economic and legal steps to ensure the sustainable use of natural resources.
Source:
Environmental Forum to Assemble in Thailand in Nov
Scoop Media, 13 May 04; http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/WO0405/S00123.htm
EU Pollution Prevention Strategy to Focus on Recycling of Waste
The EU environment ministers held an informal meeting 14-16 May 2004 in Waterford, Ireland. The main topic on the ministers' agenda was the EU’s proposed Thematic Strategy for the prevention and recycling of waste. Originally introduced for consultation in May 2003 and focusing on a life-cycle approach, the proposed strategy calls for waste reduction targets of 20% by 2010 for hazardous waste, municipal waste, and industrial waste. To boost recycling, the proposal also set a legally binding target of 40% reduction in disposal by landfill and incineration by 2010, and a zero-disposal target for 2050. The European Parliament is already on record as endorsing future legislation giving preference to waste disposal over re-use and recycling only when there is clear evidence that it is more environmentally friendly, and has also rejected compulsory waste reduction plans, favoring voluntary agreements instead. As an outcome of the May 2004 meeting, the life-cycle approach was confirmed as the mechanism to follow, but specific targets for waste reduction were not endorsed.
Source:
Prevention and recycling of waste: EU ministers confirm life-cycle
approach
EurActiv, 18 May 04; http://www.euractiv.com/cgi-bin/cgint.exe?204&OIDN=1507718&-home=home
Nanotechnology Post-conflict Environmental and other Field Applications
On-chip Antenna to Solve Communication Problems among Microscopic
Sensors
University of Florida electrical engineers have installed a radio antenna
less than one-tenth of an inch long on a computer chip and demonstrated
that it can send and receive signals across a span of several feet. By
covering a large area with a number of such radio chips, each powerful
enough to transmit information to the next radio, one can create a single
large network that could be monitored from a distance.
Source:
In step toward ultrasmall radio, UF team demonstrates on-chip antenna
Aaron Hoover, University of Florida, 11 May 04; http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-05/uof-ist051104.php
Molecular Pattern Matcher for Chemical Detection
A new paper describes an improved technique for fast, portable, accurate,
and flexible quantitative detection of organic molecules such as those
which are degradation products of nerve agents. In the reported test, molecules
of methylphosphonic acid (MPA) were embedded in an organosilane layer,
and then washed away, leaving behind an imprint which, when later filled
with another MPA molecule, produced a detectable electrical signal.
Source
A good impression of a bad chemical
The molecular shape of warfare agents imprinted on a sensor.
Nature.com, Maria Bellantone, May 20, 2004 http://www.nature.com//cgi-taf/gateway.taf?g=3&file=/materials//news/news/040520/portal/m040520-1.html
(by subscription only)
Nanoporous Ceramic Uses for Heavy Metals Cleanup
A nanoporous ceramic developed by researchers at Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, US, can be used to remove mercury from water, having
as an immediate application treating wastewater from coal-fired power stations.
However, researchers say that the thiol-SAMMS material could also remove
mercury from water streams resulting from the vitrification of radioactive
wastes, battery manufacturing, fluorescent lamp recycling and dental preparations.
Also, the technology could be adapted to target other substances such as
lead, chromium or radionuclides instead of mercury. [See also item 4.2
Nanoscale Iron Particles as an Environmental Remediation Technology in
the August 2003 environmental security report by the AC/UNU Millennium
Project]
Source:
Nanoporous ceramic hoovers up mercury
Liz Kalaugher, editor of nanotechweb.org; http://nanotechweb.org/articles/news/3/4/6/1
Health and Safety Implications of Particulate Matters
Nanotech Safety and Health Issues
A meeting was held in Washington on 18 May at which officials from
the Dept. of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
and CDC's National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
discussed with interested parties from government and business the current
state of work on the relationship between nanotechnology and worker safety
and health. The major conclusion to be drawn from the meeting is that almost
no data on this problem is yet available. Both agencies are conducting
and sponsoring research in the area, but even fundamental information on
the mechanisms involved, such as dermal absorption, and the role of metal
particles embedded in nanomaterials, is lacking. It is estimated that there
will be a million new nanotechnology workers, and there are many programs
underway to clarify the safety and health situation.
Sources:
Meeting video: www.nanodialogues.org
NIOSH: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh
OSHA: http://www.osha.gov
National Nanotechnology Initiative: http://www.nano.gov
Risks from military uses of nanotech http://www.ep3.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/bvp/RiskMilNT_Lecce.pdf
Soot Particulates may Cause Genetic Mutations in Mice
McMaster University researchers reported that mice breathing filtered
air have 52 % lower mutation rates that those mice exposed to soot in open
air from a steel mill. It is not known if such particles can make their
way through the blood system to affect sperm-forming cells. Although more
research is needed, and it is currently unknown if people could inherit
pollution-damaged DNA, this is a new area for serious attention. It is
clear that High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) electronic filters offer
an effective way of removing particulate matter from the air.
Sources:
Air Pollution Linked to Genetic Mutations
Lauran Neergaard, Associated Press, 14 May 04
http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ap/20040514/ap_on_sc/pollution_mutations
(story stored for a limited time on the web site)
Sooty air, genetic mutation link
The Courier Mail, 14 May 04
http://www.couriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,9558191%255E10369,00.html
Air Pollution Causes Genetic Mutations
Genome News Network, May 13, 2004
http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/2004/05/13/airpollution.php
IMO Establishes First “Mandatory Area to be Avoided” in New Zealand
The New Zealand Maritime Safety Authority has successfully petitioned the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to have the area around the Poor Knights Islands designated as a “Mandatory Area to be Avoided” (MAA). The Poor Knights area became the first place on the planet to be protected by the new IMO classification, which was created to protect ecologically fragile areas. As a consequence, ships longer than 45 meters (148 feet) must stay at least 5.5 miles (8.8 kilometers) east of the Poor Knights starting December 1, 2004.
Sources:
Poor Knights Islands Shipping Ban
Clare Trevett, New Zealand Herald, 19 May 2004
http://www.nzherald.co.nz/storydisplay.cfm?storyID=3567263&thesection=news&thesubsection=general
Russian Submarines Dismantlement an International Concern
Russia intends to raise the issue of foreign aid to assist in the dismantlement and destruction of its obsolete submarine fleet at the upcoming G8 summit. Current proposals to extend existing programs for securing nuclear materials (and destroying biological and chemical agents) to other countries worry Russia because of potential dilution of funds appropriated for this purpose.
Source:
Russia wants faster aid for “rotting” nuclear subs
Mark Trevelyan, La Sentinelle, 17 May 2004
http://www.lexpress.mu/display_article.php?news_id=18536
(article stored for a limited time on the web site)
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Kosovo Cleanup
Two environmental "hot spots" identified by the UN in the wake of the
Kosovo Conflict have been cleaned up and the condition of two others has
been declared to be improved, bringing to an end a four-year remediation
project run by the United Nations Environment Programme. Remaining remediation
activities have been handed over to the Government of the Republic of Serbia.
Source:
Kosovo Conflict Hot Spots Cleaned Up
UNEP press release, 10 May 04 http://www.enn.com/direct/display-release.asp?objid=D1D1366D000000FC70284EC89E131C45
Sustainable Development and Conflict
The UN Commission on Sustainable Development’s Twelfth Session (CSD-12)
was held in New York from 14 to 30 April. This meeting was the first substantive
review of progress on targets set by world leaders at the 2002 World Summit
on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, which include many of the eight
UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). CSD-12 discussions centered on
halving by 2015 the number of people without access to safe drinking water
and basic sanitation, and significantly improving the lives of at least
100 million slum dwellers by 2020. A number of the thematic issues reviewed
(extracts below) included the intersection of conflict and natural disaster
subjects with environmental and natural resource topics.
Source:
Governments urged to embark on a decade of implementation to meet sustainable
development targets, as UN Commission concludes
UN Press Release, 30 April 04
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd12/press_release300404.pdf
Leading Cancer Specialists call for REACH Strengthening
At a colloquium organized by the French Association for Research on
Treatments Against Cancer at UNESCO Headquarters, a transatlantic group
of leading cancer specialists presented scientific evidence on the necessity
of strengthening the Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals
(REACH) policy, in order to better control carcinogenic chemicals. The
participant experts stated that REACH was much weakened under the pressure
of the chemicals industry from both sides of the Atlantic. Corinne LePage,
a French lawyer, wants to “advance the idea that polluting is a crime against
humanity.” [See also items related to the REACH program in the AC/UNU Millennium
Project environmental security reports of January 2004, August and April
2003, and November 2002.]
Sources:
Reaching for Control of Carcinogenic Chemicals
ENS, May 5, 2004
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2004/2004-05-05-02.asp
(by subscription only)
REACH: An Unprecedented European Initiative For Regulating Industrial
Chemicals report by Dr. Epstein, Chairman of the Cancer Prevention Coalition
http://www.preventcancer.com/publications/pdf/REACH_Tab_050304.pdf
The EU Ended its Ban on Genetically Modified Foods
By authorizing the import of GM sweet corn, the EU ended its five-year
ban on GM food. The Bt-11 maize imports are authorized for the next 10
years.
Sources:
EU approves GMO canned maize, lifting 5-year ban
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/25176/story.htm
FACTBOX - Chronology of EU's ban on gene crops and foods
Belgium: May 20, 2004 http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/25177/story.htm
The UN Security Council Increased its Role in Preventing Terrorist Access to Weapons of Mass Destruction
The UN Security Council unanimously adopted on April 28, 2004 a binding resolution criminalizing the production and/or acquisition of weapons of mass destruction by non-state actors. The Council decided that "all States…shall adopt and enforce appropriate effective laws which prohibit any non-State actor to manufacture, acquire, possess, develop, transport, transfer or use nuclear, chemical or biological weapons and their means of delivery, in particular for terrorist purposes, as well as attempts to engage in any of the foregoing activities, participate in them as an accomplice, assist or finance them." Being considered under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, the resolution is enforceable by the Security Council through tribunals, embargoes, or military force after all peaceful means of persuading delinquent Member States have been exhausted. However, during the debate, it was underlined that the Council would have to get separate approval for the means of enforcement. During the next two years a committee designated by the Security Council will monitor the implementation of the resolution and within six months all States are expected to present reports on their efforts to execute the provisions.
Sources:
Security Council To Tackle Draft Resolution On Spread Of WMDs, President
Says
New York, Apr 2 2004 5:00PM press release
Security Council Unanimously Votes To Keep WMDs Out Of Terrorist Hands
New York, Apr 28 2004 6:00PM press release
Threats From Non-State Users Of WMDs Discussed In UN Security Council
New York, Apr 22 2004 8:00PM press release
Real-Time Antibody-based Bioterrorism Detection System
A major weakness in most bioterrorism detection technologies is the time lag between sample collection and laboratory verification of the presence of target pathogens. Scientists at the United Kingdom’s Defence Science and Technology Laboratory at Porton Down have developed biological sensors based on antibodies. Being based on antibodies, these sensors can detect a bioterrorist attack in real-time, and can distinguish among different pathogens. Since this and other systems being developed by other countries will be important to “scale up” for all countries, international standards and agreements for their deployment and monitoring seem inevitable.
Source:
British Scientists Develop Biological Agent Detection System
Global Security Newswire, 15 April 2004
http://www.nti.org/d%5Fnewswire/issues/2004/4/15/0f2b58e2%2D648b%2D494c%2D9ef1%2D0f6e3a26218f.html
(article
stored for a limited time on the web site)
Transgenic Plants to Help Decontaminate
the Environment
Bacteria-modified Yellow Lupine to Remove Toluene from Soil
A bacteria-modified yellow lupine seems to be very effective in removing
toluene from soil. The scientists who have created it say that depending
on the type of bacteria utilized, the approach can be used to develop different
varieties for cleaning up other chemical pollutants. [See also the related
item on a transgenic plant—a member of the mustard family--which removes
arsenic from contaminated soil, in the October 2002
Environmental Security monthly scanning by the ACUNU Millennium Project.]
Source:
Plants Dispatched to Decontaminate Soil
Scientific American, April 12, 2004
http://cl.extm.us/?fe8812737d65027572-fe3116707360067e731073
(article accessible for a limited time for non-subscribers)
Implementation Steps for Landmine Control Convention: New Genetically
Modified Plant to Detect Landmine Explosive
Researchers at the University of Alberta, Canada, will receive support
over the next two years from the Department of National Defence's Canadian
Centre for Mine Action Technologies to work on genetically modifying a
plant, related to canola, by inserting a TNT-sensitive gene into its DNA.
After its seed is planted in suspected minefields and the plants' roots
come into contact with TNT, their leaves or flowers will change color,
alerting people to the presence of landmines. The project is one small
part of a larger joint U.S.-Canadian military threat detection effort called
Project BIOS, or biological input-output systems, funded in the United
States by DOD.
Anthony Faust, of the Defense Department's landmine detection, who
came up with the idea of landmine-detecting plants, said that while the
Canadian project deals with landmine detection, the American project deals
with biological systems as chemical sensors.
Note: This effort has a larger spectrum as the plant will be able to
detect a specific explosive rather than just a simpler breakdown product,
as is the case with the Thale Cress, a genetically modified flower that
turns to warning red when its roots come in contact with nitrogen-dioxide
(NO2), mentioned in the Flower-power could help clear landmines item of
January 2004 Environmental Security monthly scanning report.
Source
Plant research may help detect landmines
By Caitlin Crawshaw, University of Alberta, Canada
http://www.expressnews.ualberta.ca/expressnews/articles/news.cfm?p_ID=5553&s=a
Invasive Species of Genetically Modified Animals for Reconnaissance
and/or Cleanup
As there have been international issues with genetically modified plant
and food controversies, it is likely that there will be with genetically
modified animals as well. “The report's authors said the most challenging
issue facing these agencies is the development of biotech animals. "One
concern is that they could escape and mate with wild relatives, spreading
new genetic traits throughout wild populations," the 178-page report said.”
Source
Biotech Creations to Test US Governmentt Oversight, Group Says
Planet Ark, Story by Randy Fabi, April 2, 2004 http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/24570/story.htm
Nanotechnology Health Concerns Highlight Need for International Technology Convention
Buckyballs are spheres former by a specific number and arrangement of
carbon atoms. They are very important for a range of nanotechnology
applications, but according to research presented at a recent meeting of
the American Chemical Society, Buckyballs can cause extensive brain damage
in fish. Other studies have shown that such particles can enter the brain.
The fish studies, however, were the first to link nanoparticles to the
destruction of brain tissue. Additional studies are underway to determine
if coating such nanoparticles affects toxicity.
In reaction to this and other nanotechnology-related health issues,
the ETC Group suggests, “The international community must formulate a legally-binding
mechanism to govern the products of new technologies, based on the Precautionary
Principle, one that addresses their health, socio-economic and environmental
implications. International assessment should be incorporated under a new
International Convention for the Evaluation of New Technologies (ICENT).”
Sources:
Health Concerns in Nanotechnology
Barnaby Feder, NY Times, 29 March 2004
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/29/technology/29nano.html?pagewanted=print&position=
(by subscription only)
Nano's Troubled Waters: Latest toxic warning shows nanoparticles cause
brain damage in aquatic species and highlights need for a moratorium on
the release of new nanomaterials
http://etcgroup.org/article.asp?newsid=445
Ecosystem-based Management of
Costal Areas
U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy Emphasizes Ecosystem-Based Management
A preliminary report by U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy released on
April 20, 2004 recommends changing the current fragmented system for managing
oceans and coastal areas to an ecosystem-based management approach. For
a new, coordinated, and comprehensive national ocean policy within the
federal government, the Commission proposes a three-phase plan, and establishing
a National Ocean Council (NOC) within the Executive Office of the President.
Source:
National Council for Science and the Environment
U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy Emphasizes Ecosystem-Based Management
http://www.ncseonline.org/updates/page.cfm?fID=3651
Preliminary Report of the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy -Governors'
Draft http://oceancommission.gov/documents/prelimreport/welcome.html
South-west Pacific Islands Might “Localize” Environment-protection
Legislation
In contrast to the preceding item, in the southwestern Pacific ecosystem-based
management of coastal areas might become very much decentralized. "The
island nations of the south-western Pacific are considering allowing citizens
to reclaim legal control of their local seas, in the hope they can use
their traditional knowledge, customs and laws to protect fish stocks and
biodiversity,” says a New Scientist article. In this plan, villages will
own the seas immediately adjacent to them, and can set up environment-protecting
restrictions for them, with the legal backing of the central government.
Source
Local taboos could save the seas
New Scientist, April 04
http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994883
(article accessible for a limited time for non-subscribers)
Government Environmental Ministers’
Meetings
UNEP’s Governing Council Focuses on Water and Sanitation
A recent international gathering of environment ministers focused on
the need to boost water and sanitation services for over two billion people
in human settlements. The meeting also showcased water saving and water
supply technologies that can play a key role in meeting the Millennium
Development Goals and the World Summit on Sustainable Development’s Plan
of Implementation. These call for governments to halve, by 2015, the proportion
of people without access to safe and sufficient water and basic sanitation
supplies. Ministers and officials from over 150 nations also discussed
the need to boost the science base of UNEP in areas including environment
and conflict and environment and poverty.
Source:
Eighth Special Session Of The United Nations Environment Programme’s
Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum
Press release, 29 March 2004, http://www.iisd.ca/vol16/enb1632e.html
Meeting of OECD Environment Ministers
At the 20-21 April 2004 meeting, the OECD environment ministers agreed
that more ambitious policies supported by stronger political will are needed
to meet the environmental targets that they set for 2010 in the OECD Environmental
Strategy. A new Environmental Outlook will also be produced.
Sources:
European ECO-Forum News Digest, April 27, 2004 (email newsletter)
Meeting of the OECD Environment Policy Committee at Ministerial Level
(Paris, 20-21 April 2004)
Implementation Of The OECD Environmental Strategy For The First Decade
Of The 21st Century http://www.oecd.org/site/0,2865,en_21571361_27379763_1_1_1_1_1,00.html
Chinese Army Environmental Role Increases
A recent statement by a senior military official has identified environmental protection as a security role of the Chinese military.
Source:
Army urged to lead in environmental protection efforts
Xinhua Net, 1 April 2004
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-04/01/content_1396736.htm
(article available for a limited time on the website)
Japanese Asbestos Claims
A recent ruling by the Japanese Supreme Court has derailed attempts by a number of Japanese citizens to sue for health impacts of working with asbestos at US military facilities. Under the current Status of Forces Agreement, suits are brought against the Japanese government, rather than against the United States. However, reimbursement can be sought by Japan, if Japanese courts rule in the plaintiffs' favor. The Supreme Court ruling dismissed the claims made on the basis of a statute of limitations expiration.
Source:
Japanese Asbestos Cases May Cost U.S. Millions
Nancy Montgomery and Hana Kusumoto, Stars and Stripes, April 5, 2004
http://www.military.com/NewContent/0,13190,SS_040504_Asbestos,00.html?ESRC=army-a.nl
Military Introduction of Tree Pathogen in Italy
Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, and in Italy, have shown the origin of a tree pathogen threatening Italian pine trees to be the US Army units that occupied the area 60 years ago. "This study suggests that when planning military operations abroad, there is a need, and a responsibility, to check for potential micro-organisms that could be introduced to foreign lands, and to take measures to prevent them from spreading." The research in Italy supports a common suspicion among plant pathologists in Europe that certain diseases in that region are linked to US Army bases. Although there does appear to be a correlation, there is no proof yet that other US bases are the cause of similar tree die-offs elsewhere in Europe.
Source:
Researchers say US military accidentally introduced tree pathogen to
Italian estate during WWII
Sarah Yang, University of California at Berkeley, 30 March 2004
http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/03/30_mpath.shtml
CEC Invites Public Comment on Draft Document: Future Directions under the Commission for Environmental Cooperation Sound Management of Chemicals Initiative
The draft document Future Directions under the Commission for Environmental Cooperation Sound Management of Chemicals Initiative is available for public comment, “to assist in determining how the Sound Management of Chemicals (SMOC) initiative can best evolve in future years to assess, reduce and, wherever possible, eliminate threats from toxic chemicals to our environment and health in North America.”
Source:
CEC News: CEC invites public comment on draft document: Future Directions
under the Commission for Environmental Cooperation Sound Management of
Chemicals Initiative
http://www.cec.org/news/details/index.cfm?varlan=english&ID=2605
Updates on Previously Identified
Issues
European Union Polluter Pays Law
The full European Parliament approved the final draft of the Polluter
Pays law on March 31, 2004. Despite huge pressure from the business sector,
no exceptions were included. However, there is an exception for the military:
Paragraph 6 of Article 4 stipulates that "This Directive shall not apply
to activities the main purpose of which is to serve national defence or
international security nor to activities the sole purpose of which is to
protect from natural disasters." [See also related items in February
2004 and December 2003 monthly environmental
security reports.]
Sources:
Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on environmental
liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental
damage
http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?PUBREF=-//EP//NONSGML+JOINT-TEXT+C5-2004-0079+0+DOC+WORD+V0//EN&L=EN&LEVEL=2&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y
E.U. Parliament approves law forcing polluting companies to pay for
cleanups
Environmental News Network, April 1, 2004
http://www.enn.com/news/2004-04-01/s_22390.asp
Business slams EU pollution law
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3591335.stm
South Asian Environmental Migration
A recent editorial summarized environmental migration issues in South
Asia and suggested that there is an environmental migration vector in place
between Bhutan and Nepal. [See also related item Implications of Environmental
Migration to National Security in February 2004
monthly environmental security report.]
Source:
Environmental Refugee
Suresh Bhattarai, The Weekly Telegraph, 14 April 2004
http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishweekly/telegraph/2004/apr/apr14/views.htm
Online Database of Sustainable Consumption Initiatives in North America
Launched
The Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) launched on 21 April
2004 a new online database cataloguing information about sustainable consumption
and production initiatives in North America: http://nasca.icspac.net/db/.
[See also related items New Initiatives Aiming to Increase Eco-Efficiency
and their Implications for Environmental Security in the February
2004 Environmental Security monthly report.]
Sources:
North American Sustainable Consumption Alliance http://nasca.icspac.net/
The database http://nasca.icspac.net/db/
Online database of sustainable consumption initiatives in North America
launched
CEC Newsletter http://www.cec.org/news/details/index.cfm?varlan=english&ID=2606
International Agreement on Earth Environmental Observing System
Further to International Agreement on Earth Environmental Observing
System item of last month, at the second Earth
Observation Summit on 25 April in Tokyo, representatives from 47 countries
approved the framework document for implementing the observation plan,
including the measures and goals for an observation network to be set up
in ten years from 2005. According to a news agency report, "The document
adopted nine goals for observation, including minimizing damage from natural
disasters and human-induced hazards, recognising environment-related factors
affecting human health and welfare, improving management of energy and
water resources, and others. The document also emphasized the importance
of building up an international observation network to share information
gained through satellites, observatories and ships, and to cover spots
left unobserved under the current observation network."
Sources
Earth Observation Summit endorses action plan
Vietnam News Agency, 04/26/2004
http://www.vnagency.com.vn/NewsA.asp?LANGUAGE_ID=2&CATEGORY_ID=34&NEWS_ID=96606
47 Countries, European Commission Agree To Take “Pulse Of The Planet”
Milestone Summit Launches Plan to Revolutionize Understanding of How
Earth Works
NOAA release: http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2004/s2214.htm
Plan for global Earth monitoring agreed at Tokyo summit
ESA News http://www.esa.int/esaSA/SEMTR077ESD_earth_0.html
Climate Change: Large Ice Deposits Melting as Consequence of Global
Warming
A recent study of climate change by Jonathan Gregory, of the Centre
for Global Atmospheric Monitoring at the University of Reading, using modeling
techniques and reported in Nature, paints a gloomy picture of the possible
future course of global warming and the melting of large ice deposits,
in particular, the Greenland ice cap, if rigorous efforts are not undertaken
immediately to reduce greenhouse gases. Not starting for perhaps fifty
years and taking place over several centuries, this could cause a 7-meter
rise in the ocean level, flooding many populated areas. A most disturbing
further conclusion is that the change could become irreversible.
Source
Catastrophe alert over melting ice from Greenland
By Nigel Hawkes, Times Online, April 8, 2004
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,8122-1067480,00.html
Greenland ice cap 'doomed to meltdown'
NewScientist.com news service, April 04, 2004
http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994864
Ocean/Sea “Dead Zones” was Focus of UNEP Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum with 158 Nations
'Environmental Dimension of Water, Sanitation and Human Settlements' was the focus of the 8th Special Session of the UNEP Governing Council and Global Ministerial Environment Forum that took place in Jeju, South Korea, from 29 to 31 March 2004. At the time of writing of this report the outcomes of the Forum were not yet available. The first discussions were mostly committed to the nearly 150 oxygen-starved or “dead zones” in the world’s oceans and seas, highlighting that, although yet unknown, the consequences associated with these oxygen-depleted areas are predicted to be significant on a global scale. Excess of nitrogen from agricultural fertilizers, vehicle fumes, factory emissions, and wastes are the causes of the dead zones where marine creatures do not have enough oxygen to survive. "What is clear is that unless urgent action is taken to tackle the sources of the problem, it is likely to escalate rapidly,” said UNEP Executive Director Klaus Toepfer.
The Forum also launched the Global Environment Outlook Year Book 2003, the first yearbook in the annual series associated with UNEP's flagship report, Global Environment Outlook (GEO). The report highlights major global and regional environmental events and achievements during 2003; has a chapter dedicated to freshwater in its role in achieving the Millennium Goals; ‘Emerging Challenges - New Findings’; raises awareness on emerging issues and new scientific research that ‘may assist society in recognizing and better understanding emerging environmental issues and help decision makers in designing adequate responses’ (http://www.unep.org/geo/yearbook/086.htm); and features GEO indicators for some of the key global and regional environmental issues and trends identified in GEO reports (including Ratification of Selected Agreements: http://www.unep.org/geo/yearbook/110.htm.)
Sources:
'Environmental Dimension of Water, Sanitation and Human Settlements'
http://www.unep.org/gc/gcss-viii/ad
Zones emerging as big threat to 21st Century fish stocks (Press release,
March 29, 2004)
http://www.unep.org/gc/gcss-viii/PressRelease_E2.asp
UNEP Aims to Breathe Life-Giving Governance Into Dead Zones
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2004/2004-03-29-02.asp
(by subscription only)
Global Environment Outlook Year Book 2003
http://www.unep.org/geo/yearbook/index.htm
First Extraordinary Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol Gives One Year Extension to Ban on Methyl Bromide to 11 Developed Countries
At the 24-25 March intergovernmental meeting of the Parties to the Montreal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, eleven industrialized
countries have been granted "critical use exemptions" on the use of the
pesticide and fumigant methyl bromide. The discussions ended with a compromise
by adopting a double-cap concept distinguishing between use and production
of the toxic chemical. The exemptions give users of methyl bromide a one-year
extension to adopt cost-effective substitutes for this ozone-destroying
substance. "The high demand for exemptions to the methyl bromide phase
out shows that governments and the private sector will have to work much
harder to speed up the development and spread of ozone-friendly replacements,"
said UNEP Executive Director Klaus Toepfer.
The 1987 Montreal Protocol requires the signatory states to phase out
the use of nearly 100 chemicals that damage the ozone layer.
Sources:
Methyl bromide approved for temporary uses
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=389&ArticleID=4397&l=en
US, others delay elimination of damaging pesticide
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/24470/story.htm
Montreal Protocol Web site: http://www.unep.org/ozone/Treaties_and_Ratification/2B_montreal%20protocol.asp
IISD: Extraordinary Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol
Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 24-26 March 2004
http://www.iisd.ca/ozone/exmp/
Earth Negotiations Bulletin
http://www.iisd.ca/vol19/enb1934e.html
Tensions Among Ten Nations May Change Nile Water Usage Treaty
A committee of representatives from ten African countries bordering the Nile River met in Uganda on 8 March 2004 to decide how they can best share the river. This meeting was a follow-up to one held in Ethiopia last December, during which the committee was set up by the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI). The NBI, based in Entebbe, Uganda, is an intergovernmental organization formed in 1999 to help the countries cooperate in the management and use of the Nile River. Most of these countries have called for the abolishment of the 1929 treaty that prohibits any country from using the Nile in a way that would reduce the water supply of Egypt or Sudan. This effectively prohibits the other countries from using the waters in large-scale projects such as irrigation and hydroelectric power production. As a result, tensions in the region are increasing. The treaty is seen as preventing development. [See also African Water Issues in the Millennium Project, April 2003 Environmental Security monthly report.]
Source:
It must be something in the water
Gamal Nkrumah, Al-Ahram Weekly Online, 3 March 2004
http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/679/eg3.htm
(article stored for a limited time on the Al-Ahram Weekly web site)
Nile River sharing discussed
http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1495086,00.html
(article stored for a limited time on News24.com web site)
MPs Want Part in Nile Talks
http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200403220469.html
Virtual Earth Simulation Might Help Reduce Environmental Impact of Military Operations
The U.S. Army has given a computer simulation company called “There” a contract to build a simulation of the Earth within four years to help it prepare for conflicts around the world. The simulation will use real-world terrain databases and include all aspects of a conflict situation, including surroundings and people (represented by avatars). A Baghdad section is to be ready in September of this year. The emphasis in the Baghdad simulation will be on human interaction rather than conflicts involving large quantities of military hardware.
Source:
The Army's Virtual World
Lindsey Arent, ABC News, 19 March 2004
http://printerfriendly.abcnews.com/printerfriendly/Print?fetchFromGLUE=true&GLUEService=ABCNewsCom
(article stored for a limited time on the ABC website)
International Assessment of Arctic Pollution Triggers Action Plan
The European Environment Agency (EEA) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) have published a report on the environmental impacts of industrialization on the Arctic and its native peoples. The report, compiled by the UNEP GRID Arendal Centre in Norway, warns that the northern polar region faces a diverse range of threats from unsustainable development, pollution and climate change. By focusing attention on the Arctic, the report specifically attempts to facilitate successful implementation of the EU's second Northern Dimension action plan, covering 2004-2006. This document focuses on five priority sectors: economy and infrastructure, social issues (including education, training and public health), environment, nuclear safety and natural resources, justice and home affairs and cross-border co-operation. Within each of these sectors, it sets out strategic priorities and specific objectives, and indicates the priority actions to be pursued in achieving these objectives.
Although the action plan's geographical priority is the Baltic area, it has the potential to address circumpolar and global issues affecting the resources and environment of the entire Arctic. The action plan, which includes a focus on sustainable development, is expected to play an important role in developing cooperation between the EU and regional bodies related to the Arctic, such as the Arctic Council. Specifically, its environmental provisions include (1) enhanced cooperation of all partners to ensure convergence of environmental legislation, standards and norms throughout the region, including Environmental Impact Assessment, (2) enhanced commitment of all partners for the implementation of the HELCOM Copenhagen Declaration on maritime safety and reduced pollution and the rapid ratification of the Kyoto Protocol; the UN/ECE Espoo, Aarhus and Stockholm Conventions; and the UN/ECE Convention on Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, (3) cooperation on Kyoto Protocol implementation, (4) enforcement or development of national legislation ensuring convergence with European regulations or directives on chemicals, toxic and urban waste, water and sea pollution, and safety of oil transport by sea, and (5) implementation of the Arctic Council Action Plan to Eliminate Pollution in the Arctic
Source:
Arctic report urges action over environment and local people
Sorcha Clifford, Environmental Data Interactive Exchange, 19 March
2004
http://www.edie.net/gf.cfm?L=left_frame.html&R=http://www.edie.net/news/Archive/8176.cfm
E.U. needs to do more to protect Arctic, study finds
Associated Press, March 16, 2004
http://www.enn.com/news/2004-03-16/s_14045.asp
Environment is on the List for a Proposed Unified African Military
The AUF (African Unification Front) has published a manifesto calling
for military unification across all of Africa. (The AUF is a non-governmental
organization that is working to consolidate Africa into a unified political,
social, and economic entity. It claims its legitimacy from the article
in the OAU treaty that calls for a pan-African parliament.) This manifesto
contains several direct references to use of military forces in environmental
contingencies:
· “No army units are allowed inside the capital cities unless
the cities are under threat of military occupation by a hostile FOREIGN
power, or in the course of assisting the public in event of an environmental
or humanitarian disaster (operations other than war).”
· “The 'enemy' must cease to be other Africans, and must include
humanitarian and environmental failure.”
It also contains several indirect environmental references, such as
to the “dumping” of obsolete military equipment in Africa.
Source:
AUF Seeks Integration of African Armed Forces
African Union Front, 15 March 2004
http://mathaba.net/news/print.shtml?cmd[40]=i-42-dde9c6424ec0c3bf5caeb82e6a106296
(article stored for a limited time on the Mathaba.Net News web site)
Wind Power vs. Air Defense Radar
There is a growing controversy about the potential interference of wind energy installations with air defense radar. The UK Ministry of Defense objects to wind turbines within 46 miles of air defense radars, and Germany has a similar, but smaller, restriction. Last year the UK MoD blocked several formal planning applications for wind power projects. Wind energy is now the world's fastest-growing power source, tripling worldwide since 1998 and will continue to grow due to pressure to reach reduced CO2 emissions. There are no treaties explicitly protecting renewable energy resources such as wind energy farms. As this resource continues to grow and supply transborder electricity, it is possible that future international agreements will be sought. A potential provision might address when a renewable energy source has priority over other demands.
Sources
Wind Energy. Views on the Environment: Clean and Green
by Thomas O. Gray, AWEA Communications Director
http://www.awea.org/policy/opposum.html
MoD chiefs threaten wind power.
Mon 1 March, 2004 01:13
http://www.reuters.co.uk/newsPackageArticle.jhtml?type=topNews&storyID=466916§ion=news
(article
stored for a limited time on the Reuters web site)
First Species Selected To Be Protected Under A NAFTA Commission
NAFTA’s Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) announced the first three wildlife species to be safeguarded under a new trinational effort to protect species of common conservation concern in North America: the leatherback turtle, humpback whale and pink-footed shearwater (bird). The North American Conservation Action Plans are designed to “establish a common conservation approach across the continent to reduce threats, share expertise and provide key information to the public and wildlife officers.” The final action plans for a common approach among authorities in Mexico, United States, and Canada to protect the three species will be presented for public comment this fall.
Source:
Three wildlife species chosen for trinational protection
http://www.cec.org/news/details/index.cfm?varlan=english&ID=2600
Europe to Reduce Fluorinated Gas Emission
In August 2003 the European Commission adopted a proposal to regulate emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) used in refrigeration, air conditioning systems, and other industrial applications. The main elements of the proposal are provisions to improve the containment of these gases, better reporting, specific restrictions on marketing and use of F-gases in certain applications, and a phase-out of HFC-134a in car air conditioning systems. Although the European Parliament's environment committee voted on 15 March 2004 in favor of the reduction of fluorinated gas emissions, on March 31st, the plenary session rejected the proposal.
Source:
Proposed ban on F-gases gets cool reception
Euractive, 30 March 2004
http://www.euractiv.com/cgi-bin/cgint.exe?204&OIDN=2000539&-tt=ss
Europe Greens Paint, Rejects Tough Refrigerant Controls
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2004/2004-04-01-01.asp
(By subscription only)
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Calls For Recommitment On Anniversary Of U.N. Climate Treaty
Marking the ten-year anniversary of the U.N. Framework Convention on
Climate Change, U.N. Environment Program Executive Director Klaus Toepfer
called for rapid ratification of the Kyoto Protocol that is the framework
for how nations should reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to meet the
convention's objective of "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations."
U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan hailed the rise of wind energy use, hybrid
vehicles and other green policies but called for even more efforts since
atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has increased 5 percent in
the decade since the convention (not the Kyoto Protocol) entered into force.
He also called on those countries that have not yet ratified the protocol
to do so, pointing mainly to Russia. [See also Millennium Project monthly
Environmental Security reports of December 2002
and January, June, and
July
2003.]
Sources:
On Anniversary Of U.N. Climate Treaty, Calls For Recommitment
http://www.unwire.org/UNWire/20040322/449_14209.asp
U.N. presses Russia to salvage global-warming pact
Reuters, Mar. 21, 2004
http://www.philly.com/mld/inquirer/news/nation/8236402.htm?1c
(article
stored for a limited time on The Philadelphia Inquirer web site)
UNFCCC
web site: http://unfccc.int/resource/conv/
International Agreement on Earth Environmental Observing System
Further to Improved coordination of global Earth observation item of
August 2003 Millennium Project monthly Environmental Security report, at
a Cape Town meeting, government officials and scientists from over 30 countries
agreed on the framework document prepared by the Group on Earth Observations
(GEO), that stipulates the mechanism of the global data-sharing system.
The document details the ten-year effort to implement the integrated system
comprising all environmental observing facilities, linking together thousands
of earth observation facilities based on land, on sea and in space. Signing
is scheduled for the framework document in Tokyo at the end of April, and
for the detailed 10-year implementation plan in Brussels in February 2005.
Sources
Nations link up to improve earth observation
SciDev.Net, Tamar Kahn, 3 March 2004
http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=1258&language=1
Ad hoc Group on Earth Observations (GEO)
DRAFT, Inaugural Session, 1-2 August 2003, Meeting Summary
www.earthobservationsummit.gov/geo1_meeting_summary.pdf
Group on Earth Observation
http://earthobservations.org/documents.asp?sec=geo4
UN University Study Calls for Reducing Electronic Waste and Hazards
Computers and the Environment: Understanding and Managing their impacts,
a recent UNU study, presents the environmental impact of personal computers’
manufacturing and argues the efficiency of the present legislation on limitation
of the use of some hazardous chemicals and electronic waste management.
The report calls for a better understanding of the impacts and the necessity
to take appropriate action worldwide to halt "the growth of high-tech trash."
[See also Millennium Project monthly Environmental Security reports of
March 2003: Electronic Waste, and New and Stricter International Regulations
for Electronic Waste and Electronic Waste is the Fastest Growing Waste
Problem in the world of February 2003.]
Source:
Computer Manufacturing Soaks Up Fossil Fuels, UN UNIVERSITY Study Says
UN Press Release, New York, Mar 8 2004 4:00PM
Computers and the Environment: Understanding and Managing their impacts
http://www.it-environment.org/compenv.html
Robotics in the Battlefield
Robotic elements are becoming a more and more significant part of the
modern battlefield. By 2010 it is planned for the Stryker infantry vehicle
to be equipped with an autonomous navigation system and other, application-oriented,
"intelligent" facilities, and it will be only part of a complement of unmanned
military vehicles and systems. One scientist in the field has predicted
that "Well before the end of the century, there will be no people on the
battlefield".
This trend will be enhanced by the increasing role of nanotechnology to produce tiny, intelligent pieces of equipment. These unmanned devices are involved with the battlefield environment in two ways: 1) as hazards to the environment, and 2) as environmental cleanup implements. They thus have two sets of connections with the body of environmental protection agreements and treaties. See also Millennium Project monthly Environmental Security reports of August 2003: Serpentine Self-Healing Robot and Genetic Engineering, Nanotechnology, and Robotics Technology Forecast of November 2003 report.]
Source
Robots for No Man's Land. Defense Companies Developing the 'Brains'
to Remake War
By Yuki Noguchi, Washington Post Staff Writer
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A61717-2004Jan29.html
(Article
stored for a limited time on Washington Post web site)
Cell Phones Damage Rat Brains
Although many studies over the past decade suggest that cell phone use may cause various adverse effects such as headaches and memory loss, no scientific consensus exists about the effect of long-term, low-level radiation on the brain and other organs. A comprehensive $12 million federal investigation of cell phone safety is currently under way but will take at least five years to complete. Meanwhile, researchers are attempting to replicate a recent Swedish study that showed significant blood vessel leakage, as well as areas of shrunken, damaged neurons in rat brains exposed to cell phone radiation. The higher the radiation exposure level, the more damage was apparent. International standards and agreements to limit radiation exposure from devices such as cell phones may emerge in response to future confirmations of these studies.
Source:
Neuroscience: A Swedish study links mobile phones to brain damage
Elizabeth Svoboda, Popular Science, February 2004
http://www.popsci.com/popsci/medicine/article/0,12543,573349,00.html
New Targets and Measures for Protecting Biological Diversity
UN Convention on Biological Diversity 7th Conference of the Parties (COP 7) held in Kuala Lumpur, 9-20 February 2004 and attended by some 2,000 participants, including 80 ministers, reaffirmed governments' engagement to establish a worldwide network of protected areas (on land by 2010 and in the world's oceans by 2012), by setting rigorous targets to reduce loss of biological diversity. The delegates decided to adopt a more quantitative approach to help monitor the extinction rates and meet the targets and sub-targets. Using measurable indicators, governments will be able to more accurately measure progress or regress on the set-up targets. COP 8 will be held in Brazil in 2006.
Sources:
Official documents for the COP 7 meeting: http://www.biodiv.org/meetings/cop-07/
The Latest News on Activities and Events at COP 7 available at COP
7 Press Room: http://www.biodiv.org/meetings/cop-07/press/default.asp
The First Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (COP MOP 1) held in Kuala Lumpur, 23-27 February 2004, adopted procedures and mechanisms to implement and promote compliance with the Protocol aiming to protect biological diversity from the potential risks that may be posed by living modified organisms (LMOs), commonly referred to as genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The delegates adopted documentation requirements and other procedures concerning labeling, handling, transport, packaging, and identification of LMOs. Some matters on which no agreement was reached will be considered at the next meeting, to be held in 2005. A negotiating group of experts will address the issue of liability and redress for damages resulting from transboundary movements of GMOs and develop a regime by 2008. [See also related item in August-September 2003 report.]
Sources:
The First Meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety:
http://www.biodiv.org/meetings/mop-01/press/default.asp
Biosafety Protocol now operational as governments agree documentation
rules for GMO trade. Press release: http://www.biodiv.org/doc/press/2004/pr-2004-02-27-bs-en.pdf
Biosafety Protocol: Transgenic Shipments Must Be Identified
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/feb2004/2004-02-27-03.asp
(by subscription only)
NATO Creating a CBRN Unit
NATO is creating a special chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) defense unit with assets from 13 member nations, including the United States. The Czech army, renowned for its expertise in weapons of mass destruction defense, will be responsible for training the unit. The unit will operate both independently and as part of the new NATO Response Force. Once a nation's CBRN troops have gone through the training, they will be on call from their home country, on a rotational basis, by NATO command for quick deployment abroad.
Source:
NATO plans special brigade to fight terror risks
Bruce I. Konviser, Washington Times, 5 Feb 04
http://www.washingtontimes.com/functions/print.php?StoryID=20040204-100140-3022r
(Article stored for a limited time on the Washington Times web site)
Recommendations for the Biological Weapons Convention and other International Mechanisms to Prevent Terrorists from Getting Pathogens
More than 60 bioscience experts from around the world gathered at the International Symposium on Securing High Consequence Pathogens and Toxins, Feb. 1-6, at Albuquerque Sandia National Laboratories to discuss securing pathogens and toxins from terrorists. The goal of the symposium was to share information and begin dialogue in the view of establishing international biosecurity measures and standards and protocols that would lead to improved security of facilities conducting infectious disease research worldwide. “Although most international bioscience labs have systems in place to prevent people from being accidentally exposed to infectious diseases, no international guidelines exist that specify how labs should prevent malicious theft or sabotage of biological materials,” says Sandia technical host Ren Salerno. He also recommended that “biosecurity measures and standards be adopted and considered as national implementation policy for the Biological Weapons Convention.” (Also see the December 2003 report Item 1: International Agreement Needed to Insure Laboratory Bio-safety.)
Source:
Bioscience experts from around the world gather at Sandia to discuss
securing pathogens from terrorists http://www.sandia.gov/news-center/news-releases/2004/all/biosci-workshop.html
United Nations International Decade for Water
The 1.2 billion people without access to safe drinking water, and the 2.4 billion people without adequate sanitation pose a major long-range environmental security threat. The UN International Decade for Action, "Water for Life", 2005-2015 will increase attention to the implementation of water projects around the world and calls on the UN Secretary-General and others to increase collaboration to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goal #2 on Water.
Sources:
UN unedited text of resolution; http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/gaef3068.doc.htm
Institute for Multi Track Diplomacy commentary; http://www.imtd.org/current_water_article_newwater.htm
New Initiatives Aiming to Increase Eco-Efficiency and their Implications for Environmental Security
UNCTAD Releases New Guidelines on Corporate Environmental Accounting
In February the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD) released the Manual for the Preparers and Users of Eco-efficiency
Indicators, containing guidelines on eco-efficiency indicators that link
the financial achievement of a corporation to its environmental performance.
The Manual helps to standardize the presentation and disclosure of a company’s
environmental performance and how to relate it to its financial results.
The Ciba Specialty Chemicals multinational is the first company to base
its environmental reporting on the UNCTAD model.
Sources:
UNCTAD Releases New Guidelines On Corporate Environmental Accounting
Adopted First By Ciba Specialty Chemicals; Press Release, 13/02/2004.
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/tad1973.doc.htm
UN agency releases new guidelines on corporate environmental accounting.
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=9773&Cr=unctad&Cr1=
Europe Publishes Its First Pollution Register
The European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER) gives access to information
on annual industrial emissions into air and water––mostly since 2001—of
9256 industrial facilities in the 15 Member States of the EU as well as
Norway. The information can easily be searched and/or grouped by pollutant,
activity (sector), air and water (direct or via a sewerage system) or by
country. It is searchable by name or by clicking on a map, or by sources
of a particular pollutant.
Source:
EU announcement about The European Pollutant Emission Register
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ippc/eper/
European Pollutant Emission Register web site: http://www.eper.cec.eu.int/eper/default.asp
UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Catalogue of Environmental
Networks and Data Sources
The UNECE Working Group on Environmental Monitoring in cooperation
with the European Environment Agency has developed a catalogue of environmental
expert networks and data sources for Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central
Asia (EECCA).
Source:
The catalogue is available at: http://unece.unog.ch/enhs/wgema/Logon.asp
Login ID: WGEMA; Password: EECCA and click the “English” button (right
upper corner) to switch to English
Carbon Dioxide Emissions calculated for ExxonMobil
A new study by Friends of the Earth claims that that over ExxonMobil’s
120-year existence, it added three times as much carbon dioxide into the
air as the current annual global emissions from all sources of fossil fuels.
This is the first time a company's contribution to global climate change
has ever been calculated "and could prove vital in paving the way for compensation
claims against companies by victims of global warming caused by man-made
pollution."
Source:
ExxonMobil's Dirty Century
Sanjay Suri, Inter Press Service, 2 February 2004. http://www.alternet.org/print.html?StoryID=17714
Crimes Against the Environment Considered on the list of War Crimes against Saddam Hussein
The Kuwaiti parliament is currently considering specific war crimes actions against Saddam Hussein. Included in the war crimes list are “crimes against the environment”. These are separate from financial reparations actions previously taken.
Source:
Parliament sets up panel to look into Saddam trial
Gulf News, 16 February 2004. http://www.gulf-news.com/Articles/news.asp?ArticleID=111057
(article
stored for a limited time on the Gulf News web site)
Implications of Environmental Migration to National Security
Lester Brown, President of the Earth Policy Institute, has written an article on environmental refugees movements that summarizes the environmental triggers of migration and the relationship of such migrations to national security. Although not precipitated by any single event or addressing any single problem, the article makes the case that a global effort is needed to address the causes of these environmentally-driven migrations.
Source:
Environmental refugees: When the soil dies and the well dries
Lester R. Brown, IHT, 13 February 2004
http://www.iht.com/cgi-bin/generic.cgi?template=articleprint.tmplh&ArticleId=129497
(article stored for a limited time on the International Herald Tribune
web site)
IMO Adopts New Convention on Ships' Ballast Water
The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'
Ballast Water and Sediments adopted by the International Maritime Organization
(IMO) after ten years of talks, aims “to prevent the potentially devastating
effects of the spread of harmful aquatic organisms carried by ships' ballast
water.” The Convention requires that all ships have on board and implement
a Ballast Water Management Plan approved by the Administration, carry a
Ballast Water Record Book, and respects standards on ballast water management
procedures. The Convention will enter into force 12 months after ratification
by 30 States, representing 35% of world merchant shipping tonnage.
Note: Prior to the Conference, the WWF pointed out the acute necessity
of strict rules and standards concerning ships’ ballast water management
giving concrete examples of bio-pollution that had already occurred.
Sources:
Alien invaders in ballast water – new Convention adopted at IMO
International Conference on Ballast Water Management: 9-13 February
2004
http://www.imo.org/Newsroom/mainframe.asp?topic_id=848&doc_id=3475
International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast
Water and Sediments adopted in 2004 http://www.imo.org/Environment/mainframe.asp?topic_id=548
International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast
Water and Sediments
http://www.imo.org/Conventions/mainframe.asp?topic_id=867
Environmentalists urge action on ship ballast water
ENN, Wednesday, February 04, 2004, By Reuters
http://www.enn.com/news/2005-02-04/s_12753.asp
(Article stored for a limited time on ENN web site)
Predictive Conflict Modeling
Case studies suggest that the major sources of civil conflict that are associated with declines in available cropland and fresh water have been generated by the decreasing capacity of rural areas to maintain secure livelihoods and absorb growing labor forces. In the past, eruptions of civil tensions over cropland have been more common than over freshwater resources. While low per capita levels of land and water persist in several populous industrial countries, these countries – with their robust urban economies and well-run services – are much less vulnerable to civil conflict involving these resources. Tensions between states over renewable natural resources have most often developed over rights to ocean fisheries and transboundary freshwater supplies. These tensions generally have led to interstate negotiations rather than warfare. Continued rapid population growth in the developing world, however, suggests a future unlike the past. The prospects for continued interstate cooperation, particularly over transboundary water rights, remain uncertain. Countries in high or extreme demographic stress categories for cropland or renewable fresh water were about 1.5 times as likely to experience civil conflict in the 1990s as countries that did not fall into these categories, suggesting a weak association between worsening scarcities of these critical resources, by themselves, and an increased likelihood of civil conflict.
Source:
The Security Demographic: Population and Civil Conflict After the Cold
War
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 17 December 2003
http://wwics.si.edu/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.print&event_id=53303&stoplayout=true
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Rotterdam Convention (PIC) entered into force on February 24, 2004
The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure
for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade entered
into force on February 24. The Convention stipulates that export
of a chemical covered by the Convention can take place only with the prior
informed consent of the importing country and requires labeling and information
on potential health and environmental effects. This will promote the safer
use of chemicals. The Convention presently lists 27 chemicals, but another
15 will be considered for inclusion at the first meeting of the Conference
of the Parties to be held in September 2004. [See also the items on the
Rotterdam Convention in the Millennium Project’s environmental security
reports of November 2003, and March
2003, and October 2002.]
Sources:
PIC web side: http://www.pic.int/en/viewpage.asp?id_cat=0
Rotterdam Convention enters into force
http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/
Rotterdam Convention on safely marketing chemicals comes into force,
UN says
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=9866&Cr=pesticide&Cr1=
Stockholm Convention on POPs to enter into force on 17 May 2004
The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants will enter
into force on 17 May 2004, following France becoming the fiftieth State
to ratify the agreement on February 17. The Stockholm Convention calls
on governments to replace existing POPs and prevent the development of
new POPs. Most of the presently targeted 12 POPs will be banned immediately
and the first Conference of the Parties to the Convention (COP 1) to be
held in Punta del Este, Uruguay, in early 2005 will establish a Committee
for evaluating other potential chemicals and pesticides to be added to
the list. The COP will also finalize guidelines for promoting “best environmental
practices” and “best available techniques” that can reduce or eliminate
releases of the most toxic POPs. [See also related item in October
2002 monthly report.]
Sources:
Stockholm Convention on POPs web site: http://www.pops.int/
Stockholm Convention on POPs to enter into force on 17 May 2004
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/unep204.doc.htm
Network of Environment Centres in Central Asia
The resolution adopted at the third regional seminar on the implementation
of the Aarhus Convention in Central Asia, organized by the OSCE Centre
in Dushanbe, calls for the set up of a new network of Aarhus Resource centers
in five Central Asian states (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
and Turkmenistan) to raise environmental awareness and provide the general
public with access to information. The network will improve the mechanism
for implementing the Convention and help governments and civil society
in the region to collaborate on decisions regarding environmental policy.
[See more information on the Aarhus Convention and its military implications
in the November 2003, August-September 2003, and February 2003 Millennium
Project’ environmental security monthly reports.]
Source:
OSCE regional seminar on implementation of the Aarhus Convention calls
for network of environment centres
http://www.osce.org/news/show_news.php?ut=2&id=3887
New European Directive on Polluter Pays Principle of Environmental
Liability
The European Commission adopted a White Paper on Environmental Liability
on 9 February 2000. The objective of the White Paper was to explore how
the polluter pays principle, one of the key environmental principles in
the EC Treaty, could best be applied to serve the aims of Community environmental
policy. After exploring different options for Community action, the Commission
concluded that the most appropriate option was a Community framework directive
on environmental liability. Under the proposed directive, Member States
would be responsible for ensuring that environmental damage is either prevented
by taking appropriate measures or effectively remedied by restoring the
previous situation if damage has already been done.
The European Parliament adopted a total of four amendments to the directive on 17 December 2003. The issues at stake concern the creation of a harmonized compulsory financial guarantee scheme for water and soil damage, the elimination of the operator's right to limit his liability in accordance with international conventions, the Commission report on the application of the provisions in relation to the exclusion of sea and nuclear pollution from the scope of the directive and the measures to be taken by the competent authority in the case of remedial action. The European Council established its initial negotiating position on the same day, indicating that it could accept partially and with compromises two of the European Parliament's amendments.
Since the Council was not able to accept all the amendments adopted by the European Parliament, the process of conciliation was officially opened on 27 January 2004. (The purpose of conciliation is for the European Parliament and the Council to agree upon a joint text, which will then be officially approved by the two institutions. The Commission's role in conciliation is to take all the necessary initiatives with a view to reconciling the positions of the European Parliament and the Council.) The two institutions have until 24 March to reach an agreement.
Source:
Environmental liability: Commission welcomes agreement on new Directive
Europa.EU.int, 20 February 2004
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/start/cgi/guestfr.ksh?p_action.gettxt=gt&doc=IP/04/246%7C0%7CRAPID&lg=EN&display=
UNEP May Establish a New Secretariat on Environment and Conflict
UNEP held an international meeting to address and assess the impact and link between environmental degradation and political instability, human conflict, and health. A UNEP survey conducted prior to the meeting found that the links between the environment and poverty, trade and conflict were the main "knowledge gaps" in understanding environmental-related issues. This gap will be the focus of the UNEP Governing Council/Global Ministerial Forum to be held in March. As a result, the “UNEP might set up a new secretariat on environmental peace and conflict,” said Dr. Steve Lonergan, Director of UNEP's division of early warnings and assessment.
Sources:
UN Aims to Study Link Between Environment, Wars
Reuters, Story by Alister Doyle, 14/1/2004, http://www.planetark.com/avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=23429
Sound Science Key to Saving the Planet
UNEP Press Release, - 9 Jan 2004 http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=370&ArticleID=4336&l=en
Ten Companies Kick Off Global Greenhouse Gas Register
The Global Greenhouse Gas Register (GHR) launched at the recent World Economic Forum meeting in Davos, Switzerland, creates a global standard for the disclosure of corporate greenhouse gas emissions and reduction targets. This is a voluntary system with a Web site to be accessible in February. This common platform will allow the participating companies to enter data on their emissions and promote transparency. Ten multinational companies that are responsible for 5% of the global carbon dioxide emission have already agreed to participate in the new effort. The Register was first announced on 9 December 2003 in Milan, Italy, during the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties (COP9) meeting.
Source:
Global Greenhouse Gas Register Launched. Ten Companies Already Committed
to Disclose Worldwide Climate Emissions. 21 January 2004 - Davos, Switzerland
http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Global+Greenhouse+Gas+Register+Launched
Ten Companies Kick Off Global Greenhouse Gas Register
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2004/2004-01-26-01.asp
(by subscription only)
EU Parliamentary Committee Moves to Strengthen Air Pollution Laws
The European Parliament's Committee on the Environment, Public Health, and Consumer Policy adopted a draft legislative proposal setting binding standards on air polluting substances. The new international legislation would establish limits and regulate arsenic, cadmium, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air and strengthen the provisions on mercury emission limits. The proposal will become law after passage by the full European Parliament. Although these substances are already classified as toxic under several EU regulations (see The Protocol on Heavy Metals item in Millennium Project reports of December and October 2003), the new legislation would extend and strengthen the binding standards on these air-polluting substances.
Source:
EU Parliamentary Panel Votes to Limit Air Pollutants
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2004/2004-01-27-19.asp#anchor2
(by subscription only)
Nanotech Health Dangers Increasingly Understood around the World
Nanoparticulate (less than 100 nanometers in size) pollution has been shown to enter the bloodstream and brain after being inhaled. In addition to causing damage at the point of entry to the body, nanoparticulate pollution has been shown to cause lung damage and has been implicated in cardiovascular disease. Since the field of nanotechnology is new, no long-term studies of occupational exposure to nanoparticulate pollution have yet been performed. Like any other form health threat and environmental pollution, nanoparticulates are likely to find their way into international regulatory agreements. US EPA and the Woodrow Wilson Center’s Program on Governance and Foresight have held seminars on this new form of pollution and health risk.
Source:
Tiny particles 'threaten brain'
Alex Kirby, BBC News Online, 8 Jan 04
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/science/nature/3379759.stm
(article stored on the Web site for a limited time)
Flower-Power Could Help Clear Landmines
Thale Cress, a genetically modified flower that turns to warning red when its roots come in contact with nitrogen-dioxide (NO2) evaporating from explosives buried in soil, could help detect landmines. Scientists hope that Thale Cress might also be useful for detecting and cleaning soil contaminated by heavy metals such as lead, copper, zinc and chromium. Restricted tests will begin this year and the prototype might be ready within a few years, says the Danish developer, Aresa Biodetection.
Source:
Flower-Power Could Help Clear Landmines
Elinor Schang, Planet Ark, 28/1/2004; http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/23600/story.htm
Control of Pathogenic Chimeras and GMOs under Study
The issues about how to handle the problems of genetically modified viruses and pathogenic chimeras (artificially created hybrids of disease-causing organisms), in particular those related to smallpox rose on the agenda of the scientific and health communities (including the WHO). The WHO's committee on smallpox research is currently weighing various proposals for new and continuing experimental efforts, including some based at CDC and US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (AMRIID). It is likely that the discussions on bio-safety/biodefense will soon move from the health and research committees to wider international legislative bodies triggering new Protocols to existing treaties (i.e. Biologic and Toxic Weapons Convention) or even new international treaties dealing with genetic manipulation and its hazards.
Source
Smallpox mixes make a stir
Nell Boyce, U.S. News, January 19, 2004
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/040119/misc/19pox.htm
(by subscription only)
Congress Should Authorize New DOD Agency To Develop Vaccines, Drugs
Against Biowarfare Agents. The National Academies, Press Release, Jan.
22, 2004
http://www.national-academies.org/morenews#tn0122b
Giving Full Measure to Countermeasures: Addressing Problems in the
DoD Program to Develop Medical Countermeasures Against Biological Warfare
Agents
Lois M. Joellenbeck, Jane S. Durch, and Leslie Z. Benet, Editors, Committee
on Accelerating the Research, Development, and Acquisition of Medical Countermeasures
Against Biological Warfare Agents, National Research Council. http://www.nap.edu/books/0309091535/html/
Ocean Dumping of Chemical Weapons a Continuous Threat
Since WWII, several nations, including the US, have disposed of chemical munitions by disposing of them at sea. Each year, several stories appear in the media about these munitions being caught in fishermen’s nets. Recognizing the potential threat of contamination of fish supplies, several countries have been monitoring known dumping sites and attempting to map suspected dumping sites. Recently, environmental interest groups have begun to take interest in the issue, calling for the recovery of these abandoned munitions. Although no treaty currently requires the recovery of these munitions, interest on the part of governments is increasing with respect to how to minimize the hazard and mitigate any significant release of chemical agents into the waters surrounding dumping areas. Since the UN has been consistent in recent years in its interest in long-term and widespread contamination issues, it is reasonable to expect international agreements to address this issue.
Source:
Hitler's chemical weapons a seeping menace
Alister Doyle, Reuters, 23 Jan 4
http://www.reuters.co.uk/newsPackageArticle.jhtml?type=worldNews&storyID=443926§ion=news
(article stored on the Web site for a limited time)
Proposal for a Network of Protected Natural Areas
At a recent meeting in Madrid, environmental officials from Europe, Russia, and Central Asia formulated a common proposal aiming to stop global biodiversity decline by 2010. The proposal considers developing a network of protected natural areas––by 2010 on land and 2012 at sea, including parts of the high seas, which fall outside national jurisdictions. The Proposal will be presented at the meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 7) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 9-20 February.
Source
Europe Agrees on Proposals to Save Species
Planet Ark, January 22, 2004 http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/23534/story.htm
Garrisoning the Planet
The article America's Empire of Bases presents an interesting perspective on the issue of domestic versus overseas bases in the context of environmental requirements. Essentially, it alleges that the current emphasis on shifting from existing overseas bases to new, expeditionary bases is driven by the military’s desire to evade environmental compliance requirements.
Source:
America's Empire of Bases
Chalmers Johnson, tomdispatch.com, January 15, 2004; http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=1181
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
EU Chemical Policy Reforms
On 31 October 2003, the European Commission submitted to the European
Parliament a proposal for the establishment of the Registration, Evaluation,
Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) program. On 3 December
2003, the President of the European Parliament announced that he had referred
the proposal to the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer
Policy. One of the most important elements in the proposed regulation is
the establishment of a European Chemicals Agency. On 12 December 2003,
at the Brussels European Council, a political agreement was reached on
the location of this European Chemicals Agency, which will have its seat
in Finland. Under the REACH system, EU Member States will maintain a system
of official control, but the European Commission itself will establish
guidelines for the enforcement of the REACH program. [See also the issues
on the REACH program in the reports of August
and April 2003, and November
2002.]
Source:
Parliament on chemicals review: vote before summer?
Euractive.com, 19 Jan 04
http://www.euractiv.com/cgi-bin/cgint.exe/762463-506?204&OIDN=1506991&-tt=in
EU Commission Seeks to Increase Biotech Food Safety
The EU executive Commission adopted new legislation that requires each
variety of genetically modified organisms used in food and animal feed
to be assigned a unique code so products containing these GMOs can be accurately
labeled and traced when they get on the market. [See also European GMO-related
policy items in the reports of October and
August
2003, and December 2002]
Source:
EU Commission Seeks to Increase Biotech Food Safety. Planet Ark, 19/1/2004
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/23492/story.htm
Food Crisis in Southern Africa and Horn of Africa
Africa is currently facing an acute food crisis, with more than 6 million
people at risk in Southern Africa and at least 12 million in the Horn of
Africa. Rains have come too little and too late to remedy a serious drought
that has decimated crops and led to widespread dependency on donor supplies.
According to the U.N. World Food Programme (WFP), 6.5 million people are
vulnerable to food shortages in South Africa. Zimbabwe is particularly
hard hit. In addition to wild fruits and roots, households in some parts
of Zimbabwe are reportedly already eating locusts. According to the USAID,
the total number of people facing food insecurity in Zimbabwe could rise
to about 7.5 million, or more than half the population, before next year.
Even the region’s breadbasket, South Africa, has been devastated by the
recent drought, which has reduced maize crops to their lowest level in
more than half a century. The Greater Horn of Africa food security bulletin
estimates that 7 million people in Ethiopia, 2 million in Tanzania, 1.2
million in Kenya and 1.2 million in Eritrea are facing hunger. [See also
the item Grain Harvest Shortfalls in the August-September
2003 report.]
Source:
Southern Africa failing to head off food crisis-WFP
Steve Swindells, AlertNet, 22 Jan 04
http://www.alertnet.org/printable.htm?URL=/thefacts/reliefresources/107478393952.htm
Horn of Africa: At least 12 million reported to be in need of assistance
http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=39145&SelectRegion=Horn_of_Africa&SelectCountry=HORN_OF_AFRICA
International Agreement Needed to Insure Laboratory Bio-safety
Although the fastest and most extensive medical coordination in history - lead by the World Health Organization - stopped human-to-human spread of SARS, an additional approach will be needed to make sure it does not return. Two new cases (one in Singapore in September and the other in Taiwan in December) have been traced to laboratory practices, which may have caused the infections. Hence, lack of global standards, monitoring, and enforcement, could prove a new source of health threats. Although many laboratory biosafety standards exist, there is no international treaty governing their usage. The US CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and NIH (National Institutes of Health) publish the Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) manual, which is generally considered to be the international “gold standard”. Even the WHO (World Health Organization) Laboratory Biosafety Manual follows many of the BMBL standards. While many countries use these biosafety standards, there is no uniformity of application or compliance requirement. (Unlike in the nuclear and chemical sectors that regulate the use and transport of radioactive and hazardous materials in the US, the BMBL standards are considered advisory, not regulatory, standards.)
Sources:
Fresh SARS cases: WHO asks governments to be careful
Moneycontrol.com, December 19, 03
http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/highlights/newsdetail.php?filename=news19122003145931.htm
(article
stored on the web site for a limited time)
Experts: Labs are biggest SARS threat. The Washington Times, December
17, 2003 http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20031217-063458-8448r.htm
(article stored on the web site for a limited time)
Biological Critical Mass: A Warning Even Greater Than It Seems. Prefatory
Comment by Patrick Gunkel to “Experts: Labs are biggest SARS threat” (private
email)
“Super-TB” created by scientists. BBC, 2003 December 26
Better Actions to Counter Invasive Species Needed say 750 Scientists and 100 Organizations
The National Environmental Coalition on Invasive Species has urged the Bush Administration to approve legislation to counter the increase and spread of 50,000 invasive species in the US that cost the US $137 billion a year. The letter was signed by 750 scientists and 100 NGOs. Several treaties address some aspects of this problem, such as the International Plant Protection Convention, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). Even in the US with an Executive Order and a National Management Plan for invasive species, about 46% of the threatened and endangered species owe their listing in whole or in part to the uncontrolled spread of invasive species, according the US Department of Interior.
Source:
U.S. Losing War Against Invasive Species
J.R. Pegg, Environmental News Service, 19 Dec 03
http://forests.org/articles/print.asp?linkid=27947
Sweden Initiates New Commission to Cooperate with the UN to Reduce Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction
The Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission will provide “proposals on how to make progress in non-proliferation and disarmament of weapons of mass destruction, and on how to minimize the risk of these weapons falling into the hands of terrorists,” said UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan at its launch December 16, 2003. The Commission headed by UN expert Hans Blix will meet three times a year and is expected to deliver the first report at the end of 2004. Libya’s recent renunciation of the development of weapons of mass destruction may increase pressure on other countries to follow suite and reinforce the work of the new commission.
The same day the Commission was launched, the U.S. proposed a draft U.N. resolution that would criminalize WMD proliferation and ban their transfer to individuals or organizations. It did not have an enforcement mechanism. Russia and Britain had proposed the inclusion of the Resolution under Chapter Seven of the UN Charter, that would allow military enforcement, but the US opposed it. Also this month the UN General Assembly passed 52 resolutions focusing on weapons of mass destruction.
Sources:
Annan hails establishment of panel on weapons of mass destruction
UN News Center, December 16, 2003
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=9238&Cr=disarmament&Cr1=
Proliferation of ‘Non-Strategic’ Nuclear Weapons, New Agenda For Disarmament;
Among Issues, As General Assembly Adopts 52 First Committee Texts
UN Press Release, December 8, 2003
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/ga10217.doc.htm
Targeting Spread of Deadliest Arms
U.S. Proposes U.N. Resolution Curbing Transfer of Weapons
By Colum Lynch, Washington Post Staff Writer, December 17, 2003; Page
A37
http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A6417-2003Dec16?.html
(article
stored on the web site for a limited time)
Russia Lauds U.S. Resolution on Weapons
By Edith M. Lederer, The Associated Press, December 19, 2003
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A14697-2003Dec19.html
(article
stored on the web site for a limited time)
OECD Strengthens Environmental Standards
The OECD nations have agreed to strengthen environmental standards for companies bidding on contracts to build civil infrastructure projects around the world with funding from export credit agencies. While the new guidelines would not necessarily be as stringent as those of the United States, officials said they would force firms bidding on infrastructure contracts to abide by far tougher environmental rules than they do now.
Source:
OECD Said to Reach Deal on Environmental Standards
Reuters, December 11, 2003
http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&cid=585&ncid=585&e=7&u=/nm/20031212/sc_nm/environment_economy_oecd_dc_1
(article stored on the web site for a limited time)
OSCE Addresses Risks of Ammunition Stockpiles
Foreign Ministers of 55 countries endorsed the OSCE Document on Stockpiles of Conventional Ammunition. It is a politically binding international instrument that addresses risks arising from surplus stockpiles of all categories of conventional ammunition, explosive material and detonating devices, stock surpluses that can cause environmental problems and hazards to populations. The document could serve as a valuable reference and tool for other organizations, including the United Nations and will be disseminated to the OSCE's Partners for Co-operation, which include Afghanistan, Japan, The Republic of Korea and Thailand, as well as to the Mediterranean Partners for Co-operation, Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia.
Source:
OSCE document foresees action against risks of ammunition stockpiles
OSCE, December 1, 2003
http://www.osce.org/news/show_news.php?ut=2&id=3734
New European Union Law Controls Radioactive Sources
The new European law to control radioactive sources adopted on December 22 sets out requirements that ensure control over every present and past high activity radioactive source in Europe. The new law addresses the issue at all levels: from prevention and recovery of orphan sources to remediation including responsibility, intervention and financing. The law requires that each source be duly identified and marked, as well as detailed record keeping of all sources for perfect traceability.
Source:
New European Law Controls Radioactive Sources
December 24, 2003 (ENS)
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/dec2003/2003-12-24-19.asp#anchor5
(by subscription only)
“Nanofingers” with Environmental Security Implications
The “nanofingers” developed by the Ohio State University could be very versatile sensors, depending on the chemicals with which they are coated. They could be used for detecting chemicals in the air, electricity-generating solar cells, or for photocatalysis, in which light activates chemical reactions that clean up toxic chemicals from soil or water. Each "nanofinger," is a filament carved from inexpensive ceramic material and measures up to five micrometers long and at most 50 nanometers wide. "What's really great about this process is that it involves no fancy techniques. All you need is a furnace and a cylinder of hydrogen," says Sheikh Akbar, professor of materials science and engineering and project advisor.
Source:
Tiny "Nanofingers" To Support Sensors, Other Applications
Ohio State Press Release - December 8, 2003
http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/nanofing.htm
UN Summit on ICT Reinforces Trend to Transparency
The first phase of a United Nations-backed global summit on information and communications technologies (ICT) ended with the unanimous adoption of a declaration on the values of an "information society." Included in this declaration are protections of the freedom of the press, the goal of universal access to technological progress, and respect for multilingual and diverse content. The goal of enabling sustainable development was also included. As information and communications technologies spread, the availability of the same information that the military uses also becomes available to others. For example, the same GPS signals and weather data used by the military become enablers to achieve the declaration’s goal of assisting in sustainable development.
Source:
UN-backed summit ends with declaration on 'information society for
all'
UN News Center, December 12, 03
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=9202&Cr=wsis&Cr1=#
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
UN Protocol to Restrict Heavy Metal Emissions in Europe Came Into
Force
The Protocol on Heavy Metals restricting the emission of three harmful
heavy metals -- cadmium, lead, and mercury entered into force on December
29, 2003. The objective of the Protocol is to control emissions of man-made
heavy metals that are harmful to health and the environment. See also Millennium
Project environmental scanning October 2003
report: Item 1 Protocol to Control Heavy Metals to Enter into Force.
Source:
New UN Protocol Set To Restrict Heavy Metal Emissions In Europe
UN News Service, New York, Dec 24 2003
UN Maritime Agency to Accelerate Phase-Out Of Single-Hull Tankers
At its 50th session, the International Maritime Organization decided
to bring forward the deadline for the phasing-out of single-hull tankers;
the final phasing-out date for Category 1 tankers (pre-MARPOL tankers)
is brought forward to 2005, from 2007, while for category 2 and 3 tankers
(MARPOL tankers and smaller tankers) is brought forward to 2010, from 2015.
The amendments to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships are expected to enter into force on 5 April 2005. See more reference
to the phase-out of the single hull tankers in the June and July 2003 Environmental
Scanning reports.
Presently, a Latvian single-hull oil tanker carrying 50,000 tons of heavy fuel oil heading to Singapore is raising concerns in Spain, which forbids the ship to come into its territorial waters and warned it would use its navy to stop the ship if needed. The EU single-hull tankers ban only applies to vessels loading in EU ports.
Source:
IMO meeting adopts accelerated single-hull tanker phase-out, new regulation
on carriage of heavy fuel oil
Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) - 50th session: 1 and
4 December 2003
IMO Newsroom, http://www.imo.org/Newsroom/mainframe.asp?topic_id=758&doc_id=3341
EU Polluter Pays Bill
In addition to EU Agrees Eco-Liability Law to Make Polluters Pay item
of June 2003 environmental scanning report, a bill to make firms pay for
damaging the environment recently won approval from European Union lawmakers,
but was criticized by environmentalists as too weak and by industry as
too harsh. In most EU countries, there is currently no law assigning value
to damage caused to the environment. See also Fifth Environment for Europe
Ministerial Conference in May 2003 report.
Sources:
Controversial EU 'Polluter Pays' Bill Gets Backing
Reuters, 19 Dec 03
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/23173/story.htm
EU Pollution Law 'Threat to UK Wildlife Protection'
By Amanda Brown, Environment Correspondent, PA News
http://www.news.scotsman.com/latest.cfm?id=2290674
Kuwaiti War Damage Payment
A United Nations panel has approved paying an additional $1.4 billion
in damages to the victims of Iraq's 1990 invasion of Kuwait. Of this amount,
about $1 billion will go to pay for environmental cleanups resulting from
oil-well fires, oil spills and other pollution caused by Iraq. See also
Iraqi environmental harm in Kuwait invasion greater than thought in the
October 2002 environmental scanning report.
Source:
U.N. OKs $1.4B for Iraq Kuwait victims
Alexander Higgins, Associated Press, 18 Dec 03
http://www.nola.com/newsflash/international/index.ssf?/base/international-10/1071798843137820.xml
UN Reports Warn of Global Warming Consequences
Several UN reports issued this month warn of dramatic consequences
of climate change, which may increase efforts around the world to implement
the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol or to make “other deals on the environment.”
A WHO report “examines, for example, how weather, air pollution, and water
and food contamination affect the way diseases emerge. It further suggests
effective means for all countries to monitor and control the health effects
of climate change." The report estimates that 150,000 deaths and 5.5 million
Disability-Adjusted Life Years were caused in the year 2000 due to climate
change.
A FAO report highlights the growing vulnerability of Small Island Developing States to sea level rises. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) reports that late 20th century temperatures were the highest for the past millennium, the 1990s were the highest decade in the Northern Hemisphere, and 1998 was the warmest year in the past 1000 years. Actions to achieve the objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are becoming increasingly urgent.
Sources:
WHO Report details: http://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/cchhbook/en/
WHO Press release: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/releases/2003/pr91/en/
Come On, Everybody Else Is Doing It
On climate change, other nations get cracking while the U.S. is slacking,
by Amanda Griscom
www.gristmagazine.com/powers/powers121903.asp?source=daily
WMO Statement On The Status Of The Global Climate In 2003: Global Temperature
In 2003 Third Warmest. WMO Press Release, December 16, 2003
http://www.wmo.ch/web/Press/Press702_en.doc
Annan Calls For Urgent Action To Combat Global Warming
UN News Service, New York, Dec 10 2003
UN Report Warns Small Island Developing States Increasingly Vulnerable
UN News Service, New York, Dec 2 2003
Nations seek to work around U.S. Climate roadblocks
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/dec2003/2003-12-01-02.asp
(by subscription only)
UN Secretary-General Wants Updated Laws Against Environmental Damage in War
November 6th is the International Day for Preventing Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict. At its second annual observance this year, Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General, and Klaus Toepfer, Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) urged the international community to assess how they could protect the environment in time of war through legal and other mechanisms. "While humankind's ability to wage war continues apace with new and even more potentially devastating weapons," said Toepfer, "international rules and laws designed to minimize the impact on the Earth's life support system have lagged far behind." He also mentioned a recent report commissioned by the German Environment Ministry, which asserts that the Geneva Protocol's requirement of proving "widespread, long-term and severe damage" has rendered it ineffective for environmental protection, as it applies only to "expected damages rather than possible ones" and remains unenforceable due to a lack of a common definition of these three terms and lack of any assessment envisioned to be carried out after a conflict.
Sources:
Annan calls for expanded laws against environmental damage in war;
United Nations, 6 November 2003
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=8800&Cr=environment&Cr1=conflict#
If There Must Be War, There Must Be Environmental Law
By Klaus Toepfer, Executive Director of the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP), on the International Day for Preventing Exploitation
of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict, 6 Nov 2003 http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=355&ArticleID=4286&l=en
New York, 6 November 2003 - Secretary-General's message on the International
Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed
Conflict
http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=612
The Rotterdam Convention comes into force 24 February 2004
November 27, 2003 Armenia became the 50th country to ratify the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade. This began the 90-day countdown to the treaty's entry into force on 24 February 2004. The Convention enables importing countries to decide which potentially hazardous chemicals they accept for importation, and to prohibit those they don't consider safe. It also requires the exporting country to label the products providing information on their chemical content and potential health and environmental effects. Currently the Convention lists 27 chemicals and five more pesticides under deliberation; however, more substances are likely to be added in the future. [See also Millennium Project's environmental scanning reports of March 2003: Tighter Controls on Asbestos, Pesticides, and Lead Additives; December 2002: Switzerland supports Paraquat Ban; and October 2002: The Rotterdam Convention Expected to Enter into Force with within a Year.]
Sources:
Treaty on hazardous chemicals and pesticides trade to become law http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2003/24790-en.html
PIC web side: http://www.pic.int/en/viewpage.asp?id_cat=0
Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
A new Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) recommended by the Group of Governmental Experts on ERW and Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines (MOTAPM) was adopted at the 28 November Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention. It became Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War, annexed to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCWC). The text of the new Protocol (contained in Annex II of the Report––CCW/GGE/VI/2) was not yet available at the time of this writing. The Group will continue its work in 2004 on the issue of ERW focusing on the implementation of existing legislation and studying possibilities of improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions to minimize the humanitarian risks if/when they become ERW.
Another protocol under negotiation being considered for submission to the next Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention is the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use and Transfer of MOTAPM.
Sources:
Draft protocol on “explosive remnants of war” adopted at UN in Geneva
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=9014&Cr=weapon&Cr1=convention
Group of Experts Concludes Negotiations on a Protocol on Explosive
Remnants of War http://www.unog.ch/news2/documents/newsen/dc0345e.htm
NGOs Launch Campaign to Ban Cluster Bombs
The Cluster Munition Coalition, involving NGOs from around the world, launched a campaign aiming to ban, under international law, the use of cluster bombs. The campaign also calls for help for victims and an overall cleanup of explosive remnants. Several governments - including the Netherlands, Canada, New Zealand and Mexico support the campaign. The campaign has two aims: embedding in international law the responsibilities of parties with regard to ERW, and binding the use of cluster munitions (CM) by universal humanitarian standards. Regarding CM, the campaign aims to restrict use and production, as well as trade in cluster munitions.
Sources:
NGOs launch cluster bomb campaign: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/europe/3265859.stm
(story
stored on the web site for a limited time)
Cluster Munition Coalition International web page: http://homepage.tinet.ie/~cmcinternational/home/index.htm
New Organizations with Mandates with Eventual Environmental Security Implications
UNMOVIC Might Become a Permanent Agency
The U.N. Monitoring, Inspection and Verification Commission (that searched
for weapons of mass of destruction in Iraq prior to the war) was suggested
to become a permanent agency to investigate biological and missile programs
worldwide. The project is supported by Britain, France, Canada, the European
Union and Russia. As funding is the biggest impediment, there are suggestions
to make it a permanent section of the U.N. Secretariat, or an organ of
the Security Council.
Source:
AP: Britain, France Secretly Plan Agency. Dafna Linzer, Associated
Press Writer, Tue Nov 25
http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ap/20031126/ap_on_re_eu/un_saving_the_inspectors_2
(story stored on the web site for a limited time)
World's First Academy of Environmental Law Opens
The Academy of Environmental Law opened by International Union for
the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in China, November 4, is a global network
of university law departments and will function as a forum to promote environmental
legal education and advanced environmental law research, and convene annual
colloquiums in different parts of the world.
Source:
World's First Academy of Environmental Law Opens.
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/nov2003/2003-11-04-02.asp (by subscription
only)
World Network of Regional CDC-like Organizations Proposed
During the EU/US Symposium: Transatlantic Cooperation on Combating
Bioterrorism held November 24, 2003 at the Embassy of Italy in Washington,
DC, the idea of a world network of regional CDC-like organizations was
proposed as a necessary element of combating the effects of bioterrorism
on the general public. Initially a European CDC was proposed, but since
a global system is really required, the conversation quickly moved to suggesting
one for each region of the world.
Source:
EU/US Symposium on Transatlantic Cooperation on Combating Bioterrorism,
November 24, 2003, Embassy of Italy in Washington DC. For more information:
Professor Giorgio Einaudi, Science Attaché, Italian Embassy <einaudi@itwash.org>.
European Green Diplomacy Network
The EU recently announced an initiative to enhance its capacity to
negotiate effectively on environmental issues. The "Network of Diplomats
and Experts on European Diplomacy on Environment and Sustainable Development"
was established some months ago, and will draw on existing diplomatic resources
in the new, enlarged, 25 members EU. The Network has identified efforts
to encourage Russia to ratify the Kyoto Protocol as a first activity. Other
targets include effective negotiations at a meeting of the UN Convention
on Biological Diversity (CBD) in February 2004, and efforts to promote
renewable energy and marine environmental protection. In terms of methods,
the Network will gather intelligence on the positions of other actors,
and will play an active role through, among other things, setting up campaigns
to get the EU message out across the world. The initiative will seek to
redress the problem of EU negotiators spending much of their time in internal
processes, thereby moving toward a more proactive -- rather than reactive
-- approach in their negotiating tactics.
Source:
Europe to put muscle behind its green vision. ENDS Environment Daily,
12 November 2003
http://www.environmentdaily.com/articles/index.cfm?action=article&ref=15511
(by subscription only)
European Space Policy Institute founded
The European Space Policy Institute (ESPI), founded in Vienna at the
initiative and with the support of the European Space Agency (ESA) and
the Austrian Space Agency (ASA), is intended to become the focal point
for promoting European space policy in the world. It creates a network
of think tanks that will cooperate in know-how and join forces in order
to conduct comprehensive space policy research. Any organization or legal
person with a particular interest in taking part in ESPI activities may
become a member of the Institute.
Source:
European Space Policy Institute founded in Vienna. European Space Agency
Press Release N° 80-2003, Paris, 26 November
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental Security Implications
Bioweapons Are Already Possible to Make, Says New CIA Report
A CIA scientific advisory panel has produced a report that indicates
advanced bioweapons are already possible to make. The recent Australian
and American mousepox virus manipulation [see also items 5.3 and 6.3] is
one example of the use of techniques that could be applied to anthrax,
smallpox, or other potential biological agents. The report also brings
up the possibility of designer diseases that would be immune to treatment,
or that would linger inactivated in the body until the passage of a certain
amount of time or until a specified second substance had entered the body.
The panel proposed developing defenses aimed at strengthening the body's
resistance to all disease, rather than creating treatments for individual
diseases.
Sources:
Science Panel Warns of Bioweapons Future. John Lumpkin, Associated
Press, 14 November 2003
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A42866-2003Nov14.html
(story stored on the web site for a limited time)
The Darker Bioweapons Future. Central Intelligence Agency, 3 November
2003
http://www.fas.org/irp/cia/product/bw1103.pdf
Artificial Virus that Could Lead to a New Life Form Was Created
The Institute of Biological Energy Alternatives in Rockville MD has
created a wholly artificial virus and claims that it could lead to a new
life form. This synthetic bacteria-scale organism was produced using oligonucleotides
(single-stranded DNA fragments) and an adaptation of the commonly used
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique - the polymerase cycle assembly
(PCA) method. Although an artificial virus has been created before, this
is the first time one has been constructed to genetically match an existing
organism. The researchers suggest that it can be engineered to produce
clean energy or clean up pollution. If so, then future modification to
environmental treaties could follow, especially as pressures noted in Item
1 of this report continue to increase.
Source:
Scientists use DNA to make virus. BBC News, 13 November 2003
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3268259.stm
(story stored on the web site for a limited time)
New Lethal Viruses Developed
A new form of extremely deadly mousepox, a relative of the smallpox
virus, has been deliberately created through genetic engineering. The new
form of virus kills all mice and is resistant to antiviral drugs and the
vaccine that would normally have protected the subjects. In a similar way,
cowpox virus (which infects a range of animals including humans) was also
altered, as was rabbitpox. Although these modified viruses are not
contagious, there is no guarantee that other poxviruses modified in a similar
way would also be non-contagious. These researches reveal once more that
bioterrorists could use similar techniques to modify a poxvirus that infects
humans.
Source:
US develops lethal new viruses. Newscientist, 29 October 03. http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994318
Laser Technology Development
Advances in laser technology may make a functional general-purpose
laser weapon system available for fielding within a decade. Three major
technology streams are being pursued: chemical lasers, free-electron lasers,
and solid-state lasers. With numerous government and private sector research
labs pursuing the goal of building battlefield lasers, it is no longer
a question of if but when they will be fielded.
Source:
Warfare at the speed of light. Oakland [CA] Tribune, 19 October 2003
(story no longer available on the Web)
Genetic Engineering, Nanotechnology, and Robotics Technology Forecast
“Promise and Peril of the 21st Century” by the futurist and inventor
Ray Kurzweil is an interesting forecast of genetic engineering, nanotechnology,
and robotics (GNR) technologies and their implications. He offers warnings
on threats posed by nanotechnology, as well as those of its control and
access. And, he calls attention to “the vital task in front of us: to rapidly
develop ethical and legal standards and defensive technologies that will
be essential to our security. This is a race, and there is no alternative.”
Similarly, an International Herald Tribune article, “Research alert:
small can kill” based on DuPont research, draws attention to the fact that
assessing the potential environmental and health impacts of nanomaterials
could take years, being much outpaced by the rate of industrial adoption
of nanotechnology.
Source:
Promise and Peril of the 21st Century. Ray Kurzweil, CIO Magazine,
Fall/Winter 2003
http://www.cio.com/archive/092203/kurzweil.html?printversion=yes
Research alert: small can kill. Barnaby J. Feder NYT, Wednesday, November
5, 2003
The International Herald Tribune http://iht.com/articles/116374.html
(story stored on the web site for a limited time)
Nanotubes Detect Nerve Gas
Naval Research Laboratory researchers developed nanotube-based sensors
from random networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes that could detect
sub-parts-per-billion concentrations of nerve agents, other chemical warfare
agents, and other toxic chemicals. Nanotube network sensors combined with
filters coated with polymers that are sensitive to certain chemicals could
make sensors that detect specific chemicals. Arrays of sensors could be
incorporated into handheld or remotely operated devices designed to detect
a variety of substances. According to the researchers, carbon nanotube
sensors could become available within two to five years. The U.S. Department
of Homeland Security’s Research & Technology Division is currently
accepting proposals to develop such capacities for the civilian population,
while previous military research has focused on protection of military
personnel.
Meanwhile, at the Harvard Biosecurity 2003 conference, government officials
were more skeptical, offering the opinion that fast, inexpensive, reliable
devices for detecting biological agents are still at least six years in
the future.
Source:
Nanotubes Detect Nerve Gas. Technology Research News, November 21,
2003
http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/rnb_112103.asp
Rapid, Accurate Biological Attack Detection Capability Is Years Away,
Experts Say. David Ruppe, Global Security Newswire
http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2003_10_22.html#CC3CD030
Progress on the Biological Weapons Convention for Better Control Over Biological Agents
Negotiations on the Biological Weapons Convention concluded on 14 November 2003 in Geneva. The participants recommended the study of and, if necessary, the alteration of the existing legislation of the parties to the convention in order to exercise better control over biological agents. This is a step forward for the Convention from the breakdown in 2001 caused by the Bush administration's decision that what was proposed at the time did not satisfy US national interests. The US position at the time was that planned changes to the Convention would threaten US national security and commercial interests, without effectively deterring states wishing to develop bioweapons. The lack of concrete enforcement measures was at the core of this concern. This year, signatories addressed some of those concerns by agreeing to cooperate on legal and technical measures to ensure that monitoring of biological compounds is more effective, and also essentially agreed with the original US position that there still exists a need for enforceable pathogen control measures. Next year’s meeting is scheduled to examine how to enhance international capabilities for investigating cases of alleged use of biological weapons (and suspicious outbreaks of disease). The meeting in 2005 is expected to discuss codes of conduct for scientists around the world.
Source:
Countries pledge to tighten national bioweapons controls. ABC News
Online, 14 November 2003
http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/s989890.htm
(story stored on the web site for a limited time)
Summit To Discuss How To Strengthen Biological Weapons Convention.
UN News Service, New York, Nov 10 2003
New Strategy for International Chemicals Management Launched
The Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) was launched at the first session of the Preparatory Committee (PrepCom1) that took place in Bangkok, Thailand. The delegates discussed potential issues to be addressed by the SAICM, and its relation to existing chemicals-related agreements and debated whether or not the SAICM should be just a political statement and not encompass legally binding agreements. Other issues discussed included: monitoring of progress; prioritization of issues; dissemination of information; the precautionary approach/principle; corporate liability and accountability; and the role of science in risk assessments. It was generally agreed that the SAICM’s objectives should be linked to the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) target for 2020 and that it should address the widening gap among countries in following chemical safety policies.
Sources:
Summary of the First Session Of The Preparatory Committee For The Development
Of A Strategic Approach To International Chemicals Management; 9-13 November
2003
http://www.iisd.ca/vol15/enb1592e.html
New Strategy For International Chemicals Management To Be Launched
In Bangkok. http://www.chem.unep.ch/saicm/meeting/prepcom1/pressrel/NR03-13.pdf
Canada ratified the Convention on the Law of the Sea
Canada’s ratification of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea represents an important step, as it has one of the longest coastlines in the world, bordering on three oceans, and one of the largest expanses of ocean space off its coast.
Sources:
New York, 7 November 2003 - Statement attributable to the Spokesman
for the Secretary-General on Canada's ratification of the Convention on
the Law of the Sea
http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=616
Declarations and statements
http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_declarations.htm#Canada
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Full Application of the Aarhus Convention
On 22 October 2003, the European Commission put forward three new legislative
proposals towards a full application of the Aarhus Convention on access
to information, public participation in decision-making and access to justice
in environmental matters in order to implement its provisions into EU law.
These proposals cover those aspects of the Convention that were not dealt
with by earlier directives. Once the European Parliament adopts these proposals,
they will complete the process of transposing the provisions of the Aarhus
Convention into EU law, both at EU level and in the EU’s member states.
Specifically, the three proposals cover: 1) directive on access to justice
on environmental matters; 2) regulation on the application of the Aarhus
principles to the EU institutions and bodies; and 3) decision on conclusion
by the EU of the Aarhus Convention, which would allow the EU to ratify
the convention.
Sources:
Commission proposes new legislation for access to environmental justice.
Environmental Data Interactive Exchange, 31 Oct 03
http://www.edie.net/gf.cfm?L=left_frame.html&R=http://www.edie.net/news/Archive/7692.cfm
UNECE Aarhus Convention takes hold in the European Union. http://www.unece.org/press/pr2003/03env_p23e.htm
Medact Report on Iraqi Environmental Health
The international health charity Medact (the UK affiliate of International
Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW)) released a report
on 11 November 2003 saying that more than 20,000 Iraqis have died in the
period between 20 March and 20 October 2003 as a result of the environmental
health aftermath of the war. The numbers used in the report are based on
an independent survey written and researched by health professionals for
the Iraqi Health Monitoring Project. The report assesses the impact of
the war on a number of factors affecting health, including access to clean
water and sanitation; poverty and household food security; environmental
degradation; disruption of social systems and public services (including
health services); and social breakdown. According to Medact, all of these
indicators show a worsening of conditions over the seven-month period studied.
The Medact report also calls on the occupying forces to further investigate the current and long-term health impacts of the war, ensure that all reconstruction of public services including health is fully funded, and carry out their obligation under the Geneva Convention to maintain law and order and to protect hospitals, health professionals and those who provide humanitarian aid. The report further recommends the re-establishment of an Iraqi health sector based on the principle that health and health care are fundamental social rights.
Source:
Iraqis To Take Brunt 'For Generations' To Come: Report. Islam Online,
13 November 2003
http://www.islam-online.net/English/News/2003-11/13/article02.shtml
(story stored on the web site for a limited time)
Continuing Collateral Damage. Medact, 11 November 2003. http://www.medact.org/tbx/docs/Coll%20Dam%202.pdf
Protocol to Control Heavy Metals
to Enter into Force
The Protocol on Heavy Metals will enter into force on 29 December 2003.
The objective of the Protocol is to control emissions of man-made heavy
metals that are harmful to health and the environment. At this point it
focuses on three toxic heavy metals: cadmium, lead and mercury. It is the
seventh Protocol to take effect under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary
Air Pollution of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).
Source:
Protocol to control heavy metals to enter into force. Press Release,
Geneva, 7 October 2003
http://www.unece.org/press/pr2003/03env_p21e.htm
International Convention for
the Evaluation of New Technologies Intended to be Submitted to the UN in
2004
"Mulch ado about nothing?...Or the Sand Witch?" Communiqué recently
released by The Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration (ETC
group) expressed concern about the potential impacts that nanotechnology-based
products might have on the environment and health, because these products
are coming to market in the absence of government regulations and/or public
discussion. ETC Group suggests that the public should be fully engaged
in a discussion of the socio-economic, as well as health and environmental
implications
of nano-scale technologies and international regulations and standards
concerning the use of nano-scale technologies are needed. To this end,
ETC Group is collaborating with other partners to develop an International
Convention for the Evaluation of New Technologies (ICENT), which it hopes
to submit to the United Nations in 2004.
Sources:
Nanotech Meets the Environment. http://www.etcgroup.org/article.asp?newsid=412
Mulch ado about nothing?...Or the "Sand Witch?" http://www.etcgroup.org/documents/ComSandWitchFINAL.pdf
Regional- and Continental-Scale
Ecological Monitoring System Proposal
The National Science Foundation has proposed formation of a new US
network of research sites that would facilitate scientific cooperation
on regional- and continental-scale ecological monitoring. The National
Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) would focus on issues such as biodiversity,
climate change, emerging infectious diseases, invasive species, and land
use. As proposed by NSF, 17 NEON observatories would be built over the
next 7 years — one for each major US eco-region. These observatories would
link existing ecological research sites. But a Sept. 17, 2003, report by
the National Research Council challenged the eco-regional approach. Debate
over the approach may soon be resolved by Congressional funding.
Sources:
Neon: Addressing the Nation's Environmental Challenges. NRC prepublication
report, 2003
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10807.html?onpi_topnews_091703
National Research Council Endorses NEON but Recommends Restructuring.
National Council for Science and the Environment, 25 Sep 03
http://www.ncseonline.org/updates/page.cfm?FID=2985
Review of NAFTA's Environmental
Side Accord
The NAFTA Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) announced
the review of the operations and effectiveness of the North American Agreement
on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC). The Ten-year Review Assessment Committee
(TRAC) will assess the implementation of the NAAEC over the past ten years,
examine the CEC and its programs, evaluate how the organization has addressed
the environmental impacts of NAFTA, and suggest a roadmap of recommendations
for the CEC over the next decade. The draft report will be circulated for
public comment before the final report is delivered to the Council in spring
2004.
Source:
Ten-year Review of the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation
http://www.cec.org/news/details/index.cfm?varlan=english&ID=2571
New Standard-setting Instruments
Adopted at UNESCO’s General Conference
UNESCO’s General Conference 32nd session adopted five standard-setting
instruments, including a Declaration Concerning the Intentional Destruction
of Cultural Heritage. Although not a binding instrument, the declaration
covers situations of both peace and war; and of international and non-international
conflicts (including instances of occupation); It also calls upon States
to “take all appropriate measures to prevent, avoid, stop and suppress
acts of intentional destruction of cultural heritage, wherever such heritage
is located” and cooperate with each other and raise public awareness regarding
this issue. The other four instruments adopted are: the International Convention
on the Preservation of the Intangible Cultural Heritage; the International
Declaration on Human Genetic Data; The Recommendation on the Promotion
and Use of Multilingualism and Universal Access to Cyberspace; and The
Charter on the Preservation of the Digital Heritage.
Source:
UNESCO adopts a convention on the safeguarding of intangible heritage
and a declaration on human genetic data
http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php@URL_ID=16804&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
Antibiotics Disposal
The disposal of antibiotics, expired medications, and endocrine disrupting
compounds such as birth control pills via the wastewater system is a relatively
new issue, but one which has long-range ramifications for the development
of new wastewater treatment and sewage disposal regulations in the future.
Current wastewater treatment requirements and technology do not address
all of these pollutants, which pass through the wastewater system and reenter
the environment downstream. Some of these compounds may then bioaccumulate
and affect human health upon consumption. Current food safety laws do not
address testing for all such compounds. Other compounds may interfere with
the hormonal cycles of flora and fauna, disrupting reproductive cycles,
or cause antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria to emerge.
Source:
Flushing Unused, Outdated Medications 'Mixed Concern' Says Kansas State
Professor
AScribe Newswire, 13 Oct 03. http://www.ascribe.org/cgi-bin/spew4th.pl?ascribeid=20031013.062254&time=07%2056%20PDT&year=2003&public=1
“Sustainable Forest Management”
Raised on Global Political Agenda
The XII World Forestry Congress (held once every five years) was hosted
by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) at the end of September,
in Quebec City and attended by more than 4,000 participants from 140 countries.
For the first time, the Congress addressed humans’ dependency on the forest,
stating that worldwide, some 1.6 billion people rely on forests for their
livelihoods and therefore underlined the importance of reinstating forest
issues higher on the political agenda. The “Final Statement: Forests, Source
of Life” listed principles, objectives, and strategies including the formulation
and enforcement of legislation that relates to sustainable forest management.
The FAO is responsible for monitoring, assessing and reporting on progress
on the implementation of the conclusions of the Congress. It must also
present a progress report to the XIII World Forestry Congress to take place
in 2009. It is likely that international forest-related agreements with
national implications for legislation will emerge to better secure sustainable
forest management.
Sources:
XII World Forestry Congress; FINAL STATEMENT; Forests, source of life
Québec, Canada, September 28th, 2003.
http://www.wfc2003.org/images/upload/Final_Statement.pdf
World Forest Congress Harmony Broken By Canadian Logging
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/sep2003/2003-09-30-04.asp
(By subscription only)
Environmental Degradation Causes
more Refugees than War and Politics
A new report by New Economics Foundation claims that more refugees
now flee from environmental degradation than from wars or political persecution.
It calls for a new category of ‘environmental refugee’ to be created and
recognized. The report also goes on to advocate that richer countries have
a responsibility for helping poorer ones care for these refugees because
of the ecologically destructive economic activities carried out by the
more developed nations. It also claims that the Geneva Convention
definition of a refugee applies to those uprooted by environmental damage.
However, the United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) does not
agree with the report, citing differences between those forced to flee
political persecution and those forced to flee environmental damage. Nevertheless,
the sheer number of displaced persons and refugees underscores the need
to take environmental security far more seriously.
Source:
More refugees flee from environmental problems than war, says report
Environmental Data Information Exchange, 3 Oct 03. http://www.edie.net/gf.cfm?L=left_frame.html&R=http://www.edie.net/news/Archive/7593.cfm
Study Proposes an International
Air Pollution Treaty
The journal Environmental Science & Technology has published a
study proposing a global treaty focusing on intercontinental air pollution.
By cooperating to reduce pollutants like ozone and aerosols, countries
could address their own regional health concerns and keep their downwind
neighbors happy. The study suggests a treaty based loosely on the 1979
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP), which initially
addressed acid rain deposition in Europe through voluntary participation.
The convention has since been amended to cover a broad range of pollutants.
Participants include countries from Western and Eastern Europe as well
as the United States and Canada. Expanding such a treaty to include Asia
would give the United States even more incentive to participate, since
westerly winds spread pollution from that part of the world to North America.
Sources:
New global treaty proposed to control climate change and improve health
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 15 Oct 03. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/206-10/acs-gt101503.php
Proposed Air Pollution Treaty Could Better Control Climate Change While
Improving Health. http://www.spacedaily.com/news/climate-03zc.html
Researchers Offer Kyoto Alternative. http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2003/2003-10-15-09.asp#anchor8
(by subscription only)
Firm Regulations for Perchlorates
are Needed
Large scale dumping of perchlorates, a component in rocket fuel continues
to pollute underground water in the United States due to lack of regulations.
Although aircraft and missile developers were warned of this problem for
many years, rather than addressing the problem, the Department of Defense
(DOD) has ignored it, says Gene Ayres, author of the article Rocket Fuel
in our Food, appeared in World Watch Magazine. While EPA openly acknowledges
the gravity of the situation, there are not yet firm regulations for perchlorates.
EXTi (Electro Oxidation Technologies), a San Jose company recently
announced a new technology able to clean perchlorate (and nitrate) polluted
water. National and international regulations seem inevitable in order
to stop and/or limit the pollution.
Sources:
Rocket Fuel in our Food
World Watch Magazine: November/December 2003. http://66.155.84.81/bookstore/download.php?sc=WIB&id=2XCXHEAUWC86
(downloadable for free)
New Technology able to Destroy Perchlorates/Nitrates in Water
EarthVision Environmental News, June 2, 2003. http://www.earthvision.net/ColdFusion/News_Page1.cfm?NewsID=24833
European Network for the Implementation
and Enforcement of Environmental Law Increases It’s Role
Europe's IMPEL (European Network for the Implementation and Enforcement
of Environmental Law) is an informal network of the environmental authorities
of European Union Members. The network is increasing its policy advisory
role and capacity building in EU candidate and accession countries. It
also proposes to develop enforcement indicators measuring the success of
pollution permits, inspection, and enforcement. Formal work is to be kicked
off at the next IMPEL plenary meeting in November.
Source:
EU pollution inspectors network growing up
Environmental Data Information Exchange, 10 Oct 03. http://www.edie.net/gf.cfm?L=left_frame.html&R=http://www.edie.net/news/Archive/7615.cfm
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental Security Implications that Could Affect Monitoring and Enforcement Possibilities for International Treaties
Bacterial Conversion of Soluble Uranium to Insoluble Uraninite
The University of Massachusetts Amherst has enabled Geobacter bacteria
to convert soluble uranium to insoluble uraninite. A recent test showed
that after 50 days, in the presence of artificially elevated levels of
acetate, 70% of soluble uranium had been converted into uraninite.
Source:
Bugs boost Cold War clean-up
Betsy Mason, Nature News Service, 13 Oct 03. http://www.nature.com/nsu/031006/031006-16.html
Hand-Held Chemical Analysis and Detection System
Sandia National Laboratories has developed and tested a series of hand-held
chemical analysis and detection systems that can identify the presence
of hazardous chemical or biological agents: biotoxins, viruses, and bacterial
agents; chemical warfare agents and a selection of toxic industrial chemicals,
explosives, and organic solvents. Developed mainly for homeland security,
Sandia seeks commercial partners to further develop the technology and
make it available on the market to other organizations concerned of environmental
quality and control.
Sources:
Sandia seeks commercialization partners for hand-held chemical analysis
and detection system
Press release. http://www.sandia.gov/news-center/news-releases/2003/all/chempartners.html
The U.S. Army to Use Hydrogen Fuel Cell Powered
Cars
The U.S. Army recently announced that General Motors agreed to develop
an off-road vehicle for the military powered by hydrogen fuel cells. California-based
Quantum Fuel System Technologies is to build the prototype vehicle. This
reflects the recent focus by the U.S. government on using alternative fuel
systems to power the country’s military, enabling it to reduce logistics
costs around the world. (In Iraq, for example, a gallon of fuel cost about
$400 due to the transportation costs of moving the fuel around the world
and around the battlefield.)
Source:
Army set to use hydrogen vehicles
Jeremy Grant, Financial Times/MSNBC News, 8 Oct 03. http://www.msnbc.com/news/977770.asp?cp1=1
Technologies that Could Trigger New Forms of Arms Race
Weather Modification Technologies
Over the last 30 years, US research on weather modification has dwindled,
and only a handful of research programs exist in other countries. Over
this period, atmospheric science has made significant advances, but because
weather-modification research has not kept pace, these advances have not
been applied in any coherent or sustained way. The National Research Council
has published a report calling for a coordinated, sustained national program
to answer fundamental questions about basic atmospheric processes and address
other issues that are impeding progress in weather modification.
Sources:
U.S. Should Pursue Additional Research on Weather Modification
National Academies of Science Press Release, 13 Oct 03. http://www4.nationalacademies.org/news.nsf/isbn/0309090539?OpenDocument
Prepublication Report
National Academies of Science Press Release, 13 Oct 03. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10829.html?onpi_topnews_101303
The Human Epigenome Project
The world's first project to map key chemical changes that switch human
genes on and off has begun. The Human Epigenome Project follows the completion
of the Human Genome Project and aims to map the way methyl groups are added
to DNA across the entire human genome. These "epigenetic" changes are believed
to turn genes on and off. There is evidence that the methylation pattern
of genes is altered in certain tumors. Methylation is a natural process
that mainly occurs on cytosine, one of the four bases that make up DNA.
When a methyl group is added on to cytosine in the promoter region of a
gene - the sequence that causes it to be expressed - the gene is switched
off.
Source:
Human gene on/off switches to be mapped
Shaoni Bhattacharya, NewScientist.com news service, 7 Oct 03. http://www.newscientist.com/news/print.jsp?id=ns99994241
Updates on Previously Identified Issues
The Aarhus Convention and GMOs
The second meeting of the new Working Group on Genetically Modified
Organisms under the Aarhus Convention concluded that a legally binding
mechanism for public participation related to GMO activities in the framework
of Aarhus Convention is needed. If developed, the legally binding options
would be proposed to the next Conference of the Parties in 2005.
Source:
The documents of the Working Group are available at http://www.unece.org/env/pp/gmo.htm
Old Ships Decommissioning a Continuous Problem
EU Environment Commissioner Margot Wallstrom wants the US to recall
four decommissioned ships already on their way to Britain for dismantling.
Both US and British environmentalists and wildlife groups have called for
banning movement of the ships because they fear an ecological disaster
if they break up en-route across the Atlantic. In addition to carrying
fuel, these ships also have PCBs and asbestos aboard.
Source:
'Send ghost fleet back' says EU official
BBC NEWS, 14 Oct 03. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/england/tees/3189480.stm
Nuclear Issues: EU Nuclear Safety Standards
The European Commission proposal to create the European Union's first
ever legal nuclear safety standards is blocked by Germany, UK Sweden, Finland
and Belgium who ask that two draft laws be downgraded into non-binding
instruments.
Sources:
EU States Stall Commission's Nuclear Safety Standards
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2003/2003-10-15-02.asp
(by subscription only)
China: Japan to Pay $2.7 Million for War Gas Leak
Further on Effects of Poison Gas Used in WWII by Japan item of May
2003 environmental scanning report, Japan has agreed to pay China $2.7
million compensation for the August accident caused by chemical weapons
Japan left behind in China after World War II. Beijing demands that Tokyo
speed up the process of clearing up the chemical weapons, which China says
have injured some 2,000 people in recent decades.
Source:
China: Japan to Pay $2.7 Million for War Gas Leak. http://www.planetark.org/avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=22603
Iraq Marshlands Restorations Could be Dangerous if not Preceded by
Cleanup
The Desk Study on the Environment in Iraq by the United Nations
Environmental Program’s (UNEP) Post-Conflict Unit [see April
2003 Millennium Project environmental scanning report] made a major
point about the need to restore the Mesopotamian marshlands that were drained
in 1991; along with the long-term projects for cleanup of hazardous wastes
and emissions, better water and sanitation management, and restoration
of the country's ecosystem. The Marsh Arabs of Iraq have started to breach
dykes and shut down pumping stations in order to restore the marshes drained
by Saddam Hussein's regime. Between 200 and 300 square kilometers of land
has now been inundated as people start returning to their ancient way of
life. However, some experts worry that these actions could hamper the region's
long-term recovery. Flooding areas contaminated with heavy metals such
as lead and mercury may create problems for people and wildlife drinking
the water and for wildlife living in it. Upstream dams have also reduced
the water flow so much that just 15 to 20 per cent of the lost marshes
can be restored.
Source:
Iraqis reclaim their ancient wetlands
NewScientist.com, 1 Oct 03. http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994217
EU Hydrogen Research Strategic Agenda
The European Union (EU) announced its ‘hydrogen research strategic agenda’. The EU hopes to replace 20% of vehicle fuels with alternative fuels by 2020. By way of background, a National Science Foundation official has told the Millennium Project, that methanol may well prove more feasible than hydrogen for fuel cells, but hydrogen is the current direction of research. The EU will fund hydrogen development and deployment research projects in order to develop a sustainable hydrogen economy, with component technologies for applications in transport, stationary and portable power. The EU strategy will include a policy framework across transportation, energy, and environmental domains, a public-private partnership to promote commercialization, and a framework to develop international co-operation.
Source: Europe paves way for hydrogen economy. Environmental Data Interactive
Exchange, 9 Sep 03
http://www.edie.net/gf.cfm?L=left_frame.html&R=http://www.edie.net/news/Archive/7501.cfm
Grain Harvest Shortfalls
The Earth Policy Institute reports that the global 2003 harvest will
fall short of consumption by 93 million tons. This will continue a decline
in world grain stocks experienced over the last several years. Elevated
temperatures and aquifer depletions are the major drivers of this production
decline. The immediate implication is that if such environmental conditions
continue, the world will soon be unable to feed itself.
Note: The FAO food outlook preview released this month also reveals
a sharp decline in prospects for world cereal output since June, which
translates to a much greater global cereal carryover draw down than expected,
and a much tighter global supply-and-demand situation.
Sources:
World Facing Fourth Consecutive Grain Harvest Shortfall
Lester Brown, Earth Policy Institute, 17 Sep 03 http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/Update28_printable.htm
Food outlook preview (FAO) http://www.fao.org/giews/english/fo/fo0304p/0304e00.htm
Indian Water Diversion
India has been planning to divert water from 37 Himalayan rivers to drier areas of the country. A report on this irrigation scheme is due by 2006, with construction to commence shortly thereafter and be completed by 2016. However, diversion of these rivers affects neighboring Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan, who depend upon these rivers for 85% of their drinking water. Flooding during the monsoon season is likely to increase as a result of this diversion. Salinity would affect agricultural lands. The mangrove forests of the Bangladeshi deltas, which are a World Heritage site, would suffer from the lack of fresh water influx. Bangladesh is protesting through diplomatic channels. About 40% of humanity lives in the 260 major international water basins shared by two or more countries; hence, one can expect an increasing need for bi- and multi-lateral treaties to prevent conflict.
Source: Bangladesh PM blasts Indian river-link plan on legal grounds
Daily Times, 19 Sep 03 http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_19-9-2003_pg4_13
Technological Breakthroughs with Environmental Security Implications that could affect Monitoring and Enforcement Possibilities for International Treaties
Smart Dust
Smart dust has been in development for the last decade, with the intent
of providing a cheap, lightweight, lingering, swarm-based technology that
could provide multi-spectral intelligence over critical battlefield and
post-conflict areas inaccessible or too hostile for other reconnaissance
technologies. The University of California, San Diego (UCSD) has developed
a smart dust application for optically alerting the presence of oil in
water. "Such devices could be used to monitor the purity of drinking or
sea water, to detect hazardous chemical or biological agents in the air
or even to locate and destroy tumor cells in the body" said Michael Sailor,
a professor at UCSD's department of chemistry and biochemistry who led
the study.
Sources:
Calif. Chemists Develop 'Smart' Particles
Randolph Schmid, Associated Press, 26 Aug 03 http://www.macon.com/mld/macon/news/6621465.htm
UCSD Chemists Develop Self-Assembling Silicon Particles; A First Step
Toward Robots the Size of a Grain of Sand. August 25, 2003
http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/smartdust.htm
Nanoscale Iron Particles as an Environmental Remediation Technology
A National Science Foundation sponsored study has found that nanoscale
(1 to 100 nanometers in diameter) powdered iron is an effective environmental
cleanup tool. Nanoscale iron breaks down chlorinated organics into less
toxic organic compounds and electrochemically reduces heavy metals to a
less soluble form, which reduces their migration through groundwater. Since
nanoscale iron can be suspended in a slurry and pumped into contaminated
areas, no pump-and-treat or earth moving approaches are needed for remediation
of contaminated soil and groundwater.
Source: Nanoscale Iron Could Help Cleanse the Environment
National Science Foundation Press Release 03-94, 3 Sep 03 http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2003-09/nsf-nic090303.php
Detecting Chemical Threats With "Intelligent" Networks
A new system based on microsensor arrays connected to artificial neural
networks has the potential to provide early warning of chemical warfare
agents well before concentration levels become lethal. The Prototype, presented
by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) scientists and
a guest researcher at the annual meeting of the American Chemical Society,
has the potential to detect compounds such as sulfur-mustard gas and nerve
agents (tabun and sarin) at levels below 1 part per million and predict
their concentration in the ambient air. The research, funded by NIST and
the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, continues.
Source: Detecting Chemical Threats With "Intelligent" Networks
http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/techbeat/tb2003_0910.htm
Software Algorithms for Terrorism Prediction
DARPA research into information technologies that enable collaboration
among teams of intelligence analysts, policy-makers and covert operators
could make it possible for humans and computers to "think together" in
real time to "anticipate and preempt terrorist threats." The development
of inference network applications is a major step towards such a goal,
and is forecast as occurring within two years.
Source: FutureWatch: Using computers to outthink terrorists
Dan Verton, Computerworld, 1 Sep 03 http://www.computerworld.com/softwaretopics/software/appdev/story/0,10801,84467,00.html?from=imuheads
Serpentine Self-Healing Robot
British researchers have developed a self-healing robot that uses a
shape memory alloy for propulsion and a genetic algorithm to adapt its
mobility routines when dealing with damage to itself. Using these two features
allows the robot to operate without external operator input and adapt to
damage rather than being rendered incapable of completing its mission.
Source: Robot spy can survive battlefield damage
Duncan Graham-Rowe, NewScientist.com, 20 Aug 03 http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994075
Gamma-Ray Weapons
An explosive being developed by the US Department of Defense could
blur the critical distinction between conventional and nuclear weapons.
The work has also raised fears that weapons based on this technology could
trigger the next arms race. The explosive works by stimulating the release
of energy from the nuclei of certain elements such as hafnium but does
not involve nuclear fission or fusion. The energy, emitted as gamma radiation,
is thousands of times greater than that from conventional chemical explosives.
One gram of hafnium isomer could store more energy than 50 kilograms of
TNT. The effect of a nuclear-isomer explosion would be to release high-energy
gamma rays capable of killing any living thing in the immediate area. It
would cause little fallout compared to a fission explosion, but any undetonated
isomer would be dispersed as small radioactive particles, making it a somewhat
"dirty" bomb. This material could cause long-term health problems for anybody
who inhaled it. The current forecast for producing militarily significant
quantities is five years.
Source: Gamma-ray weapons could trigger next arms race
David Hambling, NewScientist.com, 13 Aug 03 http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994049
Space Elevator Technology
Space elevator technology, centered on the concept of stretching a
light but strong ribbon from the surface of the earth to a point in space
geosynchronous with the location of the ground end, is quickly approaching
technical feasibility. Such technology could be used to boost payloads
into earth orbit at an economy of scale that rocket technology cannot match.
Preliminary studies indicate that this technology could be ready in 15
years.
Source: High hopes for space elevator
MSNBC News, 17 Sep 03 http://www.msnbc.com/news/968049.asp?cp1=1#BODY
New Regional Environmental Protection Developments
Gulf Cooperation Council Elevates Priority of Environmental Protection
The Secretary-General of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) remarked
in a recent environmental awards ceremony that the GCC leaders have an
interest in joint environmental projects and efforts to increase environmental
awareness. Sheik Jaber of Kuwait stated that commitment to environment
protection was necessary from all countries in the region as an integral
issue that could not be separated by borders. These statement define regional
environmental policy, which in effect commit GCC member states to increase
environmental protection efforts.
Source: Environment top priority; GCC ministers meet in Kuwait
Arab Times, 15 Sep 03 http://www.arabtimesonline.com/arabtimes/kuwait/view.asp?msgID=936
Brazil’s Response to Biopiracy
Biopiracy, or the harvesting / removal of genetic material without
payment or royalties, is increasing as genetic engineering technologies
continue to develop new medicines and other genetically derived products.
In response to this economic loss, the Brazilian federal police have launched
Project Drake, a program to monitor aerial and seaports as well as to increase
awareness of the problem. Currently, US foreign policy recognizes genetic
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) under the 1994 Uruguay Round of GATT
trade negotiations. Through IPR, genetic material can be traded, in exchange
for “socially valuable innovations” that arise from it. Furthermore, the
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) facilitates
multinational markets’ use of genetic resources.
Source:Brazil Cracks Down on Biopirates
Brazil, 19 Sep 03 http://www.brazzil.com/2003/html/news/articles/sep03/p123sep03.htm
New Regional Environmental Offices in Asia to Strengthen Environmental
Protection
In an effort to strengthen UNEP’s delivery of regional-level programs,
a new office was opened in China. As part of an effort to
promote the Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP), a 1994 agreement made
by China, Japan, South Korea and Russia to preserve the marine environment
in Northeast Asia, regional coordination offices are also planned to open
shortly in Toyama, Japan and Pusan, South Korea.
Environmental information centers opened in Baku, Azerbaijan and Dushanbe, Tajikistan as a step in the implementation of the United Nations Aarhus Convention (to promote public access to environmental information and encourage participation in decision-making in environmental affairs). The offices were opened with support from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and Azerbaijan's Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources opened and respectively the Tajik Ministry of Nature Protection.
Pollution Prevention in West Asia
At a recent waste management and pest control conference, a United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) official said that many countries
in the region had laws regarding the management of waste and environmental
pollution, but that enforcement was problematic. The lack of technical
expertise and infrastructure were also cited as barriers to more effective
regional waste management.
Environmental NGOs Wield Increasing Influence over Policy in Kazakhstan
Kazakhstani non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that concentrate
on environmental issues are wielding growing influence over government
policy, as was evidenced at a conference held in Almaty in early June 2003
that focused on developing new environmental legislation to be introduced
into Parliament later this year.
"The main goal behind [setting up] the [environmental] working group
is that the law will be drawn up from the outset by interested NGOs, users
of natural resources and the Environmental Protection Ministry," the Deputy
Environmental Protection Minister Nurlan Iskakov said.
Kazakhstan, like the rest of the Central Asian republics, faces increasingly
severe environmental problems stemming from both the Soviet era, when it
was a nuclear center, and the first ten years of independence, State spending
on environmental protection has tripled in the past three years. According
to Open Society’s EurasiaNet, “NGOs have played a key role in helping to
harness grass-roots concerns into cohesive pressure on policy-makers. A
key moment for Kazakhstan’s environmental movement occurred in early 2003,
when an NGO coalition mounted a successful campaign to force the government
to shelve a revenue-generating scheme to import nuclear waste. …[President]
Nazarbayev recently indicated that environmental protection would be among
the government’s top policy priorities in the coming years.”
Sources:
Japanese Government Approves Regional UNEP Office http://www.unwire.org/UNWire/20030916/449_8462.asp
United Nations Environment Programme opens China Office - 19 sep 2003
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=332&ArticleID=4255&l=en
Environmental information centre opens in Azerbaijan http://www.osce.org/news/show_news.php?ut=2&id=3544
Environment information resource centre opens in Tajikistan with OSCE
support
http://www.osce.org/news/show_news.php?ut=2&id=3545
UNEP official stresses need for enforcement of environment laws
By A Staff Reporter, Times of Oman, 07 Sep 03 http://www.timesofoman.com/newsdetails.asp?newsid=40732&pn=local
Environmental NGOs In Kazakhstan Wield Increasing Influence Over Policy
In Kazakhstan
EurasiaNet.org http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/environment/articles/eav072503.shtml
International Meetings with Implications for Environmental Security
World Parks Congress Adopts Conservation Accord
The Durban Action Plan and Durban Accord adopted at the 5th World Parks
Congress in Durban, South Africa stipulates new commitments and policy
guidance for protected areas worldwide. Among the 32 specific recommendations
are: establishing a global system of protected areas linking surrounding
landscapes and seascapes by 2012; and the development of a credible global
estimate of funding needs by 2006 to improve the management of the world’s
100,000 protected areas.
Also at the congress, West African countries (Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania and Senegal, as well as 50 organizations) announced
their participation in the Regional Program for Conservation of Coastal
and Marine Resources, a new integrated network of protected marine areas
to address rapidly declining fishing stocks.
International Freshwater Forum calls for better watersheds management
In his address to the International Freshwater Forum in Dushanbe, Tajikistan,
UN Secretary-General, Kofi Annan, emphasized that delay in providing safe
water results in great risks and called for better regional watersheds
management. The same idea was reaffirmed in the message of OSCE Secretary
General, Jan Kubis who also indicated that the OSCE is directly engaged
in a number of projects that aim at promoting dialogue and co-operation
on sustainable water management “to enhancing early warning and conflict
prevention mechanisms and strengthen processes of confidence-building and
co-operation throughout the OSCE area." The Government of Tajikistan was
hosting the forum under the broader theme of “Water, Environment and Security”.
At a side-event, OSCE, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
and UNEP presented the joint OSCE/UNDP/UNEP Initiative on Environment and
Security (ENVSEC). Phase one of the Initiative identified the key problems
affecting the environment and human health and posing an immediate security
risk in the region; "the next step will be to map out and implement common
environmental priorities and opportunities for strengthening co-operation,"
said Frits Schlingemann, Director and Regional Representative, UNEP.
Note: The “World Bank's Board of Directors has recently endorsed a
new Water Resources Strategy as well as a new Infrastructure Action Plan
in response to strong client-country demand for infrastructure.” (Ian Johnson,
Vice President of Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development;
and Nemat Talaat Shafik, Vice President) The United Nations University
(UNU) and Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) will host
in October an international symposium on “Public Participation and Governance
in Water Resources Management.”
International Bar Association Meeting 15-19 September 2003
The International Bar Association held its annual meeting in San Francisco
15-19 September 2003. International environmental law is one of the topics
on the agenda. Although the outcomes of the meeting are not yet available,
there were several sessions with eventual relevance to environmental security;
e.g. Health issues related to exposure to chemicals session held by The
Committee for Environment, Health and Safety Law stated that “Comprehensive
new legislative requirements affecting virtually all sectors of industry
are expected, which raise industrial concerns that necessary and important
chemicals not be banned or delisted without adequate risk assessments."
The Meeting of Experts to Strengthen a Global Ban on Biological Weapons
The Meeting of Experts was held in preamble to the annual meetings
of the States Parties to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC)
as set by the Fifth Review Conference of the treaty [see Strengthen a global
ban on Biological Weapons issue in AC/UNU Millennium Project November report].
The experts from 150 States Parties and UN World Health Organization (WHO)
and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), focused on addressing the
legal framework necessary for implementation and enforcement of the Convention’s
requirements, and security mechanisms concerning pathogenic microorganisms
and toxins. The outcomes of the meeting are not yet available, but will
constitute the input to the annual meeting of States Parties to BTWC to
be held in November 10-14, 2003.
Note: Referring to "genetic bombs", a recent article , is warning that
"advanced forms of biological warfare that can 'target' specific genotypes
may transform biological warfare from the realm of terror to a politically
useful tool."
Conference On Disarmament Unable To Agree On Work Program
The U.N. Conference on Disarmament, the sole multilateral forum for
disarmament negotiations, failed again in reaching consensus on a program
of work. [See also Millennium Project’s September 2002 and January 2003
emerging environmental security issue reports.] The adopted annual report
requests that future presidents conduct consultations among member countries
during the inter-sessional period and, if possible, make recommendations
considering all relevant proposals and the outcomes so far. The 2004 sessions
are scheduled for Jan. 19 to March 26, May 10 to June 25, and June 26 to
Sept. 10.
Sources:
Vth IUCN World Parks Congress Sets Agenda for Next Decade, Spurs Conservation
Initiatives for Africa
http://www.iucn.org/themes/wcpa/wpc2003/pdfs/newsevents/day10/finalwpcpr170903.pdf
Over 700 Threatened Species Not Protected – Study
http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/22195/story.htm
World’s Protected Areas Top 100,000, Exceed Size Of India And China – UN Report; UN News Service, New York, Sep 9 2003 10:00AM
Water as a security issue - OSCE Secretary General encourages co-operation
in message to Tajikistan forum
http://www.osce.org/news/show_news.php?id=3490
“Water, Environment and Security”, Dushanbe International Fresh Water
Forum
http://www.freshwaterforum.org/index-eng.htm
Environment and security was key issue for International Forum on Fresh
Water in Dushanbe
http://www.osce.org/news/show_news.php?ut=2&id=3495
Environment Matters, 2003
http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/envext.nsf/41ByDocName/PublicationsEnvironmentMattersAnnualReviewEnvironmentMatters2003
World Must Act Now To Provide Safe Water, Further Delay Entails Great Risk – Annan; UN News Service, New York, Aug 30 2003 2:00PM
UNU to Host Symposium On Public Participation In Managing Water Resources; UNU Press Release, September 25, 2003
International Bar Association Conference Papers
http://www.ibanet.org/SanFrancisco/ConferencePapers.asp?ID=644&Section=GEN&Committee=
International lawyer group to meet in S.F.
Convention to feature 700 speakers from 170 countries
Harriet Chiang, Chronicle Legal Affairs Writer, Saturday, September
13, 2003
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/09/13/MN296655.DTL’
Experts meet at UN headquarters in Geneva to strengthen biological arms
ban
http://www.un.org/apps/news/printnews.asp?nid=8022
Conference On Disarmament Adopts Annual Report, Concludes 2003 Session
Speakers Regret Conference’s Inability to Adopt a Programme of Work
for Seven Years; Welcome the “Five Ambassadors” Proposal to End the Stalemate
http://www.unog.ch/news2/documents/newsen/dc0342e.htm
Conference On Disarmament Concludes 2003 Session
http://www.unog.ch/news2/documents/newsen/dc0343e.htm
Updates on Previously Identified Emerging Issues
Protocols Coming Into Force
POP Protocol Comes into Force
The U.N. Economic Commission for Europe has announced that the Protocol
on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) will enter into force October 23,
following France's ratification. POPs is the sixth protocol to take effect
under the Geneva Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution of
the U. N. Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). [See also Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POPs) Regime to Enter into Force in 2004 in July 2003
and The Stockholm Convention May Get Some Teeth issue in October 2002 monthly
environmental scanning report]. The protocol focuses on 16 substances (11
pesticides, two industrial chemicals and three by-products/contaminants)
with the ultimate goal of eliminating any discharges, emissions and losses
of these POPs.
Cartagena Protocol On Biosafety Enters Into Force
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety requires exporters to provide the
importer complete relevant information and documentation pertaining to
genetically modified organisms. It also establishes an Internet-based biosafety
clearinghouse to help nations exchange information about genetically modified
organisms.
The Protocol entered into force on September 11; to date, 57 states
and the European Community have ratified it. Strategic and operational
measures for the implementation of the protocol will be discussed by States
Parties at the meeting in Kuala Lumpur, February 23-27, 2004.
Sources:
Persistent Organic Pollutants Protocol To Enter Into Force http://www.unwire.org/News/328_426_7218.asp
Cartagena Protocol On Biosafety Takes Effect 11 September
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/envdev735.doc.htm
Entry into force of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: Press Kit
http://www.biodiv.org/doc/press/pk-bs-01.asp
EU Chemical Policy Reforms
Over 70 health and environmental organizations have written to the
US government, accusing it of “intervening in the regulatory process of
sovereign nations at the behest of the industry”, and urging it to cease
efforts to undermine EU chemicals policy reforms. Key elements of the proposed
changes include: introduction of the REACH system to Register, Evaluate
and Authorize new Chemicals; the obligation for the chemical industry to
provide safety data and risk assessments of new chemicals; and provisions
to reduce animal testing. The US chemical industry and the Bush administration
are opposed to these changes.
Note: The REACH system proposals have been revised in response to criticism
from the chemical industry and from the leaders of France, Germany and
the United Kingdom. The recently released new draft lightens the burden
on industry and clarifies previously vague provisions concerning manufacturers
and importers and the "duty of care" to avoid open-ended liability claims.
Also, industry concerns over stricter protection of confidential business
information is better addressed.
Sources:
NGOs attack US administration for trying to block EU chemicals bill
Environmental Data Interactive Exchange, 19 Sep 03
http://www.edie.net/gf.cfm?L=left_frame.html&R=http://www.edie.net/news/Archive/7525.cfm
European Chemicals Authorization Plan Changed to Suit Industry
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/sep2003/2003-09-24-03.asp
(by subscription only)
Claims of Radioactive Battlefields in Iraq need more scientific ground
Several stories have emerged in recent weeks trying to expose a link
between elevated radiation readings in Iraq with various illnesses among
military personnel. Iraq: Experts Warn of Radioactive Battlefields story
is a good example of such sloppy reporting. Another story, Iraqi Cities
'Hot' with Depleted Uranium, widely distributed (over 600 news and internet
sites have carried it or cited it so far), contains a number of factual
errors and leaps of logic. Doing the math, radiation levels in Baghdad
of around 4 Sieverts are claimed; 1 Sievert is the radiation dose causing
immediate radiation sickness. However, no acute radiation poisoning is
reported. The citation of the AEPI report is incorrect; a 200 Rem (i.e.,
2 Sievert) dose would cause nausea, vomiting, and other acute symptoms.
Such as dose is not twice the exposure limit but 2,000 times the exposure
limit. Obviously, US ammunition handlers do not experience such doses.
Note: A UK Telegraph News article writes that the UK Army will end
the use of controversial uranium-tipped shells in the next 6 years. This
could add pressure for an international treaty to ban their use.
Source:
Iraqi Cities 'Hot' with Depleted Uranium
Sara Flounders, Coastal Post, 04 Sep 03 http://www.coastalpost.com/03/09/11.htm
Iraq: Experts Warn of Radioactive Battlefields
Katherine Stapp, Inter Press Service, 12 Sep 03 http://www.ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=20109
Army's new tank gun will end use of controversial uranium-tipped shells
By Sean Rayment, Defence Correspondent, Telegraph News, UK (Filed:
21/09/2003)
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/09/21/ntank21.xml&sSheet=/news/2003/09/21/ixhome.html
Nuclear Issues
Attention is needed to the Dimona Reactor in Israel
The Palestinian Environment Quality Authority warns that the Israeli
Dimona nuclear reactor is vulnerable to a meltdown and may be a source
of radioactive contamination in neighboring countries. Anecdotal burials
of nuclear waste in the Negev desert are cited as a source of radioactive
contamination. Jordanian cancer data are further cited as evidence of this
alleged contamination. Jordan raised concerns about this reactor three
years ago, which indicated that radioactive pollution of local aquifers
could contaminate a vast area extending from southern Jordan and northern
Saudi Arabia into Egypt. At the request of Oman, the subject of Israeli
Nuclear Capabilities and Threat was addressed at the meeting of the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna on September 15-19. The resolution
just states, “The item was discussed. Several Member States requested that
this item be included in the provisional agenda of the 48th regular session
of the General Conference.”
Source:
Dimona Reactor… a Mystery Threatening the Middle East
International Press Center (IPC), 18 Sep 03 http://www.ipc.gov.ps/ipc_e/ipc_e-1/e_News/news2003/2003-09/062.html
IAEA Item 21 of the agenda; (GC(47)/21)
Israeli Nuclear Capabilities and Threat http://www.iaea.org/worldatom/About/Policy/GC/GC47/Resolutions/gc47dec13.pdf
Groundbreaking Resolutions Adopted by the IAEA General Conference
In its effort to strengthen nuclear and radiation safety, the IAEA
47th General Conference held in Vienna, 15-19 September, adopted several
resolutions: establishing a nuclear-weapon-free-zone (NWFZ) in the Middle
East "as an important confidence-building measure"; resolution calling
on all Member States to implement safeguards agreements and stressing the
importance of additional protocols that would strengthen the system's capability
for detecting undeclared nuclear material and activities; a comprehensive
resolution that stresses key IAEA role for global cooperation and covers
all aspects related to nuclear and radioactive material from manufacture,
storage, transport to waste management. Emphasizing transportation safety,
it requests the development of an Action Plan for the safe transportation
of radioactive material based on the findings of the International Conference
on the Safety of Transport of Radioactive Material held at the IAEA in
July this year [see IAEA To Enhance Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials
item in July report].
Sources:
IAEA 47th General Conference main page: http://www.iaea.org/worldatom/About/Policy/GC/GC47/index.html
Official documents and resolutions of the General Conference are issued in printed form. Selected reports and information documents or excerpts from them, related to major items on the Provisional Agenda are available at http://www.iaea.org/worldatom/About/Policy/GC/GC47/Documents/index.html (This list will be updated as more documents become available)
Application of Nuclear Safeguards in the Middle East: http://www.iaea.org/worldatom/About/Policy/GC/GC47/DailyWrap/middle_east.html
States Support Measures to Strengthen IAEA Safeguards: http://www.iaea.org/worldatom/About/Policy/GC/GC47/DailyWrap/sg_resolution.html
States Back Measures for Strengthened Safety in Nuclear, Radiation Fields: http://www.iaea.org/worldatom/About/Policy/GC/GC47/DailyWrap/safety_resolution.html
Nuclear Worries Proliferate Over North Korea, Iran, ENS Newsletter (by
subscription only)
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/sep2003/2003-09-19-04.asp
UN Disarmament Yearbook reiterates the Need for total Elimination
of Nuclear Weapons
The 27th edition of the UN Disarmament Yearbook published by the UN
Department for Disarmament Affairs, was released on September 5, 2003.
Listing the dangers and consequences of use of small arms, landmines, WMD,
and conventional weapons, UN Secretary-General says that “Of all these
challenges, however, the total elimination of nuclear weapons must remain
the top priority.” The report assesses progress made to strengthen disarmament
legal norms with regard to nuclear, biological and chemical weapons as
well as bilateral, multilateral and regional developments, illicit trade
in small arms and light weapons, and steps in eradicating and reducing
anti-personnel landmines.
Note: The 2003 Conference on Facilitating the Entry into Force of the
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), held in Vienna, stressed
the importance of prompt adoption of the treaty by the 12 countries whose
ratification is key to its operability (China, Colombia, the Democratic
People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt,
India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Pakistan, United States and Viet Nam.)
Sources: Total Elimination Of Nuclear Weapons No: 1 Disarmament Priority
- Annan
UN News Service, New York, September 5, 2003
Conference Calls on Holdout States to Ratify UN-Backed Nuclear Test
Ban Treaty
UN News Service, New York, September 5 2003 6:00PM
Nanotechnology Market Growth Curve
In the past few years, nanomaterials have become integral components
of products as diverse as sunscreens, electrically conductive coatings,
and strong, lightweight plastic composites. Up to this time, most of the
applications have depended on unique chemical and physical behaviors of
ultra-small particles, behaviors that border on quantum effects. Nanodevices
that perform functions are beginning to enter the practical market. Now
nanomaterials are vying for new markets in electronics, food packaging,
industrial processing and other areas. Nanotechnology is now a $385 million-per-year
business in the United States, a figure that is expected to reach $3.5
billion by 2008 and $20 billion by 2013.
Note: See also related issues in Millennium Project monthly reports:
Who
Will Control Nanotechnology? (June 2003) and Some
Nanotechnology may become a new kind of pollution (November 2002)
Source:
THE NANOMATERIALS MARKET IS STARTING TO CLIMB THE GROWTH CURVE
Gordon Graff, Purchasing magazine, 28 Aug 03
http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=6523
Improved coordination of global Earth observation
At the Earth Observation Summit held in August in Washington, the delegates
agreed to improve the access to data and exchange of information between
countries and organizations and enlarge it towards a more encompassing
global partnership. A 10-year Implementation Plan based on better use and
coordination of existing systems and initiatives will be prepared. Its
framework will be presented at the 2004 Ministerial Conference to be held
in Tokyo and the Plan itself at the Ministerial Conference to be hosted
by the European Union towards the end of 2004. [See also Better Use of
Satellites to Monitor International Treaties, March report, Millennium
Project Environmental Scanning.]
Source: Improved coordination of global Earth observation
ESA Press Release N°49-2003 - Summit agrees to improve coordination
of global Earth observation
GMO controversy continues
EU Countries May Ban GMOs With Proof of Risks
Continuing this issue from the Millennium Project’s September 2002
and March 2003 report, (Genetically Modified Food Issues – EU Official
OK’s Single Country’s Import Ban) the EU's highest court ruled on September
9 that EU governments may impose temporary bans on genetically modified
foods if it is provable that there are health risks associated with them.
Source: EU Countries May Ban GMOs With Proof of Risks, Court Says
UN Wire, Wednesday, September 10, 2003 http://www.unwire.org/UNWire/20030910/449_8286.asp
Canada Introduces Voluntary Labeling of GM Food
Voluntary Labelling (sic) of Foods Obtained or Not Obtained Through
Genetic Engineering (GE) is a proposal for standards in labeling GM food
in Canada. After passing the Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB), it
goes to the Standards Council of Canada for implementation. This might
be the way towards mandatory labeling of GM provenience food.
Source: Government of Canada. Consensus reached on Voluntary Standard for Labelling of Genetically Engineered Foods. Ottawa, ON September 8, 2003. http://www.newswire.ca/releases/September2003/08/c8397.html
Post-conflict issues
Fifth Meeting of States Parties to the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty (5MSP) 15-19 September 2003
This meeting will assess the state of the world in the struggle against landmines. Militant organizations are expected to intensify their campaign to increase the number of States adhering to the Ottawa Convention. In the context of this September meeting in Thailand and Italy taking over as President of the European Union, the Italian Campaign to Ban Landmines released a set of recommendations to the EU Presidency: Promoting a truly mine-free world; The role of the Italian Presidency of the European Union. The recommendations are grouped by region. Concerning trans-Atlantic relations, it stipulates: “Seek reassurance from the current administration that the stated US goal of accession to the Ottawa Treaty by 2006 still stands;” and “Raise the issue of incompatibility between Treaty obligations and obligations arising from State parties’ membership of NATO.” The International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) calls for action to stop production and use of antipersonnel mines in seven Asian countries: China, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Singapore and Vietnam. At the annual gathering, participants will include the 134 states that have joined the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty and others, including the ICBL.
Sources:
Italian Campaign to Ban Landmines -- recommendations to the EU Presidency
http://www.icbl.org/index/download/EU_ITALIAN_PRESIDENCY.doc
Action alert on Asia: for the Meeting of States Parties, 01-Jul-2003
Italy urged to embrace global landmine challenge, Rome, Italy, 17-Jul-2003
http://www.icbl.org/
North American Regional Action Plan on Dioxins and Furans, and Hexachlorobenzene
The draft of a new North American Regional Action Plan (NARAP) to improve the capacities of the Parties to reduce exposure to dioxins and furans, and hexachlorobenzene in the three North American countries is now available for public comment. This is the last phase before the completion of the action plan that sets out practical measures to reduce the risks to the environment and human health from the release of these substances. The public comment period ends 16 September 2003. The three substances are a group of organic pollutants that are toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative, and which can be transported long distances through atmospheric and aquatic pathways.
Source: Phase One North American Regional Action Plan http://www.cec.org/pubs_docs/documents/index.cfm?varlan=english&ID=1220
New Report on Advanced Sensors for Biological Warfare Agents
This National Research Council report is expected to be released August 2003. It identifies critical materials and manufacturing technologies to make, validate, and deploy sensors to identify biological warfare agents -- mainly disease-causing bacteria and viruses. The report determines how the U.S. Government could help manufacture and field such sensors. Advancing sensor technology makes monitoring and enforcement of environmentally related treaties potentially more effective.
Source: http://www4.nationalacademies.org/news.nsf/(ByDocID)/3AE3020260EC471385256D71007C6D2E?OpenDocument
Environmental Victory in Japan May Presage Further Campaigns
After 12 years of grassroots protests by the people of Teshima Island in the Inland Sea of Japan, the Government of Japan has agreed to an effort to clean up the island. It has been a dumping ground for toxic industrial waste. This effort may cost up to $500 million. The success of this grassroots environmental drive may very well encourage an increase in the number and intensity of other similar environmental efforts in Japan.
Source: Japanese Winning Cleanup Battles
By Howard W. French (NYT), New York Times - Foreign Desk, July 2, 2003
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70A16F7395E0C718CDDAE0894DB404482
East African Environmental Security Symposium
The “Integrating Environmental Security Concerns in Development Policy in Africa” project is implemented by the Partnership for African Environmental Sustainability (PAES) and covers Burundi, Ethiopia, Rwanda and Uganda. The EU-funded project seeks to provide a new framework for resolving violent conflict through addressing issues of environmental degradation, resource depletion and poverty as potential causes of violent conflict in Africa. The Symposium to be held in Kampala, Uganda, 23-25 September 2003 will present the main findings of case studies on Burundi, Ethiopia, Rwanda and Uganda. The suggested topics of focus for the Symposium are: environmental insecurity, poverty and conflict linkage; environmental regeneration and conflict prevention and resolution; water resources scarcity and conflict; environmental security, sustainable peace and development; and legal and institutional, social and economic, and political and cultural aspects of environmental insecurity and conflict; integrating environmental security considerations in policy and strategies development; gender dimensions of the environmental insecurity and conflict link; and sound environmental management as a tool for conflict resolution.
Source: Symposium On: Environmental Insecurity, Poverty And Conflict:
Towards Sustainable Peace And Development In Africa
Kampala, Uganda, 23-25 September 2003, http://www.paes.org/news/2003/call_for_symposium.htm
Asian Cities and Oil Representatives Meet to Cut Air Pollution
The Clean Air Initiative, an environmental group affiliated with the World Bank and Asian Development Bank, met in Singapore on 21 July with representatives from 12 oil companies to discuss reducing air pollution in badly afflicted Asian cities. A consultant told the group that its first task should be to develop a schedule for cities to set and achieve acceptable levels. A spokesman for the Initiative said that their eventual goal is clean air legislation. 19 Asian cities in ten countries (including five capital cities) are members so far.
Sources:
World Bank group meets to clean up Asia's deadly air
By Associated Press, 22 July 2003, http://www.enn.com/news/2003-07-22/s_6810.asp
The Clean Air Initiative (CAI), World Bank
http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/cleanair/
New Catalyst Makes Hydrogen Power More Feasible
A team of scientists of the University of Wisconsin at Madison has developed a hydrogen-making catalyst that uses cheaper materials and yields fewer contaminants than do current processes, while extracting the element from common renewable plant sources. Further, the new catalyst lies at the heart of a chemical process the authors say is a significant advance in producing alternate fuels from domestic sources. “The aqueous-phase reforming (APR) process can be used on the small scale to produce fuel for portable devices, such as cars, batteries, and military equipment,“ said James Dumesic, one of the team’s scientists. “But it could also be scaled up as a hydrogen source for industrial applications, such as the production of fertilizers or the removal of sulfur from petroleum products.” Relative to other catalysts, the Raney-NiSn can perform for long time periods (at least 48 hours) and at lower temperatures (roughly 225 degrees Celsius).
Source: New Catalyst Paves Way For Cheap, Renewable Hydrogen
SpaceDaily, Jul 2, 2003, http://www.spacedaily.com/news/energy-tech-03w.html
Updates on Previously Identified Emerging Issues
Depleted Uranium Controversy Continues
Islamonline.net Cites Source Saying Radiation Pollution Near Baghdad Airport Might Be Related To Depleted Uranium
The source says that: unexplained diseases contracted by a number of American troops in the vicinity of Baghdad Airport might be caused by the use of depleted uranium (DU); the levels of radioactive pollution were high enough to have destructive impacts on humans and environment and even on generations to come; and that the Americans argued that the mysterious symptoms might be the consequences of exposure to excessive hot weather and sun that the U.S. troops are not used to.
Source: Mysterious Diseases Haunt U.S. Troops In Iraq http://islamonline.net/English/News/2003-07/17/article03.shtml
Nuclear Policy Research Institute Makes the Scientific Case Against Depleted Uranium
Further to DU Symposium held at the New York Academy of Medicine June 2003 [see Environmental Security monthly report, June 2003], the Depleted Uranium: Scientific Basis for Assessing Risk report published by the Nuclear Policy Research Institute (NPRI) is a comprehensive review of some of the key research applicable to the issue and reaches some conclusions and recommendations for the future. Some of the conclusions include clear health risks induced by exposure to depleted uranium and that DU fragments and contaminated equipment should be cleaned up and civilian access, especially by children, should be prevented. The NPRI recommendations include: health investigation of civilians and soldiers in affected areas; immediate action to prevent further civilian exposure to contaminated equipment and ordinance; and schedules for the remediation and cleanup of contaminated equipment, buildings and other locations where depleted uranium may be found. Further tasks are: establish systems for long-term monitoring of migration of DU into the environment, water supplies and milk; and health assessment of the population in areas where DU was used.
Given the potential long-lasting risk to noncombatants, the military should investigate alternative sources for ammunition material and immediately halt the production, sale and use of depleted uranium munitions.
Sources:
Unprecedented Report Makes The Scientific Case Against Depleted Uranium
Christine Haenn, Nuclear Policy Research Institute, 07/08/2003
http://www.nuclearpolicy.org/NewsArticle.cfm?NewsID=176
Depleted Uranium: Scientific Basis for Assessing Risk http://dev.nuclearpolicy.org/Documents/DU_report_final_7_6.pdf
Nuclear Safety
Looted Nuclear Material Situation in Iraq Not Fully Assessed
Related to the “Nuclear Safety During Conflicts” issue [April environmental security report] is a new report by IAEA to the UN Security Council concerning the inspection of the Tuwaitha nuclear research complex near Baghdad. It explains that while most of the low-radiation nuclear material and containers were recovered and they do not present significant health risks or dirty-bomb danger, the IAEA could not assess the situation with respect to the highly radioactive cesium-137, cobalt-160 and other materials, which could be used in dirty bombs and present higher health risk. The IAEA and Greenpeace called upon the coalition authorities to give full access for investigation of all nuclear sites. Radiation sickness in residents at looted nuclear sites has been observed and a contaminated water supply is suspected as well. Greenpeace calls upon the coalition forces to protect the citizens in the occupied territories by virtue of the Geneva Convention.
Source: UN in Dark About Looted Iraq Dirty Bomb Material
Story by Louis Charbonneau, Reuters News Service, Austria, July 17,
2003, http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/21536/story.htm
Implementation of the Safeguards Agreement between the Republic of Iraq
and the International Atomic Energy Agency pursuant to the Treaty of Non-Proliferation
of Nuclear Weapons
Report by the Director general, 14 July 2003, http://www.iaea.org/worldatom/Press/Focus/IaeaDprk/IraqUNSC14072003.pdf
IAEA To Enhance Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials
Related to the nuclear safety issues considered in previous monthly reports , is a recent weeklong international conference on the Safety of Transport of Radioactive Material. IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei acknowledged that current nuclear material transportation safety is relatively good, but recognized the increasing concern about nuclear security and the prevention of nuclear terrorism. He specifically cited issues of uniform applications and possible improvements of the present regulatory control system for the transport of such radioactive materials; timely and effective communication between concerned governments, and between these governments and the public at large; and understanding on how to reconcile the need for transparency with the requirements for security. With the increasing number of nuclear power plants to be decommissioned around the world, the eventual movement of on-site storage to long-terms storage sites, and the potential interest in terrorist use of dirty bombs, new international agreements may reflect the concerns of the IAEA Director General.
Source: UN Nuclear Watchdog Meets To Enhance Safe Transport Of Radioactive
Materials
UN newsletter, New York, Jul 7, 2003
Related sources imply transportation increase for safer and deeper burial
sites:
IAEA Says Terrorism Necessitates Deep Waste Burial
UN Wire, July 21, 2003, http://www.unwire.org/UNWire/20030721/449_6758.asp
The Long Term Storage Of Radioactive Waste: Safety And Sustainability
A Position Paper of International Experts
International Atomic Energy Agency, http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/LTS-RW_web.pdf
New Regulations Concerning Genetically Modified Food
European Parliament Enacts Genetically Modified Food Labeling Rules
In a preamble to lifting the ban on GM food, the European Parliament passed regulations for the traceability and labeling of genetically modified (GM) food and feed products and sets the accidental mixing of GM in non-GM to no more than 0.9%. The new regulation also allows EU states to set ‘appropriate measures’ that protect conventional strains from cross-pollinating with GM crops. The new regulations are expected to come into force in September, with firms having six months to apply them.
Sources:
Pressure To Label GM Food Mounts In EU And US, http://www.ictsd.org/biores/02-07-11/story2.htm
E.U. passes GM labeling laws, U.S. is unimpressed
By Robin Pomeroy, Reuters, Environmental News Network, 03 July 2003,
http://www.enn.com/news/2003-07-03/s_6152.asp
UN Commission Adopts Landmark Agreement on Safety of Bio-Foods
The Codex Alimentarius Commission, a subsidiary of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO), adopted three sets of standards on safety of genetically modified food at its recent 26th session held in Rome. The standards cover the scientific assessment of DNA-modified plants; a new standard for irradiated food that accepts higher levels of gamma rays to kill bacteria and increase shelf life; and new quality standards for many food items. Altogether, the Commission adopted more than 50 new food safety and quality standards, some of which are revisions of old standards. The guidelines concern food safety and not environmental risks. The guidelines set rules across the Codex's 169 member countries and can be used to settle trade disputes.
Sources:
Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme Codex Alimentarius Commission
Twenty-sixth Session, FAO Headquarters, Rome (Italy), 30 June - 7 July
2003, http://www.codexalimentarius.net/
Additional New Micro Device for DNA Testing
Related to item “New Chip Speeds Field Detection of Specific DNA's” [April 2003 monthly report] is the American Society for Microbiology's (ASM) Conference on Bio- Micro- Nano-systems. Cornell University announced the development of a testing system for DNA that fits on a silicon chip, which can be customized to detect a wide variety of microorganisms. The chip consists of one area that captures the DNA from the sample and purifies it, and a second where a polymerase chain reaction is performed. The key improvement of this device over earlier ones is the incorporation of the purification step onto the chip. The next step in the evolution will be adding a fluorescence-based detection element. The researchers expect the final system to be about the size of a shoebox. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) are incorporating this technology in the diagnosis of emerging diseases and in the early detection of bio-terror threats, using so called "Zebra chips."
Sources:
Miniature biolab embedded on silicon chip
American Society for Microbiology, July 9, 2003, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2003-07/asfm-mbe070303.php
Nathaniel C. Cady, http://foodmicro.foodsci.cornell.edu/fmlab/personnel/cady.htm
16th July Hill Briefing SARS: Lessons for Bio Defense
[Dr. Carole A. Heilman, Director of the Division of Microbiology and
Infectious Diseases at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Disease (NIAID)]
TESEO Guide Facilitates Space-Based Environmental Monitoring
Related to the European Space Agency Treaty Enforcement Services using Earth Observation (TESEO) initiative [“Better Use of Satellites to Monitor International Treaties”, environmental security report March 2003] is the Agency’s new CD-ROM introductory guide to what Earth Observation data is available and how it can be utilized by those who need it. The Environmental Conventions and Observation from Space multimedia CD-ROM is for anyone in the business of protecting the environment. The CD-ROM specifically highlights how Earth Observation data can be used to support the implementation of three international treaties—the 1971 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, the 1992 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change, and the 1996 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.
Source:
New Guide Highlights ESA's Environmental Enforcement Activities, http://www.spacedaily.com/news/eo-03zs.html
Russia Closer to Ratifying Kyoto Protocol
Based on the conclusions of a Russian government team that Kyoto Protocol ratification would carry no economic or political risks, President Vladimir Putin is expected to submit in September the Protocol ratification for discussion to the Russian Parliament. The European Union is urging Russia to ratify the agreement so it can enter into force and promises that Western countries would invest in Russian emission-cutting technology.
Sources:
Russia Edges Toward Ratifying Kyoto Protocol, http://www.unwire.org/UNWire/20030722/449_6826.asp
EU ministers put pressure on wavering Russia to ratify Kyoto protocol
By Stephen Castle in Brussels. Independent.co.uk, 21 July 2003, http://news.independent.co.uk/world/environment/story.jsp?story=426190
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Regime to Enter into Force in 2004
Related to “The Stockholm Convention May Get Some Teeth” issue [October 2002 monthly report], the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) on Persistent Organic Pollutants (Stockholm Convention) held earlier this month in Geneva its 7th session (INC-7). The discussions mainly focused on details for the preparation of the first Conference of the Parties to the convention and also to consider technical and financial mechanism, terms of reference for the POPs Review Committee (POPRC) and non-compliance issues. The most controversial issues of INC-7 seemed to be related to technical assistance and non-compliance matters.
Sources:
POPs coverage of INC-7: http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/inc7/en/meetdocen.htm
POPs Session Lays Groundwork For Stockholm Convention
Earth Negotiations Bulletin, 14-18 July 2003, Geneva, Switzerland http://www.iisd.ca/linkages/whatsnew.html
New International Maritime Organization Environmental Standards
Related to the item “New Marine Regulations” [June 2003 monthly report] are the Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC) of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) revised guidelines on environmental safety and health-related issues and considered submissions by the European Union to accelerate the phase-out of single hull tankers. The guidelines include issues related to double-hull oil tankers, shipbreaking, ballast water management, greenhouse gas emissions from ships and ship recycling. The draft guidelines will be submitted for adoption at the 23rd IMO Assembly to be held in November 2003.
Source:
Secretary-General urges realistic, pragmatic and well-balanced approach
to tanker regulations as key meeting gets underway
Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) - 49th session: 14-18
July 2003, http://www.imo.org/home.asp
(Latest News)
Misc. China to Create Long-term Plan for Scientific and Technological Development
On 30 May 2003, the Chinese State Council urged the preparation of a long-term plan for China's scientific and technological development. According to the People’s Daily, “The plan would be formulated on the basis of an overall analysis of the development and changes in global politics, economy, military affairs, culture, public health and ecological environment ….”
Source: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200305/31/eng20030531_117488.shtml
Post-conflict issues
New UN Policy on Mine Victim Assistance
The UN system has recently adopted the UN policy on Victim Assistance intended to protect the rights of persons directly affected by landmines. Some 15,000 to 20,000 persons are killed or injured by landmines annually. Approximately seven of every ten victims are civilians and half of these are children. Most landmine survivors lack access to adequate medical care, rehabilitation services, trauma care and employment opportunities, although the 1997 Anti-personnel Mine Ban Treaty requires States Parties to “provide assistance for the care and rehabilitation, and social and economic reintegration, of mine victims...” States Parties have acknowledged this provision to be weak and have highlighted the need for a legal instrument that would address the concerns of landmine survivors within a broader context of disability and human rights. The new UN policy will be coordinated by the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS), which is in charge of ensuring effective policy development and coordinating mine action activities carried out by UN agencies, programs and departments, and of establishing mine action programs as part of peacekeeping operations or in humanitarian emergencies.
Source: Statement by Mr. Martin Barber, Director, UN Mine Action Service,
19 June 2003
http://srch1.un.org/plweb-cgi/fastweb?state_id=1056659111&view=unsearch&numhitsfound=61&query=UNMAS&&docid=76958&docdb=scletter&dbname=web&sorting=BYRELEVANCE&operator=adj&TemplateName=predoc.tmpl&setCookie=1
Mine Action and effective coordination: the United Nations Policy, Sectoral policy: The scope of action of mine action centres and organizations in victim assistance copies available at UNMAS, Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD)
Draft Protocol on Cluster Bombs Cleanup Liability
Negotiations on a protocol under the U.N. Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons ended without agreement on the text; the next meeting is November 2003. The new draft would require owners of the weapons to clear their unexploded cluster bombs they had used during conflicts. The new protocol would also cover hand grenades and other explosive devices. The UK and the US opposed the legally binding protocol, opting for weaker language that would stipulate just a voluntary declaration of intention to remove cluster bombs after a conflict. A recent Landmine Action report says at least 92 countries are threatened by unexploded cluster bombs or other explosive remnants of war. It is possible that consensus will be reached in November on the new protocol that will require in more- or less-binding language for the weapons’ owners to clear unexploded cluster bombs and other explosive devices they used, after the conflict is over.
Sources:
Britain tries to weaken UN deal on cluster bombs
The Guardian, Thursday June 26, 2003, by Owen Bowcott http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,985051,00.html
Report says 92 states strewn with lethal war debris: http://www.landmineaction.org/news215.asp
Health Research Updates on Depleted Uranium Inconclusive
The Nuclear Policy Research Institute (NPRI) held a symposium at the New York Academy of Medicine June 2003 to explore what is currently known about the health effects of depleted uranium munitions. Key experts from a variety of fields presented their findings and reviewed current policies. A comprehensive background paper on “The international legal ramifications of the use of DU weapons”, by Avril McDonald asserts that while there are several legal arguments that could potentially be made for the restriction or prohibition of DU use, more scientific data is required to make a strong enough case.
Sources:
Streaming audio and print form the NRPI Symposium on the health effects
of depleted uranium munitions are available at:
http://www.nuclearpolicy.org/DUSymposium.html
The international legality of depleted uranium weapons. Background
paper for presentation on ‘The international legal ramifications of the
use of DU weapons’, Symposium on The Health Impact of Deplete Uranium Munitions.’
by Avril McDonald: http://www.nuclearpolicy.org/symposium/mcdonald_jun_14_03.pdf
More Precise Method of Identifying Short and Longer Term Radiation Impacts on Humans
Liability for depleted uranium and other radioactive impacts could eventually be verified by a new technique to examine DNA damage. A team of American and Russian scientists used new dyes on DNA and computer imaging software to examine chromosomes to more precisely determine the kind of radioactive impacts in humans. Applying the dyes to the blood of 31 Russians who worked at a secret nuclear facility near Ozyorsk and scanning their DNA now color highlighted, revealed that despite the fact that their exposure to plutonium was more than ten years ago, the results were remarkably clear-cut, with higher levels of radiation exposure corresponding to higher levels of intrachromasomal damage. The technique is relatively easy and, once the process is refined and automated (this study took two years to conduct), it should provide scientists with a reliable way to measure the lifetime radiation exposure of individuals and provide legal evidence in liability cases.
Source:
Geiger counter in every human revealed http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99993768
Draft Strategic Plan for Environment and Security Management Across North American Borders
Environmental Ministers of Canada, US, and Mexico approved a strategic plan for North American regional cooperation on a broad set of environmental issues prepared by The North American Working Group on Environmental Enforcement and Compliance Cooperation and Joint Public Advisory Committee. The central issues addressed in the strategic plan included: conservation of biodiversity; freshwater; management and tracking of hazardous waste; enforcement matters; environmental enforcement and compliance cooperation; health; management of chemicals; cooperation on North American Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers; air quality; and disclosure of financially relevant environmental information. Following a 60-day public review the draft strategic plan will be finalized and ready to be implemented.
Source: CEC Newsletter, 25 Jun 2003
CEC Ministerial Statement; Tenth Regular Session of the CEC Council:
http://www.cec.org/news/details/index.cfm?varlan=english&ID=2542
Background material on each topic reviewed by Council: http://www.cec.org/calendar/details/index.cfm?varlan=english&ID=1804.
Chemical Tracking System Discussed by South American Countries
With support of the United Nations, Brazil's Environment Ministry and Canada, nine South American countries -- Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, Argentina, Paraguay, Ecuador, Chile, Uruguay and Colombia have discussed the development of national tracking systems for chemical emissions. The idea is to have industry track their polluting materials (mostly chemicals) from the place of generation to the final destination, regardless if the material ends up in another product or as waste in a river. It has not yet been decided if the reporting and registration will be mandatory or optional. The system will make clearer the current chemical pollution situation, leading to public pressure for actions that decrease environmental pollution. Polluting substances—mainly chemicals—will be inventoried in all industries.
Sources:
U.N. Wire, June 24, translation by Maura Campanili and Agencia Estado
http://www.unwire.org/UNWire/20030625/449_5755.asp
Conference background in Portuguese: http://www.estadao.com.br/ciencia/noticias/2003/jun/24/133.htm
The European Union Has Created Environmental Diplomacy Network
The Council of the European Union has established a network of experts that “… will address the link between environment and security by ensuring that environmental factors are fully addressed in conflict prevention activities as well as in post-conflict reconstruction while at the same time bringing together Member States' analyses of environment and security linkages in different regions as a step towards identifying priorities for more concerted action… provide the third parties (countries and/or international organizations) with explanations on EU policies and on its positions on relevant issues…” according to the EU Presidency Note 10 June 2003 on the European Diplomacy on Environment and Sustainable Development.
Linking environmental and security issues will be the new EU "green diplomacy" network’s main focus due to the recognition that scarce resources are a source of conflict, conflicts affect the environment, destroyed environments reduce stability, poverty is a source of potential conflict risk, transboundary environmental protection can lead to wider cooperation, and bilateral and multilateral diplomatic efforts can further sustain development. The new network was endorsed by European heads of state and of government at the Thessaloniki, Greece, meeting, to help integrate environment into foreign policies, in line with the bloc's Cardiff process on environmental integration.
Sources:
EU presidency paper: http://register.consilium.eu.int/pdf/en/03/st10/st10342en03.pdf.
Theassaloniki European Council Presidency Conclusions (see page 23
points 77 and 76): http://ue.eu.int/pressData/en/ec/76279.pdf
Who Will Control Nanotechnology?
Just as nuclear technology is used by both military and civilian institutions and has national and international controls, so too will nanotechnology. The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars has had sessions with US EPA on the environmental impacts of nanotechnology. European environmental groups including European Greens, The Ecologist, Greenpeace, The Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, Genewatch UK, Clean Production Action and ETC Group, as well as a cross-party group of MEP's, held a seminar on nanotechnology at the European Parliament in Brussels on June 11, 2003, to consider societal and safety questions that need to be answered preparatory to possible governmental and treaty actions in this area. The seminar was followed by a discussion among civil society organizations in Europe on strategies to address the issues involved in the technology. Prince Charles has reportedly called for the Royal Society to convene and discuss the implications of nanoscale manipulations, and ETC, in a recent paper on nanotechnology, states, “Ultimately, governments must negotiate a legally-binding International Convention for the Evaluation of New Technologies (ICENT).”
Source:
Nanotech and the Environment Woodrow Wilson Seminar
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&event_id=13557
European Seminar on Nanotechnology and Converging Technologies being
held on June 11th in Brussels. Plus Civil Society discussion June 12th
http://www.etcgroup.org/article.asp?newsid=390
New Award Winning Book on Mediterranean Environmental Security
A major new book, Security and Environment in the Mediterranean - Conceptualising Security and Environmental Conflict was published this month by Springer Publishers. The work is the Book of the Year from AFES-PRESS, the Peace Research and European Security Studies group. A spectrum of authors including security specialists, peace researchers, environmental scholars, demographers, and specialists in climate, desertification, water, food and urbanization, from the Middle East, North Africa, Europe and North America have contributed to the 1162 page book. They analyze environmental security and conflict prevention in the region, as well as the environmental impact of World War II, the Gulf War, the Balkan wars and conflicts in the Middle East. Factors of global environmental change – population growth, climate change, desertification, water scarcity, food and urbanization issues, and natural disasters – are also examined in the context of security. In its conclusion, the book makes recommendations for further research on environmental security and policy options for cooperation in the Mediterranean.
The book contains forewords by Lord Robertson, the Secretary-General of NATO, and Amre Moussa, Secretary-General of the League of Arab States, and 52 scholarly papers on all aspects of environmental security in the Mediterranean area.
Source:
Springer Online http://www.springer.de/cgi/svcat/search_book.pl?isbn=3-540-40107-5
Details with a list of content, the forewords and sample pages: http://www.afes-press.de/html/bk_book_of_year.html
New Marine Regulations
Northeast Atlantic Nature Protection Zone Proposed
In June the Commission for the Protection of the Marine Environment
of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR) met in Bremen to consider proposals
that would make ocean regions extending from Spain to the Arctic and westward
from the British Isles for hundreds of miles into the mid-Atlantic protected
marine nature reserves. The meeting, attended by the environment ministers
of the European Union, dealt with strategies concerning hazardous and radioactive
substances, eutrophication, ecosystems and biological diversity, and offshore
activities. A major topic was coordination of protection efforts with the
European Commission. Norway is objecting to the plans because of possible
interference with its fisheries.
Sources:
News story: http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/environment/story.jsp?story=417740
Meeting announcement: http://www.ospar.org/eng/html/md/welcome.html
The European Parliament Wants
a much Stronger EU Marine Strategy
A recent resolution adopted by the European Parliament strengthens
initial suggestions by the European Commission for a European Union strategy
for the marine environment. The Members of European Parliament (MEPs) called
for a strategy based not only on the 'ecosystem approach', but also on
'precautionary principle', the 'polluter-pays principle', and sustainable
development, with special attention to enforcement measures and benchmarks
to make the strategy more effective and harmonize national laws. The changes
along with the amendments on a revision of the Seveso directive on major
accident hazards will be submitted for approval to EU governments.
Sources:
Environment Daily 1468, 23/06/03 (by subscription only, however the
following web reference is open)
European Parliament resolution on the Commission communication: 'Towards
a strategy to protect and conserve the marine environment': http://www3.europarl.eu.int/omk/omnsapir.so/pv2?PRG=CALDOC&FILE=20030619&LANGUE=EN&TPV=PROV&LASTCHAP=22&SDOCTA=20&TXTLST=1&Type_Doc=FIRST&POS=1
European Parliament Backs Tough Marine Sulfur Rule
The February environmental security scanning report, “Item 6 Proposals
to the EU to cut sulfur emissions from ships” reported that the European
Parliament voted for much stricter sulfur limits in marine fuels than those
proposed by the European Commission. The 1.5 percent limit on marine fuel
sulfur content that would initially apply throughout the European Union
is planed to decrease to 0.5 percent two years later. The current marine
fuel sulfur content is around 2.7 percent. The restrictions will be effective
12 months after the law enters into force. The limits would apply to shipping
registered anywhere in the world and regardless of their originating port.
Source:
European Parliament Backs Tough Marine Sulfur Rule http://ens-news.com/ens/jun2003/2003-06-06-02.asp
Freshwater Issues
Water - Two Billion People Are Dying For It!
The theme of this year’s World Environment Day, celebrated June 5 in Beirut, Lebanon was “Water - Two billion people are dying for it!” UNEP released the report “Groundwater And Its Susceptibility to Degradation: A Global Assessment of the Problem and Options for Management” on the eve of the event. It examines groundwater resources. Intensive irrigation is largely the cause for dropping groundwater levels across Africa, Asia, Central and South America. Klaus Toepfer, UNEP's Executive Director, said, “Some two billion people and as much as 40 percent of agriculture is at least partly reliant on these hidden stores.” This is the first time the Day’s celebrations have been held in the Arab world, highlighting increased awareness of water-related issues in the region, where, Mr. Toepfer noted in his speech, “it is estimated that in some areas over 90 per cent of the population could be suffering severe water stress by 2032”. The report provides numerous, although politically and socially difficult, suggestions for sustainable management of groundwater. Toepfer noted that in the Middle East few private companies are investing due to political instability. Furthermore, political instability and regional conflict could adversely affect agreements concerning shared rivers, lakes and aquifers.
Sources:
UNEP World Environment Day web site http://www.unep.org/wed/2003/about.htm
UNEP report, Groundwater and its susceptibility to degradation: A global
assessment of the problem and options for management, June 2003
http://www.unep.org/DEWA/water/groundwater/groundwater_report.asp
UNEP press release, June 5, 2003, UNEP Urges Action to Better Manage
the Globe's Groundwaters
http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=321&ArticleID=4026
UN Wire, June 9, 2003; Water: UNEP Head Says “Sector Should Never Be
Privatized”
http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/util/display_stories.asp?objid=34149
UN Nuclear Agency Helps Countries Trace Water Supplies
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is helping countries avoid water crises by using isotope hydrology for locating sources of water. This technique allows engineers to quickly acquire information that would normally take a half of century of data collection. The agency has assisted about 45 countries with setting up hydrology labs. Isotope hydrology could be very beneficial in Africa where groundwater is heavily relied on.
Source:
UN Nuclear Agency Tries To Avert Water Crisis, Planet Ark, June
3, 2003
http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=21011&newsdate=03-Jun-2003
Water Issues in China
Chinese officials released an annual environment report that warns of
looming water problems. There will be shortages this summer in northern
China, with the Yellow River falling to its lowest level in 50 years. Pollution
is also a serious problem with more than half of the watersheds of China’s
seven main rivers contaminated by industrial, farm and household waste.
According the Millennium Project Beijing Node co-chair who worked on
China’s water scenarios, in 10 years, even in the best?case scenario, the
water situation in China will be worse and will not begin to improve for
another 5–10 years. With 22% of the world's population, China has to survive
on only 7% of the world's total freshwater resources. Some 300 major Chinese
cities plus 50 million people in rural areas face water shortages today.
The head of the State Environmental Protection Administration, Xie Zhenhua, noted that the pollution problem would be exacerbated in China’s two largest rivers by the Three Gorges Dam project. The newly created reservoir will stretch hundreds of miles trapping pollution that would normally flow downstream. Engineers are concerned about cracks in the concrete gates that have not been properly repaired.
Sources:
UN Wire, June 6, 2003; China: Millions Face Water Shortage, Pollution
Problems, Officials Say
http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/util/display_stories.asp?objid=34141
UN Wire, June 2, 2003 China: Water Starts to Fill Three Gorges Dam
http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/util/display_stories.asp?objid=34023
Updates on Previously Identified Emerging Issues
UN Protocol on Biosafety Enters into Force
Continuing this issue from the Millennium Project’s March 2003 report, on 13 June 2003, Palau became the 50th country to ratify the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. It will enter into force 90 days later on September 11. The protocol, adopted in January 2000 by 130 UN member governments, signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity, sets out a regulatory system for the handling, use, and transportation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Countries can ban genetically modified products if there is insufficient scientific data on the products’ safety. There are separate procedures for GMO’s intended for food, feed, or processing, and those that will be introduced into the environment as seeds, trees, or fish.
Sources:
UNEP Press Release 157, June 13, 2003; Cartagena Protocol On Biosafety
Enters Into Force In September
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/unep157.doc.htm
Climate Change
Pending Russia, the Kyoto Protocol Might Enter into Force by the
End of the Year
As mentioned in previous reports, Russia is key to the Kyoto Protocol
coming into force––its ratification bringing the percentage of States Parties
to 60% of countries responsible for greenhouse gas emissions, exceeding
the 55% needed for the Protocol to enter into force. If Russia ratifies
the protocol at the September climate change conference to be held in Moscow,
it could come into force by the climate change summit to be held in December,
in Milan.
Source: Russia must end uncertainty over Kyoto - UN; Story by Philip
Blenkinsop, 12/6/2003
http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/21153/story.htm
Greenhouse Gases reduction might have economic benefits in long-term
says MEPs
Jorge Moreira da Silva, a key European Parliamentarian, said that to
reduce greenhouse gases will cost industry and consumers in the short term,
but have economic benefits in the long-term. He said that the EU could
show the world that it can cut green gas emissions without bankrupting
the economy. The new bill he proposes will cap the amount of CO2 by allowing
the big emitters to buy or sell excess credits under an "emissions trading"
system. Mr. da Silva also expressed his hope that if the scheme can be
made cost-effective and credible, it could eventually help the United States
to revise its climate change policy.
Sources:
INTERVIEW - EU climate laws mean some pain, long-term gain – MEP; Story
by Robin Pomeroy, Story Date: 2/6/2003
http://www.planetark.org/avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=20996
US Citizens Support Greenhouse Gas Reduction
A new survey conducted at the University of Oregon finds that strong
majorities of Americans support the Kyoto Protocol (88 percent) and even
unilateral American action to reduce emissions (76 percent), "One of the
most surprising findings was the strong, bipartisan support for action,"
said Anthony Leiserowitz, the study's principal investigator. "Clear majorities
of Republicans and Democrats, and conservatives and liberals said they
support national policies to address global warming."
Seven states - Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Washington - have sent notices of intent to sue the federal government for its failure to take action to regulate CO2 emissions. All seven states have notified the EPA of their intent to sue for its failure to review and revise the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for fossil fuel-fired electric generating units. Three of the states (Connecticut, Maine, and Massachusetts) are also suing the EPA for its failure to list CO2 as a "criteria air pollutant." If the EPA or the courts agree with the states’ positions, the EPA will be required to develop a National Ambient Air Quality Standard or NAAQS for CO2, which in turn would require that states develop ways to meet the NAAQS for emitters within their boundaries, and the NSPS process initiated by Section 111 would require the EPA to examine and set performance standards for new power plants.
Sources:
Survey finds Americans want action on global warming http://osrl.uoregon.edu/projects/globalwarm/
Seven states notify EPA of their intent to sue over global warming
http://www.abanet.org/environ/committees/climatechange/newsletter/june03/globalwarming/
Draft EU Constitution Keeps Green Policy Gains
The May environmental security scanning report, “Item 6 Draft EU Constitution Criticized,” noted that following a joint statement by environment ministers in May and strong lobbying from green groups, the blueprint for a new EU constitution includes key environment policy concepts which had been deleted from previous treaty drafts. The environmental statements have now been included again. The sustainability definition and reference to integrating environmental concerns into other policy areas have been also reintroduced. Part three, which deals with integration principles and EU policies, including environment, is delayed, pending more negotiations before production of a definitive draft.
Source: Draft EU constitution keeps green policy gains; Environment Daily 1464, 17/06/03
EU Agrees Eco-Liability Law to Make Polluters Pay
As noted in the May environmental security scanning report, “European Leaders Pass 'Polluter Pays' Measure',” the proposed “Polluter Pays” law, expected to come into force in 2005, was changed by EU environment ministers by exempting oil tankers and radioactive pollution on the grounds they are covered by existing international agreements. The ministers also removed the parliament's demand for compulsory financial cover for companies in sectors such as energy, metals, chemicals, waste and other hazardous industries. The bill will become law after being approved by the Parliament.
Source: EU agrees eco-liability law to make polluters pay; Story
by Robin Pomeroy, 16/6/2003
http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/21187/story.htm
Post-conflict issues
Danger of Unexploded Ordnance in Basra Area
Abandoned munitions and unexploded ordnance (UXO) are injuring people
every day in Iraq. There are about thirty abandoned munitions sites around
Basra that British forces admit that they do not have sufficient troops
to guard. Future international agreements may not only assign legal responsibility
to the owners of the ammunition for its cleanup, but also extend the responsibility
to occupying powers, independent of the reason for occupation.
Sources:
UK troops lecture Iraqi pupils on unexploded bombs http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20820/story.htm
Iraq: Basra - Unprotected munitions injure civilians http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/6686f45896f15dbc852567ae00530132/f415ffcc00fbb8b385256d1d006f0a00?OpenDocument
Human Rights Watch documents on Iraq: http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/iraq/
Effects of Poison Gas Used in WWII by Japan
The Japanese government has decided to help citizens believed to be suffering from illnesses induced by contamination assumed to be related to chemicals produced by the military for use as weapons in WWII. According to a 1973 government survey made public in April 2003, Japan disposed of 3,875 tons of poison gas after WWII; the military will conduct an investigation on domestic post-war disposal of poison gas.
Japan has long been beleaguered and faced lawsuits over an estimated 700,000 chemical weapons it abandoned in China after the war. However, at the beginning of May a Tokyo court rejected a compensation claim from five Chinese over health damage they suffered, although it admitted that the chemical weapons were responsible for their health problems.
Sources:
Japan to help citizens believed ill from WW2 gas. Elaine Lies,
22/5/2003 http://www.planetark.org/avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=20885
Japan court rejects damages for Chinese injured by chemical weaponshttp://www.spacewar.com/2003/030515101307.j10psa5s.html
Unexplained high levels of uranium found in Afghan urine samples
Even though both US and UK Defense officials have said no depleted uranium shells were used in Afghanistan and an independent team also found no evidence of depleted uranium shells in Afghanistan, high uranium levels were found in urine samples of Afghan civilians and identified several hundred people suffering from illnesses and conditions similar to those of Gulf veterans. The team from the Uranium Medical Research Center (UMRC), based in Canada, which used an independent UK laboratory, cannot explain the uranium contamination.
Sources:
Afghans' uranium levels spark alert, by Alex Kirby, BBC News
Online environment correspondent. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3050317.stm
War Report. Select articles, documents, and analyses compiled and frequently
updated by the Project on Defense Alternatives http://www.comw.org/warreport/index.html
Safeguarding radioactive materials is inadequate
Possibly 100 countries may hold radioactive materials that are not safely guarded. Friedrich Steinhäusler, a physicist from the University of Salzburg in Austria and a former member of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, and scientists from Stanford University in California found gaping holes in the ability to detect nuclear smuggling, inadequate inventory of radioactive materials, and serious shortages of trained staff, equipment and resources. The countries surveyed are: the US, China, Germany, Austria, Poland, Romania, Switzerland, Israel, Brazil, Kazakhstan and Bangladesh.
Recent looting and destruction at nuclear sites in Iraq could lead to radioactive material used by terrorists to make dirty bombs, said the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Director-General. As a result, the U.S. may welcome IAEA experts to examine nuclear arms development sites in Iraq.
IAEA, Interpol, and the World Customs Organization conference expressed serious concerns over the “frightening picture” of easy access to radioactive material, poor border controls, inadequate monitoring equipment, and widespread smuggling. IAEA is discussing plans to strengthen the IAEA's Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material.
Russia, US, and EU signed The Multilateral Nuclear Environmental Program in the Russian Federation (MNEPR) treaty to cleanup Russian atomic waste and stop it from getting into the hands of terrorist groups.
Sources:
Plutonium for sale, by Rob Edwards, Stockholm. http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns9999782
IAEA Urges Return Of Experts To Iraq To Address Possible Radiological
Emergency
UN Newsletter, New York, May 19 2003
US opens door to UN nuclear inspectors in Iraq, Charles Aldinger, 22/5/2003
http://www.planetark.org/avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=20887
Combating the Spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Some Reflections
by Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei, Le Monde, 5 May 2003 http://www.iaea.org/worldatom/Press/Statements/2003/ebLM20030505.shtml
Russia signs treaty to track nuclear waste http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20906/story.htm
Future Environmental Security Problems with Methane Hydrate
Methane hydrate in the ocean floor and in permafrost is potentially a greater energy source that all the world's coal, oil, and non-hydrate natural gas combined; hence, if it can be processed economically, then its mining could become a major industry in the future. However, it is unstable and it’s mining could release large amounts of methane affecting the global climate; and hence, may lead to need for international agreements. The US and Japan have begun experimental drilling. Methane hydrate is methane encased in water molecules via cold temperature or pressure. Since it is held mechanically rather chemically, it is easily released. Methane has 21 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide.
Sources:
National Energy Technology Laboratory items:
http://www.netl.doe.gov/scng/hydrate/about-hydrates/about_hydrates.htm
http://www.netl.doe.gov/scng/hydrate/rd-program/rd-program.htm
http://www.netl.doe.gov/scng/hydrate/databank/databank.htm
Methane Hydrate Library
Exploration on the North Slope:
http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=5785
Natural Gas Hydrates: A Guide for Engineers by John Carroll. Gulf Pub.
(2002) ISBN 0-75067569-1
Survey by the US Coast Guard: http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/maritime2020/CHAPTER3.htm
US military waived in respecting environmental law
A new bill is meant to give the US military discretion to waive laws meant to protect rare animal and plant species if the restrictions are judged to interfere with military training and readiness. Under the new bill, the military is exempted from complying with the Endangered Species Act and Marine Mammal Protection Act. Initially, the Congress was asked to exempt the Department of Defense from five major environmental laws; three were fully rejected: the exemptions from two hazardous waste laws and the Clean Air Act. Conservationists are concerned about endangered species with critical habitat on military lands and the consequences of U.S. Navy sonar tests that might injure or kill some marine species.
Note:
- On May 22, the International Day for Biological Diversity, UN Secretary-General
Kofi Annan called biodiversity “an essential heritage for all humankind,”
and appealed to governments and the entire international community to preserve
the planet’s diverse ecology “on which all life depends.” He also called
on countries to ratify the Convention on Biological Diversity and its Biosafety
Protocol. (UN News letter, May 22, 2003)
- A new initiative to be introduced by 18 countries to this year’s
June meeting of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in Berlin will
greatly strengthen the ability of the IWC to protect the world’s cetaceans
- whales, dolphins and porpoises. (http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/PO0305/S00198.htm)
Sources:
Washington: House Approves Increasing Defense Dept. Waivers of Environmental
Rules, by Carl Hulse, NYT: http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/22/politics/22DEFE.html?tntemail0
Defense Spending Bill Attacks Wildlife Protection, By J.R. Pegg,
Environment News Service http://ens-news.com/ens/may2003/2003-05-20-10.asp
Congress Split Over Pentagon's Duty to Wildlife, by J.R. Pegg,
http://ens-news.com/ens/may2003/2003-05-23-10.asp
Fifth Environment for Europe Ministerial Conference
Ministers and other top officials from 55 countries in Europe held an environmental conference in Kiev, May 21-23, 2003, formally adopting the strategy to "stabilize" European biodiversity by 2010 as well as setting up specific targets involved in reaching this goal. Three new international protocols were adopted, and a convention to protect the Carpathian Mountains, and several other statements and resolutions on biodiversity and energy efficiency were approved (see bullets below). The meeting's final ministerial declaration also stipulates that UN/ECE's Environment for Europe program will focus on implementing existing agreements. The next ministerial environmental conference is scheduled for 2008.
· Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers to the UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention) (37 countries signed including all EU members).
· Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment to the UNECE Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention) that actually gives a start to the Convention on assessment of the influence on environment in transboundary contexts (36 countries signed including all EU members).
· Protocol on Civil Liability and Damage Caused by the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents on Transboundary Waters to the UNECE Conventions on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents and on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Waters and International Lakes (22 countries signed; some EU members didn’t sign, as they do not consider it tough enough). Total liability protocol requires that potential polluters take out financial security amounting to at least a quarter of the maximum liability.
The protocols will enter into force when 16 signatories ratify.
· The Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians intends to be a mechanism for preserving the Carpathians while benefiting isolated mountain communities.
Note: The Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative, which aims at promoting the use of environmental management strategies to reduce insecurity in South-Eastern Europe and Central Asia, received a major boost when the OSCE Economic Forum, taking place in Prague, was linked via video to the "Environment for Europe" Ministerial Conference in Kiev. The two UN agencies involved in the ENVSEC Initiative – UNDP and UNEP – presented during this meeting the outcomes of the Initiative's first phase and introduced its follow-up work program.
Sources:
Kiev conference web site: http://www.kyiv-2003.info/main/index.php
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE) web site: http://www.unece.org/env/wgso/welcome.html
European Commission Kiev pages http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/enlarg/kiev_en.htm
The Ministerial Declaration: http://www.unece.org/env/documents/2003/ece/cep/ece.cep.94.rev.1.e.pdf
Civil liability protocol information http://www.unece.org/env/civil-liability/welcome.html
and full text http://www.unece.org/env/documents/2003/wat/mp.wat.2003.1.pdf
Statements on Carpathian protection from UNEP http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=318&ArticleID=3984
and WWF http://www.wwfdcp.org/news_facts/newsroom/press_releases/news.cfm?uNewsID=7195
Statement on biodiversity by the European Centre for Nature conservation
http://www.ecnc.nl/doc/ecnc/press/220503.html;
Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers to the UNECE Convention
on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access
to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention). http://www.kyiv-2003.info/main/press/PR2003-16.doc
Statement on pollutant registers by the German environment agency http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/uba-info-presse/presse-informationen/pd04703.htm
Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment to the UNECE Convention
on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention).
http://www.kyiv-2003.info/main/press/PR2003-14.doc
Protocol on Civil Liability and Damage Caused by the Transboundary
Effects of Industrial Accidents on Transboundary Waters to the UNECE Conventions
on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents and on the Protection
and Use of Transboundary Waters and International Lakes: http://www.kyiv-2003.info/main/press/PR2003-15.doc
The Opening of The 5-th Pan-European Conference of Environment Ministers
“Environment for Europe”, Kiev, Ukraine, May 21-23, 2003
http://www.kyiv-2003.info/main/press/OPENING_eng.doc
Press Release--Briefing of Mr. Stepan Lizun – the First Deputy State
Secretary of the Ministry of Environment: http://www.kyiv-2003.info/main/press/lizun_ue.doc
Draft EU Constitution Environmental Orientation Uncertain
Environment ministers from 25 countries and the eight largest environmental NGOs in Europe, the "Green 8", expressed "serious concerns" regarding the proposed new EU Constitution currently being drafted in Brussels, saying that it represents a backward step for environmental policies. They would like to have environmental protection and sustainable development among the constitution's "central objectives" as it is in the EU's present treaty.
Sources:
ENDS, Environment Daily 1443 (14/05/2003) Newsletter
Follow-up: See Green groups press release http://www.eeb.org/press/press_release_g8_convention_13_05_03.htm
European Leaders Pass 'Polluter Pays' Measure
The proposed new law, “Polluter Pays”, expected to come into force in 2005, would require companies to cover the full cost of cleaning up environmental damage they cause and forces firms to pay for environmental liability insurance to cover clean-up bills even if they go bankrupt. There is no exception for any industry (not even ocean transport or nuclear industries).
Sources:
Institute for Global Ethics, Ethics Newsline -- May 19, 2003 http://www.globalethics.org/redir/nl.html?d=5/19/2003&id=05190316030145
EU assembly tells polluters to pay debts to nature http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20808/story.htm
EU Parliament Backs Polluter-Pays Plan; by Constant Brand, Associated
Press Writer, May 14, 2003
Environmental Security Think Tank Opens in The Hague
The new Institute for Environmental Security is a newly established think-tank headquartered in The Hague with liaison offices in Brussels and Washington, DC. The Institute is dedicated to advancing global environmental security through diplomacy, law, finance and education. Its program––Horizon 21––integrates current and emerging ecological hot-spots, power relations, spheres of influents, and areas of potential conflicts.
The Web site of the Institute will be: http://www.envirosecurity.org/index2.htm
New Consultative process to set EC Strategy on Waste Prevention and Recycling
The European Commission adopted a Communication called "Towards a Thematic Strategy on Waste Prevention and Recycling" that launches a broad consultation exercise on the EU's future policy in this area, inviting stakeholders to comment on the policy options. The options include issues like: how to avoid generating waste, how to reduce the use of resources, and which wastes to recycle. Based on the feedback, the Commission will determine its final objectives for waste prevention and recycling and decide what measures to propose for final adoption by the Council and the European Parliament.
Source:
Commission sets the scene for a new Strategy on Waste Prevention and
Recycling; Brussels, 27 May 2003: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/strategy.htm
Water Issues
Water, Sanitation, Human Settlements next focus for UN Commission
on Sustainable Development
The UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) will focus sanitation
and human settlements during 2004 and 2005 and how to halve the proportion
of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by
2015.
Sources:
UN Press Release, 9 May 2003;
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/envdev728.doc.htm
WSSD Plan of Implementation, 5 September 2002; http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/documents/summit_docs/2309_planfinal.htm
Water Forum Held in Egypt
The UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) held
a workshop on mapping methodology, the first of a series of activities
to improve water management in Western Asia. The workshop, hosted in cooperation
with Egyptian government ministries and UNESCO, was a part of establishing
the Arab Integrated Water Resources Management Network (AWARENET). The
network links training and research institutes and encourages collaboration
on improving and disseminating knowledge on concepts of integrated water
resources management in the ESCWA region. Participants learned mapping
methodology and developed an AWARENET plan of action that details activities,
timetable, management structure, and a fund raising strategy.
Source:
ESCWA Press Releases, 7 May 2003 http://www.escwa.org.lb/information/press/escwa/2003/may/7.html
Greece Hosted Transboundary Water Issues Conference
The Government of Greece and the World Bank jointly hosted an international conference -- Sustainable Development for Lasting Peace: Shared Water, Common Problems, Shared Knowledge in Athens, Greece on May 6-7, 2003. The conference discussed transboundary water issues in southeastern Europe and the Mediterranean, focusing on sustainable management of water resources to promote responsible growth, stability and peace.
Source:
UN Wire, May 2, 2003 http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/2003/05/02/current.asp#33514
Updates on Previously Identified Emerging Issues
REACH system might be delayed another year
This pertains to the November 2002 Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH) policy. The European Commission released its over 1,000-page draft REACH chemicals policy, but the timetable for agreeing on a formal legislative proposal was pushed back to mid-July, 2003. The formal legislative proposals are expected to pass to EU governments and the European Parliament in October. Eco-militants believe that this would mean at least a year’s delay in putting the REACH system into place.
Source:
Reach chemicals reform plan put back again http://www.environmentdaily.com/articles/index.cfm?action=article&ref=14381
EU wants to see Russian action on Kyoto treaty
As noted in the December 2002 and January 2003 Millennium Project environmental security scanning reports, it is essential for the Kyoto Protocol to enter into force that Russia ratify it. In May, the European Union expressed strong interest in seeing Russia taking active measures toward ratification. Environment Commissioner Margot Wallström also noted that Russia could not expect any more help from the EU to finance the treaty. She also mentioned that one of the most serious problems is that in Russia the basic knowledge of climate change is very bad.
Source:
EU wants to see Russian action on Kyoto treaty
http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20764/story.htm
Post-conflict issues
Further to last month’s Millennium Project report, the United Nations Environmental Program’s (UNEP) Post-Conflict Unit has completed and released the Desk Study on the Environment in Iraq. The report provides a preliminary assessment of the main environmental threats in Iraq and recommendations for immediate and long-term cleanup. Critical long-term environmental vulnerabilities and risks are associated with water resource management, waste management, the oil industry, and ecosystem degradation. Two decades of war and misrule have left Iraq with extreme pollution and other environmental hazards that need urgent cleanup. The most urgent priorities are those needed to address humanitarian issues including restoration of water supply and sanitation systems, and cleanup of accumulated municipal and medical wastes. A scientific assessment of areas where weapons containing depleted uranium (DU) have been used is also a priority. Long-term projects indicated include cleanup of hazardous wastes and emissions, better water and sanitation management, and restoration of the country's ecosystem, especially the Mesopotamian marshlands that were drained in 1991. The study also recommends that steps be taken to build strong national institutions and capacities for long-term environmental management.
Sources:
The UNEP Desk Study on Environment in Iraq http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/Iraq_DS.pdf
UNEP Press Release, April 23, 2003 http://postconflict.unep.ch/high2.htm
UNEP Press Release, April 6, 2003 http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=309&ArticleID=3952
UNEP outlines strategy for protecting people and
the environment in post-war Iraq
UNEP Press Release, April 23, 2003 http://postconflict.unep.ch/high2.htm
Depleted uranium issues in Iraq:
http://www.redding.com/news/aptop/stores/2003041aptop075.shtml
http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=309&ArticleID=3952
Agent Orange Study May Spur Chemical Bans and New Claims
A conceptual framework and geographic information system (GIS) software package was developed to assign exposure opportunity indexes to troops, locations, or individuals to herbicides (such as Agent Orange in Vietnam) by Columbia University for the US National Academy of Science. The model takes into account factors such as herbicide type, locations and amounts of application, and troop movements to generate a quantitative estimate of exposure and likely health effects. The model helps individuals determine their proximity to spraying and corresponding health risks.
The researchers also found that about seven million liters, or ten percent more than previously thought of the dioxin-containing Agent Orange defoliant was used. The finding prompted Vietnam to call on the US to provide aid to help victims stating, “the U.S. has a moral responsibility for this.” The US does not provide compensation to Vietnamese victims, but funds multi-million dollar health programs in general.
Sources:
The complete findings of the study are published
in the March issue of "Environmental Health Perspectives." The abstract
is online at: http://ehponline.org/orange2003/
Environmental News Service, April 1, 2003 http://ens-news.com/ens/apr2003/2003-04-01-19.asp#anchor4
Planet Ark, April 22, 2003 http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20523/story.htm
Nuclear Safety During Conflicts
During the war in Iraq, uranium and radioactive isotopes lay unguarded for several days of looting in a warehouse near the nuclear center at Tuwaitha. With new uses of radioactive materials for “dirty bombs” and the increased drive by various states to acquire nuclear capability, increased attention is being paid to guarding nuclear materials and facilities during conflicts and social instability.
Sources:
Security of nuclear elements: Material: http://www.spacewar.com/2003/030411060159.iugas7a2.html
Facilities: http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20479/story.htm
Progress on a Comprehensive Anti-Terrorism Convention
The UN’s Ad Hoc Committee on Terrorism has reached agreement on the majority of 27 articles in the draft comprehensive convention on anti-terrorism. The committee has recommended the establishment of a working group to settle outstanding issues of the convention’s scope, preamble, and a definition of terrorism and of some phrases. It has also recommended that a high-level UN conference to formulate a comprehensive response to all forms of terrorism be held. The comprehensive convention on international terrorism would aim to fill in gaps left by treaties, which deal exclusively with particular manifestations of terrorist activity. The UN General Assembly established the Ad Hoc Committee on Terrorism in 1996 to harmonize international legal structures against terrorism. So far, it has successfully negotiated two treaties: the 1997 International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombing, and the 1999 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism.
Source: http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/L3030.doc.htm
Current Draft of EU Constitution Weakens Environmental Policy Framework
Counter to the increasing trend of environmental regulations and enforcement in Europe, recent drafts of the European Union Constitution appear to weaken environmental efforts. A draft passage on general EU principles and objectives released earlier this year weakened the definition of sustainable development, dropped references to the improvement of environmental protection, and eliminated the obligation for the EU to integrate environmental protection into all its policies. However, there are also various movements underway to strengthen the environmental provisions. A draft of the constitution should be delivered in June before being finalized through an inter-governmental conference next year.
Sources:
http://www.environmentdaily.com/articles/index.cfm?action=article&ref=13731
http://www.environmentdaily.com/articles/index.cfm?action=article&ref=14282
African Water Issues
IRIN (Integrated Regional Information Network), the UN Humanitarian news agency, issued a Web special on African water issues. It includes case stories on the Nile, regional cooperation between South Africa and Swaziland, and the saving of Lake Chad.
Source: EDC News - Environment & Development
Challenges, No 14, April 2003
http://www.padrigu.gu.se/EDCNews/Archive/2003-14.html#Water
Updates on Items from Previous Monthly Reports
European Union to put Information Responsibilities on Chemical Industry
Further to the Millennium Project’s November 2002 report, the development of the EU chemical policy continues. Chemicals of high concern require authorization in terms of the REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals) policy.
At the European Voice Conference "Beyond REACH" held in April 2003, the EU Environment Commissioner, Margot Wallström, said the new policy would change the way chemicals are dealt with in the EU. The chemical industry will be obliged to provide information about its own products. The specific uses of high-concern substances -- persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic pollutants (PBTs) and very persistent and very bio-accumulative substances (vPvBs) will have to be authorized. The use of other substances of high concern will be authorized on a case-by-case basis. The European Commission will discuss the new regulatory framework at one of its next meetings and present a final proposal for legislation this summer.
This month’s European Chemicals Bureau Newsletter includes an article on Existing Substances that reports on the progress made at the Technical Meeting on March 10-14, 2003 and at the parallel Expert Working Group on identification of PBT and vPvB substances.
Sources:
EU Press Release, March 31, 2003 http://europa.eu.int/rapid/start/cgi/guesten.ksh?p_action.gettxt=gt&doc=IP/03/463|0|RAPID&lg=EN&display=
European Chemicals Bureau Newsletter, 11th ECB Newsletter on the 16 April 2003 reports on the scientific and technical aspects of the work carried out and coordinated by the ECB in support of European legislation on chemicals control. http://ecb.jrc.it/NewsLetter/NOMAP/newsletter_liste.php#
More details on the EU chemicals policy:
Europe’s Environmental News Service (subscription
only) http://www.environmentdaily.com/articles/index.cfm?action=article&ref=14171
European Chemicals Bureau http://ecb.jrc.it/
French Create 90-mile Mediterranean Ecological Zone
The French National Assembly has approved a law creating a 90-mile ecological zone to protect the country’s Mediterranean coastline, with the primary objective of stopping ships from dumping dirty ballast water in the designated zone. Offenders face fines up to $600,000 and up to four years in jail.
The law was approved just days after the European Union agreed to ban single-hull oil tankers from its ports. The ban will enter into force once the European Parliament approves it. Single-hull oil tankers older than 23 years would be immediately banned from the EU, while more modern ones would be phased out in stages up to 2015. The EU is pushing for the ban to be adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) by the end of the year.
Sources:
UN Wire, April 8, 2003 http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/util/display_stories.asp?objid=33045
UN Wire, March 31, 2003 http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/util/display_stories.asp?objid=32905
New Chip Speeds Field Detection of Specific DNAs
Technological change creates opportunities to change international treaties’ enforcement requirements. For example, a new chip could make it possible to do faster DNA analysis of biological materials in the field. Scientists Todd Krauss, Benjamin Miller, and Hui Du at the Univ. of Rochester have developed a technique for creating microchips which will detect the presence of specific DNA sequences in a sample. The new chips eliminate the complex series of steps now necessary to perform DNA testing. They contain a field of bent DNA fragments attached vertically at one end to a substrate. When a piece of DNA from the sample attaches to a matching fragment, it straightens it out, exposing the previously concealed free end, which contains a chemical “flag” that fluoresces under proper illumination.
Sources: News story: http://www.spacedaily.com/news/terrorwar-03e.html
Univ. press release: http://www.rochester.edu/pr/News/NewsReleases/scitech/krauss-DNA%20microarray.html
Post-conflict issues
War in Iraq triggers UNEP environmental study and plans for post-conflict clean-up
The United Nations Environment Program’s (UNEP) Post-Conflict Assessment Unit has initiated a desk study of the environment in Iraq to recommendations for minimizing risks to the environment and human health, management of freshwater and waste, ways to prevent further ecosystem degradation, and response to environmental hazards from ongoing military conflict.
At the 3rd World Water Forum in Kyoto, Klaus Toepfer called attention to the long-lasting destruction of the Mesopotamian marshlands, also much affected by the present conflict; he pointed out that the over 20 years of military operations in the Gulf have produced enormous environmental damages, most being deliberate, and thus “should be treated as a crime against humanity”. He underlined that presently the UNEP is assessing Iraq’s most urgent needs and will be ready to start work reconstructing Iraq “within days” after the war is over. “We have a standby unit at Bahrain ready to go into the country immediately after the conflict ends,” said Toepfer.
Note: “Eden Again” project, a scientific collaboration sponsored by the Iraq Foundation, works on a restoration plan of the Mesopotamian Marshlands to the condition they were in 15 years ago. The project members consider this “an opportunity and a test of the world's ability to respond to one of the worst environmental disasters for a generation.” (http://www.iraqfoundation.org/projects/edenagain/index.html)
Sources:
Depleted Uranium in Bosnia and Herzegovina Post-Conflict
Environmental Assessment. It is now available in PDF format:
http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/BiH_DU_report.pdf
“Conflict and the Environment in West Asia (Iraq, Kuwait and the region)”,
UNEP web page, contains continuously updated assessment of the environmental
situation in Iraq and the Gulf region. http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=307
UNEP News Release, March 21, 2003
http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=298&ArticleID=3918
Air pollution from Baghdad fires poses risks for human health and the
environment, says UNEP
Issued in Amman on 30 March 2003
http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?ArticleID=3935&DocumentID=309
Drying Mesopotamian Marshes Now Struck by Iraq War
http://ens-news.com/ens/mar2003/2003-03-21-06.asp
UN warns of growing public health risk in Iraq
http://www.planetark.org/avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=20286
“The spoils of war”, The Economist print edition, Mar 27th 2003, page
71; an overview of environmental damages as consequences of conflicts and
examples of cases when environment was used as warfare (including the Iraqi
marshes).
The "Eden Again" Project: A New Project Sponsored by the Iraq Foundation
http://www.iraqfoundation.org/projects/edenagain/index.html
UN Confirms that Contamination by Depleted Uranium Persists in Bosnia and Herzegovina
For the first time, a UN report released this month confirms contamination of drinking water and air caused by the use of DU weapons in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1994 and 1995. Even though the contamination is at a low level, monitoring is required. “The findings of this study stress again the importance of appropriate cleanup and civil protection measures in a post-conflict situation," said Pekka Haavisto, chairman of the UNEP DU projects. "We hope that this work will play a role in protecting human health and the environment in the unfortunate event of future conflicts." (See also the Millennium Project’s October 2002 Environmental Security Scanning report.)
Sources:
Depleted Uranium Contaminates Bosnia-Herzegovina http://ens-news.com/ens/mar2003/2003-03-25-04.asp
UNEP News Release, March 25, 2003 http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=298&ArticleID=3926
Agricultural Warfare
Although the Biological Warfare Convention nominally prohibits agricultural warfare, its use is becoming increasingly probable, especially in asymmetric conflict, as is the incorporation into future treaties of specific provisions requiring remediation of both its effects, and the effects of battle on the agricultural infrastructure in general (e.g. destruction of fields, fences, and water resources). These consequences can be severe and long-lasting.
Sources:
Review articles www.lsuagcenter.com/homelandsecurity/bioconf/pdf/CropDiagnosticCapabilities.pdf
www.mipt.org/pdf/agrobiowarfareoverview.pdf
U.S. vulnerability http://research.lifeboat.com/biological_attack.htm
Australia Claims First Complete Clean Up of an Atomic Bomb Test Site
Australia announced that it is the first country to successfully clean up a former (British) atomic bomb test site. The US$108 million rehabilitation buried 360,000 cubic meters (12.71 million cubic feet) of contaminated soil in 10-15 meter (33 ft-50 ft) deep trenches and treated radioactive debris pits. The success of this claim is disputed by Greenpeace and senior U.S. and an Australian advisers who worked with the project.
Source: Australia says cleans up British A-bomb test site
Story Date: 26/3/2003, Reuters http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20268/story.htm
Technological Breakthroughs with
Environmental Security Implications
Since technology can affect enforcement of international treaties and/or
create the possibility of new treaty’s enforcement, several developments
are added below that could change the character of emerging environmental
issues.
Muon Technology Can Help Detect Smuggled Nuclear Material
Los Alamos National Laboratory research indicates that fragments of
cosmic rays could help in the detection of smuggled nuclear materials.
Dense materials such as uranium can be detected and imaged by tracking
the paths of muons as they pass through the target materials. Muons are
created naturally when cosmic rays from space interact with the Earth's
atmosphere, and pass through the Earth's surface at a rate of approximately
10,000 particles per square meter per minute. The concept offers a promising
addition to conventional X-ray, gamma and neutron-detection systems.
"We found that we could detect a 1-liter block of uranium in the equivalent of a truckload of sheep, for example, and the greater the efforts at shielding the material, the more obvious it becomes with the muon technology" said Priedhorsky, chief scientist of the Laboratory's Nonproliferation and International Security Division. For example, a 1-minute shower of particles would be required to reasonably scan a suspected smuggler's vehicle.
Source: Cosmic Particles Find Potential Role In Homeland Security http://www.spacedaily.com/news/cosmicrays-03a.html
New Diamond Film Connects Electronics and Biology for On-Going Bio-Alert Systems
Chemists at the University of Wisconsin – Madison have developed a technique for chemically modifying diamond so that it can be deposited on silicon as a highly stable, DNA-modified surface film. This film, which can be integrated with microelectronic devices, has the advantage of being much more chemically stable than other substances, such as gold, glass, and glassy carbon, which have been considered for detectors. “Bare” silicon oxide degrades on contact with water, and other materials have proven to be either unstable or difficult to integrate. Scientists are quoted as saying that they can detect the electrical response when biomolecules bind to the diamond surface. These biosensors could be "sprinkled in public places such as airports, bus depots, subways, stadiums and other places where large numbers of people gather." One scientist says they could act as a "bio cell phone, where they just sit in place and sniff, and when they detect something of interest, send a signal" to warn of danger. They also note that more work has to be done on the engineering of systems using these components. The technique may also turn out to be capable of producing reusable “biochips” for laboratory use.
Source: Diamond Film May Enable Critical New Sensors For Bioterror http://www.news.wisc.edu/releases/print.msql?id=8350
Miniature Spectrometer Can Detect Biological Hazards
The Oak Ridge National Laboratory has developed a miniature device that can identify molecules in a fraction of a spore of anthrax and other biological hazards within 30 milliseconds by examining their photothermal signatures. The process uses thermal detection to identify peaks in the specimen’s absorption spectral response produced using an infrared monochromator. The Calorimetric Spectrometer (CalSpec™) device technology can accurately identify biological hazards such as anthrax almost instantly, and may be able to reach sensitivities as high as one part per trillion (enabling the “fraction of a spore” level). The device is expected to be available in 2004. It is now hand-held; miniaturization efforts are underway to reduce it to coin-size.
Source: Miniature Spectrometer Can Detect Biological Hazards http://www.spacedaily.com/news/biofilter-03e.html
ORNL Release, with technical details: http://infosrv1.ctd.ornl.gov/ORNLReview/measure/analy/minia/mini.htm
Environmentally-Friendly Alternatives For Rechargeable Batteries
Toshiba announces world’s first small form factor direct methanol
fuel cell for portable PCs
Toshiba Corporation has announced the first prototype of a small size
(825 cc; 50 in³) direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) for portable PCs.
According to their press release, it represents a clean energy breakthrough
with the potential to end reliance on rechargeable batteries. The new fuel
cell produces an average output of 12W and maximum output of 20W, and can
achieve approximately five hours of operation with a single cartridge (50
cc of high concentration methanol) of fuel, giving significant advances
in operating times if replaceable methanol cartridges are used. The unit
contains circuitry allowing communication on its status with the PC it
is powering.
Biofuel Cell Could Replace Rechargeable Batteries
A similar advance has been announced by scientists at St. Louis University,
who have reported the development of a biofuel cell that uses ethanol and
an enzyme. Their breakthrough was the use of a polymer with specially tailored
micelles (pores) in which the enzymes can thrive, thereby increasing the
cell’s life to up to a month without recharging.
Sources:
Toshiba Announces World’s First Small Form Factor Direct Methanol Fuel
Cell for Portable PCs, http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2003_03/pr0501.htm
Biofuel Cell Could Replace Rechargeable Batteries http://www.spacedaily.com/news/energy-tech-03h.html
Silicon Nanospheres Rank Among Hardest Known Materials
Measurements made at the University of Minnesota and confirmed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory have shown that silicon nanospheres (12 nm) have hardness falling between sapphire and diamond. This raises the possibility of producing superhard materials from this form of matter.
Source: New Measurements Show Silicon Nanospheres Rank Among Hardest
Known Materials
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/nanotech-03v.html
"DU is used in armor because its superior strength, hardness and density
can defeat conventional armor-piercing ammunition. By the same token,
ammunition with needle-like DU penetrators punches right through
conventional armor. " http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Aug1999/n08131999_9908131.html
Better Use of Satellites to Monitor International Treaties
The Treaty Enforcement Services using Earth Observation (TESEO) was established two years ago by the European Space Agency (ESA) to help monitor international treaties and bring together agencies and organizations that otherwise do not usually collaborate. The international conventions involved in the TESEO effort range from monitoring wetlands and ensuring compliance with Kyoto Protocol emission targets to combating desertification and preserving World Heritage sites and protecting gorillas in east and central Africa. Several pilot projects have already begun.
UN agencies and conventions’ secretariats met to at the European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) offices in Frascati to determine how to make better use of satellite imagery. According to ESA, it is possible that the initiative will be folded into the upcoming Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) initiative sponsored by ESA and the European Commission; however, some ongoing projects (including the Kyoto inventory) will continue as independent activities.
Source: TUBE-ing with TESEO: Treaty officials assess how space could
help
Paris (ESA) Mar 05, 2003, http://www.spacedaily.com/news/eo-03l.html
International agreements are needed for 158 International Freshwater Basins
Several water security-related reports were released during the largest
gathering of water scientists and policy experts at the Third World Water
Forum held March 16-23 in Kyoto, Osaka and Shiga, Japan. “Water for People,
Water for Life” report discusses looming water wars and the “Atlas of International
Freshwater Agreements” surveyed of water-sharing contracts among nations
and found that of 263 international freshwater basins, 158 lack cooperative
agreements.
UNESCO announced the creation of a “Water Cooperation Facility” to
help countries prevent and resolve freshwater disputes
Mr. Toepfer of UNEP suggested that international organizations “… should perhaps act as the water equivalent of marriage guidance counselors, amicably resolving differences between countries and communities who may be straying apart, or act as go-between for those who are flirting with cooperation but are too coy, too unsure, maybe even too distrustful about how to proceed. So we must hone our skills and develop our capabilities in what will be the increasingly important field of hydro-diplomacy.”
Sources:
World Water Forum http://www.world.water-forum3.com
World Water Forum Press Release on Water Security and Peace, March
20, 2003
http://www.world.water-forum3.com/2003/eng/press/pressrelease/press0320-01.html
UNESCO Press Release on Water Cooperation Facility, March 21, 2003
http://portal.unesco.org/ev.php?URL_ID=10634&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201&reload=1048612125
Conflict or Cooperation: Pioneering Atlas on Freshwater Charts the
Choices
http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?ArticleID=3805&DocumentID=298
UNESCO Press Release on World Water Development Report, March 5, 2003
http://www.wateryear2003.org/ev.php?URL_ID=3129&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201&reload=1048612724
Environment News Service on People’s Water Forum, March 24, 2003
http://ens-news.com/ens/mar2003/2003-03-24-01.asp
Water Initiative High-level Meeting in Moscow, Towards Kyiv-2003, European
Eco-Forum News Digest, N 62, March 2003, ECO-Accord Center
"Water For Life" Initiative English-language web page http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/water-initiative/index_en.html
EU-EECCA component of the Initiative is available in English and Russian
at http://www.felsef.org/spring03.htm#4e
Special Report # 5: Eco-Terrorism, Environmental Crime, And International
Environmental Security
The Journal of the Forum For Environmental Law, Science, Engineering
And Finance™, (F.E.L.S.E.F. ®), in the Spring 2003 issue of its Web
journal, Failsafe.
New Reference for Environmental Dispute Resolution
The Environment, Energy, and Resources Section of the American Bar Association has recently published a book, “Environmental Dispute Resolution: An Anthology of Practical Experience”, whose description states that it “provides comprehensive and thoughtful treatment of environmental dispute resolution for the serious practitioner and also practical guidance for those wishing to focus on particular aspects [and] … provides a toolkit of diagnostics, systems, strategies and methodologies proven effective in diverse substantive contexts.” The book deals primarily with environmental disputes in the small (inter-party, rather than of global scope) but one chapter discusses the question, “Is Mediation a Better Alternative for the Resolution of International Environmental Disputes?” and another “Environmental Conflict Management and Dispute Resolution: A Framework for Analysis.” There is a 66-item Notes/Bibliography section and many Web references.
Sources: Book announcement: www.abanet.org/abapubs/books/5350090
The Forum for Environmental Law, Science, Engineering and Finance ™,
(F.E.L.S.E.F. ®), in the Spring 2003 issue of its Web journal, Failsafe,
reproduces Chapter 1 of the book:
http://www.felsef.org/spring03.htm#4c
Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Opens for Signing this May for Public Participation In Environmental Impact Assessments
The SEA is a Protocol to the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context that will require its parties to include public participation in environmental impact analysis of all major projects prior to implementation, and requires that a response be given to that public participation – project from land-use planning to transport and from agriculture to industry. The Protocol is expected to be adopted and be opened for signature at the Ministerial ‘Environment for Europe’ Conference in Kiev, Ukraine, on 21 May 2003. The first meeting of signatories is expected in May 2004. Although negotiated under UNECE, the Protocol will be open to all UN members.
Sources: Convention On Environmental Impact Assessment In A Transboundary
Context http://www.unece.org/env/eia/
Text of the Protocol: http://www.unece.org/env/documents/2003/eia/mp.eia.2003.1.e.pdf
UNECE Press release: http://www.unece.org/press/pr2003/03env_n01e.htm
Updates on Previously Identified Emerging Issues
Tighter Controls on Asbestos, Pesticides, and Lead Additives
Further to the Millennium Project’s October 2002 report, work under the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure continues. A committee of government experts set up under this Convention on hazardous chemicals called for tighter trade controls on asbestos, several deadly pesticides and two toxic lead additives in gasoline. The panel recommended that the following be added to the PIC Procedure: five forms of asbestos, pesticides DNOC, parathion, a pesticide mixture of benomyl, thiram and carbofuran, and tetraethyl and tetramethyl lead additives. The panel’s recommendations will be discussed by the PIC Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee in Geneva in November.
Source: USCIB UN Report, http://www.uscib.org/index.asp?documentID=2498
Tightened Nuclear Security Needed to Overcome ‘Dirty Bombs’
Updating the Millennium Project’s January 2002 report on this subject, at the recent International Conference on Security of Radioactive Sources, IAEA Director-General Mohamed El Baradei raised the problem of “orphaned” radioactive devices that have been distributed worldwide over the past 50 years and have fallen outside official regulatory control. He warned that current controls of radioactive sources are inadequate, especially in the former Soviet republics and called for additional security measures. "Our database of cases of smuggling...gives an indication that there is a market and there is an effort to obtain radioactive sources, and the obvious question is why," El Baradei said.
The four-day conference was organized by the IAEA and co-sponsored by the Russian Federation and the United States in co-operation with the European Commission (EC), the European Police Office (EUROPOL), the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) and the World Customs Organization (WCO). The issues discussed ranged from the prevention of illicit trafficking to the response to a “dirty bomb” attack.
Sources:
IAEA Calls For Urgent Measures To Stop Terrorists From Obtaining ‘Dirty
Bomb’, UN Newsletter, New York, Mar 11 2003 12:00PM
Nuclear security too poor to stop dirty bombs - UN http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20127/story.htm
Genetically Modified Food Issues – EU Official OK’s Single Country’s Import Ban
Continuing this issue from the Millennium Project’s September 2002 report, on March 14, European Court of Justice adviser Advocate General Siegbert Alber stated that Italy had the right to ban import of genetically modified maize if the government had evidence that it posed a risk, even though the product was allowed EU-wide: "The Italian Government was entitled to adopt provisional measures...provided that it had detailed grounds for considering, as a result of new information or a reassessment of existing information, that the use of the food in question endangers human health or the environment." Italy based its action on lack of faith in the rigor of the testing procedure on the final food product. The full Court will not deliver its final ruling for several months, and may refer to the Italian courts the question of the adequacy of the evidence presented against the genetically modified product.
Source: News story: http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=20162&newsdate=14-Mar-2003
International Maritime Organization (IMO) and EU Collaborate on Oil Spill Prevention
As noted in the Millennium Project’s January 2003 report, following the shipwreck of the oil tanker “Prestige” off the coast of Spain in November last year, recommendations for new regulations regarding oil tankers may become part of future international treaties. Leaders of the European Union (EU) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) met on March 5 and agreed that the IMO should lead in establishing new measures concerning maritime safety while the EU would play a supporting role. The IMO has published a list of 66 ships that could be banned from EU waters. Meanwhile, the EU will propose to the IMO measure for phasing out single-hulled tankers.
Sources: UN Wire, March 4 and 6, 2003 http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/util/display_stories.asp?objid=32418
IMO Press Release, March 5, 2003 http://www.imo.org/Newsroom/mainframe.asp?topic_id=758&doc_id=2847
Electronic Waste
As noted in the Millennium Project’s February 2003 report, regulation of the disposal of electronic waste is a growing concern. UNESCO’s New Synergies for Recycling of Information Technology Equipment forum this month looked at current initiatives for creating a global recycling strategy. More than one million computers will become obsolete in the next three years. Rather than being discarded, older computers could be used in the developing world.
Meanwhile, the Japanese Government announced plans to establish a network of offices throughout Asia to monitor illegal trade in used Japanese electronics. The plan is in line with the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal.
Sources: UN Wire, March 13, 2003 http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/util/display_stories.asp?objid=32563
UNESCO Press Release, March 13, 2003 http://portal.unesco.org/ev.php?URL_ID=10325&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201&reload=1047501545
Post-conflict issues
UNEP’s Post-conflict Environmental Assessment’s May One Day Get Extended to On-going Environmental Assessments
During UNEP Governing Council’s Drafting Committee meeting (February 3-7, 2003) the role of UNDP in post-conflict environmental assessment was discussed, including the possibility of environmental assessments of ongoing armed conflicts such as in Israeli-Palestinian conflicts. Although it was agreed to strengthen UNEP’s ability to conduct post-conflict assessments and report to the relevant UN bodies and commissions for further follow-up, it is clear that the potential for assessments in longer-term on-going conflicts is an emerging issue that could lead one day to international agreements.
Source: Earth Negotiations Bulletin http://www.iisd.ca/linkages/vol16/enb1630e.html
Geneva Convention for Environment
Klaus Toepfer, UNEP’s Executive Secretary, called for the equivalent of a Geneva Convention for the Environment at the Agency’s Governing Council meeting in February: “We have the Geneva Conventions, aimed at safeguarding the rights of prisoners and civilians. We need similar safeguards for the environment. Using the environment as a weapon must be universally condemned, and denounced as an international crime against humankind, against Nature. He stressed that environmental security had to be a fundamental part of a long-lasting peace policy. In an article written to mark the meeting held from 3-7 February 2003 in Nairobi, Kenya, Toepfer said that the environment is often neglected as "the long-term casualty of war," and went further to recommend that the international community, “…outlaw those who deliberately put the environment at risk in war.”
Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2744359.stm
Invention of a New Multisensor System Required to Speed Up Land Mind Clearance
RAND estimates that unless considerably improved detection and de-mining technology is created, then at the current rate it will take 450-500 years to clean up the world of hidden anti-personnel mines. Its study "Alternatives for Landmine Detection" estimates it will cost $60 million [the RAND report says 60, while their press release says 50] to produce the initial prototype over the next 5-8 years to develop the necessary technology, beyond the $100 million per year the US already spends on humanitarian land mind clearance.
Note: The UN made an official announcement on Feb 27 2003, that 44 of the 45 countries required to destroy their remaining stockpiles of landmines under the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Antipersonnel Mines and on their Destruction (1999 Ottawa Treaty) “have succeeded in doing so within the prescribed time frame, making it one of the most successful disarmament accords”, said UN officials.
Sources:
Investment needed to clear world's landmines
- group http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/19880/story.htm
Countries Succeed In Meeting UN Treaty Deadline
For Destroying Landmines, UN Newsletter, New York, Feb 27 2003
RAND’s full report:
http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1608/
New United Nations Treaty requires publicly accessible data base of Pollution Information
A new international treaty will become a legally binding protocol to the Aarhus Convention (on environmental democracy issues). The two-year negotiations were successfully concluded under the auspices of the UN Economic Commission for Europe and will be formally adopted and signed at the Fifth Ministerial “Environment for Europe” Conference in Kiev, Ukraine, in May 2003. The treaty will require companies to record and disclose information on their output and transfer of 86 pollutants, including greenhouse gases, heavy metals, acid rain pollutants, and certain carcinogens such as dioxins. That information will be made publicly available via a database (the Pollution Release and Transfer Registry) in each country party to the treaty. A broad range of industries are required to report annually such as power stations, the chemical and mining industry, waste management facilities, wood and paper producers, and intensive agriculture. Some information may be kept confidential where disclosure could affect national defense or public security.
Source: United Nations Press Release ENV/DEV/716
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/envdev716.doc.htm
UNEP Governing Council meeting and the Fourth Global Ministerial Environment Forum Largest Ever
UNEP’s 22nd Governing Council and the 4th Global Ministerial Environment Forum 3-7 February 2003 had the largest number of governments represented and total participants in its history. It also discussed record numbers of documents and more than 40 decisions were adopted. Although the final report will be available later, UNEP press releases and the summaries presented in the Earth Negotiations Bulletin indicate a continuing growth in the number international environmental agreements, the number of countries participating, the scope of coverage, and increasing movement toward better monitoring and enforcement.
Sources:
Earth Negotiations Bulletin, International Institute
for Sustainable Development (IISD), Vol. 16 No. 30, Monday, 10 February
2003. http://www.iisd.ca/linkages/vol16/enb1630e.html
Press Release, UNEP/135 Action On Chemicals Pollution
And Support For Africa Agreed At End Of Global Environment Ministers Meeting;
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/unep135.doc.htm
Environment Ministers At UN Meeting Seek To Reduce
Global Levels Of Mercury; UN News Center, 2003-02-03, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=6049&Cr=mercury&Cr1=
Governments Back UN Study To Rescue Natural Resources
In Palestinian Territories, New York, Feb 7, 2003 (UN Newsletter)
Environmentally Cleaner warfare: Energy on Targets vs Metal and explosives on Targets Needs Environmental Evaluation
If a war in Iraq occurs, new energy weapons are expected to be used. Such weapons do not appear to be an environmental problem compared with metal and explosives. This presents the opportunity to do a post battlefield assessment of the environmental impacts compared to previous weapons impacts. Variations of these energy weapons that cause short duration pain have also been suggested in crowd control. Since these kinds of weapons present a new category of arms, it is reasonable to anticipate that eventually new rules for their control will emerge.
Sources:
NY Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/20/technology/circuits/20warr.html?pagewanted=1
Magazine article: David A. Fulghum, "Pulse
Weapons, Stealth Defenses Near Readiness," Aviation Week & Space Technology,"
Sept. 30, 2001.
New and Stricter International Regulations for Electronic Waste
Two E-waste laws entered into force in the
European Union (EU)
Two directives on E-waste entered into force
in the European Union (EU): 1) Directive on the Restriction of the
use of certain Hazardous Substances in electrical and electronic equipment
(RoHS); and 2) Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE).
These laws are to be added to EU Members legal system with rules for monitoring
compliance by August 2004. According to WEEE, producers will be financially
responsible for collection, treatment, recovery and disposal of all waste
from their products marketed after August 13, 2005. Under RoHS, manufacturers
will have to cease using lead, mercury, cadmium and hexavalent chromium,
or the brominated flame retardants PBDE and PBB, in products marketed from
July 1, 2006.
Sources:
European Electroscrap Laws Enter into Force,
February 18, 2003, Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition http://www.svtc.org/cleancc/weee/euweee/directive/index.html
Text of the two directives:
RoHS: http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/dat/2003/l_037/l_03720030213en00190023.pdf
WEEE: http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/oj/2003/l_03720030213en.html
Electronic Waste is the Fastest Growing Waste Problem in the world.
According to the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition, E-waste is the fastest growing waste problem in the world with serious occupational and environmental health threats. These threats are being sent overseas via export of obsolete electronics to developing countries. Asian buyers, mainly China, receive an estimated 80% of the computers collected by recyclers. Large Chinese communities make their living by searching electronic waste disposal sites in unsafe conditions. According to Chinese state media, carcinogens and toxins such as lead, mercury and beryllium get into the soil and water causing serious health problem to the population.
The leaders in the electronic industry and environmental groups have created the "Electronic Recycler’s Pledge of True Stewardship” because they were not satisfied with the US Government’s actions to address environmentally sound recycling.
Sources:
Chinese Dumps Said To Threaten Public Health,
http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/2003/02/25/current.asp#32214
Electronic Recycler’s Pledge of True Stewardship,
http://www.svtc.org/media/releases/2003/ctbc225_pledge.htm
Proposals to the EU to cut sulfur emissions from ships
The European Union released a legislative proposal intended to reduce ships' sulfur emissions, going beyond the global maritime norms. The high sulfur fuel used by ships is responsible for sulfur dioxide emissions that contribute to acid rain, which can pollute waterways and damage forests and crops. Although the shipping industry is contesting the proposal as contravening the International Law of the Sea, the green groups consider that the targets to cut ship sulfur emissions should be as high as 80% by 2010. So far the EU is only will to look at cuts around 10%,
Source: Tug of War Looms over Sulfur in EU Ship Fuel, http://ens-news.com/ens/feb2003/2003-02-18-03.asp
Post-conflict issues
Governance is key to post-conflict environmental future says UNEP Report on Afghanistan
The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) released the report Post-Conflict
Environment Assessment on the environmental damage of two decades of warfare
in Afghanistan. The report found that the most serious issue is the long-term
environmental degradation caused, in part, by the complete collapse of
local and national forms of governance.
The report includes 163 recommendations to be implemented by the Government
of Afghanistan with technical and financial assistance from the international
community. If the linkage of governance and environmental management becomes
better understood, then future international treaties on post-conflict
environmental cleanup may include training and development (capacity building)
for local governance’s environmental management.
Sources:
Afghanistan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment, January 2003, http://postconflict.unep.ch/afghanistan/report/afghanistanpcajanuary2003.pdf
UNEP Press Release, January 29, 2003 http://postconflict.unep.ch/pressafghanistanjan2003.htm
Environmental viability for life support is increasingly critical in the Palestinian Occupied Territories
UNEP Desk Study on the Environment in the Occupied Palestinian Territories reports that water pollution, lose of natural vegetation, climate change, desertification, waste-dumping, and land degradation are escalating particularly in the Palestinian Occupied Territories due to military conflicts, protracted refugee situations, and rapid population growth. This study will be “one of the top items” for the UNEP Governing Council meeting of environmental ministers to be held in Nairobi 3-7 February 2003. The potential human disaster in Somalia’s food supply, environment, and governance set the precedence for UN authorized invasion. Although circumstances are different, the UNEP report increases attention to environmental deterioration as both a result and contributing cause of conflict. Such increased attention could eventually translate into international agreements for not only post-conflict environmental repair, but also for environmental security monitoring systems and criteria for environmental threats to life support sufficient to warrant international intervention.
Sources:
UN Press Release, January 23, 2003, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=5955&Cr=Palestin&Cr1
Desk Study on the Environment in the Occupied Palestinian Territories
(UNEP/GC.22/INF/31)
Documents for the Twenty-Second Session of the Governing Council/Global
Ministerial Environment Forum (2/3 down the list is the Desk Study on the
Environment in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (UNEP/GC.22/INF/31),
http://www.unep.org/GoverningBodies/GC22/Information_documents.asp
OECD and the Republic of George signed an agreement eliminate or recycle left over munitions dumps on former military bases.
Recognizing that old weapons on former military bases have become a threat to the safety, ecology, and security, the Georgian Government and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) signed an agreement 30 January 2003 establishing a project to eliminate or recycle these stockpiles of ammunition and bombs. The governments of Finland, Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Turkey have assured financial support for the project. With similar closing of many post-Cold War bases around the world, it is reasonable to assume that other countries will also seek such international agreements.
Source: OSCE States will fund long-term scheme to destroy surplus weapons
and explosives in Georgia, http://www.osce.org/news/generate.php3?news_id=3024&uid=2
Pressure mounts for increased funds and better techniques for demining
Minefields in Angola impede food aid delivery to tens of thousands of starving people and previously prevented farmers from harvesting crops. World Food Program (WFP) calls for funds for demining activities.
Note: At the ongoing Conference on Disarmament, several speakers called for universal accession to the Ottawa Convention on anti-personnel landmines.
Sources: Minefields halt Angola food aid http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/2003/01/03/current.asp#31200
Landmine Monitor Report 2002: Toward a Mine-Free World http://www.icbl.org/lm/2002/
Land minds prevent food harvest http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/04/06/inside.africa/index.html#2
UN Conference On Disarmament Opens 2003 Session
The UN Conference on Disarmament in Geneva has been unable to reach consensus on a program of work since 1998. The impasse may be resolved by the “Five Ambassadors Initiative” [see the Millennium Project’s September 2002 emerging environmental security issue report] that proposes four separate tracks with a separate work plan for each track: 1) guarantees not to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear states; 2) nuclear disarmament; 3) a ban on production of weapons-grade fissile materials; and 4) prevention of an arms race in space. Delegates to the Disarmament Conference have welcomed this initiative, but it is not yet clear if it will be adopted. February 5-7, 2003, the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters will meet in closed session in New York, and may make recommendations useful to the Conference on Disarmament. This first part of the Conference ends on March 28. The next two parts will be held from May 12 to June 27, and from July 28 to September 10.
Sources: Conference On Disarmament Opens 2003 Session, Hears Message
From Secretary-General Urging End To Impasse, UN Press Release, 21.01.03
http://www.unog.ch/news2/documents/newsen/dc0302e.htm
Representatives Of Netherlands, Italy Address Conference On Disarmament,
UN press release 28 January 2003 http://www.unog.ch/news2/documents/newsen/dc0305e.htm
Conference On Disarmament Debates Middle East, North Korean Withdrawal
From Missile Treaty, Other Topics, Press Release, 30.01.03 http://www.unog.ch/news2/documents/newsen/dc0306e.htm
Commercial radioactive components recognized as “dirty bomb” hazard
The Monterey Institute Center for Nonproliferation Studies has released an assessment of the security risks posed by commercial radioactive sources (e.g. a cesium-137 cancer therapy device), which might be used by terrorists to manufacture a "dirty bomb." Up to now, the security of such everyday components, used in science, healthcare, and industry, has not been of substantial concern to planners, but the recent association of terrorists with radiological dispersal devices has brought about a change in their view of this threat. It is now recognized that improved control of such “ingredients” is imperative
Dirty bombs are not weapons of mass destruction (i.e. extensive immediate fatalities), but rather of mass disruption, in the form of public panic and of later prolonged and expensive cleanup. It is nevertheless important to remove this weapon from the terrorist arsenal. Control of even high security risk components is very spotty, and generally limited to advanced countries – at present the US and Canada permit the export of most high-risk sources without any government check of end users.
Sources:
Monterey Institute news release: http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/week/030113.htm
Monterey Institute paper: http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/opapers/op11/index.htm
Australian study: http://www.arps.org/Dirty_Bombs.htm
Global Mercury Assessment report
The Global Mercury Assessment report prepared by the Global Mercury Working Group [see September 2002 issue below] was released and will be reviewed at the February UNEP’s Governing Council. Concluding that "there is sufficient evidence of significant global adverse impacts to warrant international action to reduce the risks to human health and the environment arising from the release of mercury into the environment", the assessment calls for immediate actions to address the dangers of mercury, including "launching talks for a legally binding treaty," and "reducing risks by reducing or eliminating the production and consumption of mercury."
An internal document leaked to a mercury watchdog group suggests that the United States plans to impede talks on an international law that would impose mandatory measures on mercury production, use or releases.
Note: At the February UNEP’s Governing Council meeting there was agreement on immediate actions, including the establishment of a UNEP program on mercury and a list of objectives and actions for capacity-building to reduce risks from mercury; and on a process to consider options for additional action, including the possibility of a legal instrument or other instruments or measures, for review by the next meeting of the Governing Council.
Source: UNEP Chemicals, Global Mercury Assessment, http://www.chem.unep.ch/mercury/default.htm
The Global Mercury Assessment report http://www.chem.unep.ch/mercury/Report/Final%20report/Cover+TOC+keyfindings+reportsummary.doc
Pharmaceutical-producing plants as a new controlled element
Sentiment is growing around the world for the imposition of restrictions on the use of genetically modified plants to produce pharmaceuticals. A report of the UK Parliament’s Select Committee on European Communities recommends that, “these are grown indoors or that out-crossing should be made biologically impossible, by, for example, ensuring male sterility”. Several US food industry groups (e.g. the Biotechnology Industry Assoc.) have urged a moratorium on the use of these methods until better controls are in place. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency held a “Multi-Stakeholder Consultation” on the subject. It should be noted that this problem raises a set of issues different from those associated with genetically modified food crops.
Sources:
UK Parliament document on risks: http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199899/ldselect/ldeucom/11/8121514.htm
Article on contamination: www.newfarm.org/newfarm/news/111502/prodigene.shtml
CSIS Paper on “Plant Biotechnology in National Defense: Creating Strategic
Reserves of Vaccines and Therapeutic Drugs to Counter Agents of Biowarfare”:
www.csis.org/tech/Biotech/events/event011017/011017_issuebrief.pdf
CFIA meeting proceedings: www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/pbo/mf/reportprocede.shtml
Stricter application of EU environmental laws in accession countries
In a talk on January 21 in Brussels, Belgium, EU Environment Commissioner Margot Wallstrom said that the ten countries set to join the European Union next year must turn their attention from adopting EU environment laws to implementing them. She was addressing the ninth and last annual informal meeting with accession country environment ministers. According to the Environmental News Service, “this Informal Meeting, the last of its kind, heralds the beginning of a new phase of more intensified co-operation to ensure that environmental standards are uniformly applied across the enlarged European Union. “ Six months before the official accession date, the Environment Commission must report on how well the new states are implementing the laws, and there is a hint that sanctions might be applied if their performance is not satisfactory. Financing of the implementation is a problem, and environmental groups in Eastern Europe are already complaining that EU laws are not being uniformly applied.
Source: Environmental News Service story – http://ens-news.com/ens/jan2003/2003-01-21-01.asp
International Maritime Organization (IMO) wants global rather than many different local or regional rules
As noted in the Millennium Project’s November 2002 report, following the breakup of the oil tanker “Prestige” off the northwest coast of Spain, recommendations for new regulations regarding oil tankers may become part of future international treaties. Authorities in southwestern France have prepared lawsuits seeking compensation for damage to the fishing industry caused by the oil spill. The city of Brest has opened a criminal inquiry to identify those responsible for the disaster. Meanwhile, the Secretary General of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is stressing that the IMO is the appropriate forum to decide on new measures concerning maritime safety adopted by EU countries. New standards agreed to through the IMO rather than the EU would apply equally to all ships of all countries and not just to EU countries.
Sources:
UN Wire, Jan. 9 and 2, 2003
http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/util/display_stories.asp?objid=31321
http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/util/display_stories.asp?objid=311775
Developing countries’ compliance with environmental regulations is expected to improve via new modes of international assistance
Follow-up to the Global Judges Symposium concerning capacity building of legal stakeholders - Senior Judges and UNEP are helping developing countries improve their international environmental law capacity.
Inter-Linkages: Environmental Governance in 14 Asian and Pacific Countries - The UNU Inter-linkages Initiative helps the understanding and implementation of multilateral environmental agreements at national and regional levels.
UNU to discuss global integration of environmental assessments – The Globally-Integrated Environmental Assessment Modeling Forum is an ongoing set of discussions, workshops, peer reviews, and newsletters on issues concerning globally integrated model-supported environmental assessments.
REC's role after EU enlargement in 2004 - The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC, Hungary) will continue to build environmental agreement monitoring and compliance capacity in Europe and developing countries.
Sources:
Judges Ad Hoc Meeting For The Development Of A Plan Of Work As A Follow-Up
To The Global Judges Symposium Relating To Capacity Building Of Judges,
Prosecutors, And Other Legal Stakeholders, Nairobi, Kenya - 30-31 January
2003, http://www.unep.org/dpdl/symposium/
Public Forum on Inter-Linkages: Environmental Governance In 14 Asian
And Pacific Countries Press Release http://www.unu.edu/hq/rector_office/press2002/pre54-02.html
UNU Inter-Linkages Initiative http://www.unu.edu/inter-linkages/documents.htm
GLEAM Forum http://www.unu.edu/env/GLEAM/
International Experts Will Meet At UNU to Discuss Global Integration
of Environmental Assessments, Press release http://www.unu.edu/hq/rector_office/press2003/pre01-03.html
REC's role after EU enlargement in 2004; Towards Kyiv-2003, European
Eco-Forum News Digest, N 54, January 2002 http://www.rec.org/REC/Introduction/Strategy2004/
Water Issues
International Year of Freshwater
Designation of 2003 as the International Year of Freshwater has triggered
many events around the world to increase more responsible water use and
conservation. The World Water Development Report will be launched at the
Third World Water Forum (March) highlighted by the World Water Day, March
22, 2003. The report is the first UN system-wide effort to monitor progress
in all areas of water from health to ecosystem and governance. “Future
of Water” was the theme of the 21st Century Talks held at UNESCO Headquarters
on January 28.
Web sites are created to disseminate information and build awareness.
The official site of the International Year of Freshwater 2003 is http://www.wateryear2003.org
The site of World Water Day, 22 March 2003, is http://www.waterday2003.org/
Sources:
International Year of Freshwater 2003: http://www.wateryear2003.org
21st Century talks: the Future of Water, UNESCO, January 28, 2003,
Paris
http://www.wateryear2003.org/ev.php?URL_ID=2043&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201&reload=1043790271
World Water Day, 22 March, 2003, UNEP Executive Director's Message
http://www.waterday2003.org/
European Water Pollutants List Delayed One Year
The European Water Pollutants List will be published at the end of
the year (one year delay) together with the package of new water quality
objectives and emission standards intended to implement the law. The delay
is necessary to determine whether the substances under review stay listed
as priority substances -- remain in circulation under certain restrictions
– or will be declared priority hazardous substances -- to be phased out
entirely within 20 years.
Source: European Water Pollutants List Delayed One Year, http://ens-news.com/ens/jan2003/2003-01-27-03.asp
Draft Report On Environment, Water And Security In Central Asia
"Environment, Water and Security", draft paper prepared under the leadership
of the Regional Environmental Center for Central Asia, suggests that there
is a need to develop a comprehensive international legal document to implement
the recent decisions of UN conferences in Johannesburg, Monterrey, and
Doha for Central Asia. It also recommends the establishment of a
UN Commission for Sustainable Development in Central Asia. The document
promises to be a comprehensive analysis of the water situation in the region
and its implications for security. The initiative and the document will
be presented at the Ministerial Conference "Environment for Europe" (Kiev,
21-23 May 2003).
Source: European ECO-Forum Newsletter, Thursday, 23 January 2003
The UNECE Secretariat's document "Almaty Meeting on Environment, Water
and Security in Central Asia" is available at http://www.unece.org/env/documents/2003/wgso/execom/wgso.execom-8.2003.6.e.pdf
Update on the Kyoto Protocol
For the Kyoto Protocol to enter into force, it is essential that Russia ratify it. Although at the WSSD in August Russia pledged to ratify the Protocol, its position seems undecided yet. In January, high Russian dignitaries made contradictory declarations concerning Russia’s position with reference to the Protocol.
Sources:
Russian Official Says Kyoto Ratification Coming Soon, UN Wire, 01/21/03
http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/2003/01/21/current.asp#31550
Russia delays global warming pact, may wreck deal, EnviroLink, 01/17/03
http://www.envirolink.org/external.html?www=http%3A//www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/19453/story.htm&itemid=200301171023130.0192185
Post-Battlefield Cleanup:
New Production Process for Gold Nanoparticles Make Biosensors Less Costly
Mass availability of low cost biological sensors may be available sooner
than previously thought. A new process has been demonstrated that
allows bullion quality gold nanoparticles to be deposited on silicon from
relatively low quality gold sources. Organic molecules can then be deposited
on the gold surface of the computer chip. Since gold does not corrode in
air, it is the best computer-biology connection. This connection is what
can link computer systems for improved biological surveillance.
Source: http://www.spacedaily.com/news/nanotech-02zf.html
UN Panel Adopts Global Classification
and Labeling System for Chemicals
After a decade of negotiations the UN Committee of Experts on the Transport
of Dangerous Goods and the Globally Harmonized System of Classification
and Labeling of Chemicals adopted a new global system on chemical safety
in Geneva. The Globally Harmonized System for the Labeling and Classification
of Chemicals (GHS) includes measures on proper management, hazard classification
and pictogram labeling of chemicals. The GHS adds to the harmonized classification
and labeling already in place for the transportation sector for application
to the workplace and consumer sectors.
The Committee is a UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) subsidiary body and operates through the UN Economic Commission for Europe. The mandate for this work was adopted under Agenda 21 at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development, and the Plan of Implementation was adopted on 4 September 2002 at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg. Countries are encouraged to have the new system fully operational by 2008. A UN publication of the GHS text will be available in early 2003.
Sources:
U.N. Panel Adopts Global Classification, Labeling System http://unf-staging.groupstone.com/unwire/util/display_stories.asp?objid=31000
A New Global Classification And Labeling System For Chemicals (GHS)
http://www.unece.org/press/pr2002/02trans07e.htm
Kyoto Protocol expected to come
into force next year
Canada and New Zealand became the 100th and 101st countries to have
ratified the Kyoto Protocol. The Protocol requires 55 Parties to the Convention
to ratify (or accede to) it (including countries listed in Annex I) accounting
for 55% of carbon dioxide emissions in 1990; as of 19 December 2002, 101
Parties have ratified or acceded to the Kyoto Protocol. The Protocol is
expected to come into force next year when Russia will ratify it.
Sources:
Kyoto Protocol To The United Nations Framework Convention On Climate
Change (text of the Protocol) http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.html
Status of ratifications: http://unfccc.int/resource/kpstats.pdf
Kyoto Thermometer http://unfccc.int/resource/kpthermo.html
New Zealand signs up to Kyoto climate change pact http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/18992/story.htm
Canada sees Kyoto vote upping U.S. green support http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N11256236
Water Poverty Index
The newly developed Water Poverty Index is designed to help policy-makers
to identify where problems exist and the appropriate measures to deal with
their causes. The index, compound of five vectors - resource, access, use,
capacity and environment - highlights that it is not the quantity of available
water resources that counts the most, but the effectiveness of the use
of those resources.
Source:
A Water Poverty Index reflecting social adaptive capacity http://www.padrigu.gu.se/EDCNews/Archive/2002-12.html#INT'L_FRESHWATER_YEAR
Europe to Label Transgenic Animal
Feed and Foods
European food and agriculture ministers adopted a proposal on regulation
of food and feed containing genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Marketing
of genetically modified food and feed will be subject to prior approval
and that GMO feed must be labeled as such, even if GMOs cannot be identified
in the final product, if GMOs is over 0.9 % threshold. The final adoption
of the GMO proposal requires the approval of the European Parliament.
Source:
Europe to Label Transgenic Animal Feed and Foods http://ens-news.com/ens/nov2002/2002-11-28-03.asp
Environmental NGOs meet in Preparation
for European Environmental Ministers Meeting May 2003
The European Eco Forum - a network of environmental groups - held a
strategy meeting of over 60 environmental NGOs from 28 countries with some
government and UN officials to discuss and prepare a broad set of environmental
proposals to the Governments of the UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)
in the preparation for the 5th Ministerial Conference "Environment for
Europe" (21-23 May 2003, Kiev, Ukraine).
Sources:
European ECO-Forum web site http://www.eco-forum.org/
has continuous updates on the preparation of the Kiev Conference
BRATISLAVA DECLARATION on the pan-European agenda for the forthcoming
Kyiv Environmental Ministers Conference (11 pages PDF file)
http://www.eco-forum.org/Towards/bratislava-declaration.pdf
UN General Assembly Adopts Resolutions
on Marine Protection
The UN General Assembly concluded its debate of oceans and the law
of the sea by adopting three resolutions: one entitled “Oceans and the
Law of the Sea” (resolution A/57/L.48/Rev.1) on compliance of shipping
vessels with conservation measures; and the other two on protecting the
marine environment and harmful fishing practices. The Assembly also decided
to establish a UN process for global reporting and monitoring of the marine
environment by 2004. The Secretary-General would be invited to establish
an effective, transparent and regular inter-agency coordination mechanism
on oceans and coastal issues within the UN.
Sources:
UN General Assembly Document A/57/L.48/Rev.1, Oceans and the law of
the seas http://www.un.org/Depts/los/general_assembly/general_assembly_resolutions.htm
click on Draft resolution A/57/L.48/Rev.1 (Oceans and the Law of the Sea,
to be issued under symbol A/RES/57/141) in English
General Assembly Adopts Resolutions On Marine Protection http://unf-staging.groupstone.com/unwire/util/display_stories.asp?objid=30939
Stronger Measures To Protect Marine Environment From Tanker Accidents
Urged, As General Assembly Ends Sea Law Debate
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/GA10122.doc.htm
Switzerland supports Paraquat
Ban
The Swiss government says it will support efforts to add the pesticide
paraquat to Annex III of the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed
Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International
Trade to protect developing countries from its harmful consequences. The
convention was ratified by Switzerland on January 10, 2002. The pesticide
is produced by the Syngenta corporation. Product names include Crisquat,
Cyclone, Dextrone, Dexuron, Gramoxone Extra, Herbaxone, Ortho Weed and
Spot Killer, and Sweep. The Berne Declaration and other NGOs from around
the world welcomed the Swiss government's announcement.
Classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a highly
toxic compound in toxicity class I, it may be found in formulations with
many other herbicides, including simazine and diquat dibromide.
Source:
News story: http://ens-news.com/ens/dec2002/2002-12-02-19.asp#anchor1
Post-Battlefield Cleanup issues
UN Designates November 6th as International Day for Conflict and
the Environment
The United Nations has designated November 6 as the “International
Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in Wars and Armed
Conflicts.” This designation is the result of UN member states requesting
UNEP and the UN Human Settlements Program to monitor the issue. This provides
a new avenue for increasing public awareness of environment impacts of
conflict.
Source: http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=271&ArticleID=3162
Liabilities for World War II land mines in Egypt and warships in
the Pacific
Egyptian authorities estimate that there are 18 million landmines and
unexploded bombs in the el-Alamein desert, which threaten human life and
retard the region’s development. Egypt does not have the resources to solve
this problem and wants the landmines and ordnance removed. Some of the
2000 World War II warships loaded with oil, chemicals and ordnance in the
South Pacific are beginning to leak. There are similar problems in the
Mediterranean and the California coast. Unlike commercial vessels, where
salvagers can claim rights to sunken cargo, warships forever belong to
their flag state. Assignment of liabilities for old conflicts may become
a larger issue. Since many countries in the affected areas do not have
the financial or scientific resources for cleanup operations, UN or other
international resolution could one day require the responsible countries
to provide financial and technical assistance to address these issues.
Sources:
World War Two wrecks haunt Pacific with oil spills
http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/18431/story.htm
Egypt still suffering from World War Two legacy
http://www.planetark.org/avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=18542
Controversy over the impacts of depleted uranium continues
The health impact of armor piercing bullets with depleted uranium (DU)
is subject of continuing complaints and subsequent research in several
former conflicts. Although one UNEP study in Kosovo found no significant
impact of DU, Bosnia and Herzegovina has requested that UNEP conduct a
study in their country. After examining 14 sites, a team of UNEP experts
has identified three radioactive “hot spots” in Bosnia and advised the
government of Bosnia to begin decontamination of the sites and to educate
local people about the hazards. A full report will be published in March
2003.The World Health Organizations has warned that depleted uranium has
significant chemical toxicity and UNEP is calling for "precautionary action"
at locations where the public has access to depleted uranium sites. According
to an article in the Seattle Post Intelligencer, Iraqi medical doctors
say DU has caused cancer and birth defects, others outside Iraq say DU
has a role in the Gulf War Syndrome. Iraq offered a resolution banning
weapons that used DU to the U.N. General Assembly's Disarmament and International
Security Committee in November that got 35 votes in favor, 59 against,
and 56 abstentions.
Sources:
Iraqi cancers, birth defects blamed on U.S. depleted uranium: http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/printer2/index.asp?ploc=b&refer=http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/95178_du12.shtml
Balkans: UNEP Chief Reports On Depleted Uranium Ahead Of Annan's Visit
U.N. release, Nov. 14 http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/current.asp#30380
Bosnia: UNEP Team Links Radioactive Sites To Depleted Uranium
http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ap/20021111/ap_wo_en_po/bosnia_depleted_uranium_2
http://postconflict.unep.ch/pressbihdunov2002.htm
http://unf-staging.groupstone.com/unwire/2002/11/12/current.asp#30285
Iraq resolution on depleted uranium last paragraph: UN Wire, Nov. 04,
2002
http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/util/display_stories.asp?objid=30114
Collateral damages caused by attacks need to be redefined
Although precision weapons are seen as reducing collateral damage and
reducing conflicts’ duration, a study of precision bombing in Yugoslavia
that targeted chemical plants brings into question the definition of “collateral
damage.” The Institute for Energy and Environmental Research report
of this study argues that, “there is need for a sharp redefinition of how
target sets and collateral damage are evaluated…. Currently collateral
damage is measured in terms such as the number of civilian casualties or
the cost of replacing property. Long-term environmental harms can be much
more difficult to quantify and evaluate, despite their very significant
costs."
Source:
Precision Bombing, Widespread Harm report: http://www.ieer.org/reports/bombing/index.html
Press Release: http://www.ieer.org/reports/bombing/pressrel.html
Bioremediation of the environment
Pollution-eating microbe may help clean up
A Michigan State University study has discovered a microbe (called
TCA1), which derives energy by breaking down trichloroethane in to a less-toxic
substance. Trichloroethane contaminates ground water and also erodes the
ozone layer when released into the atmosphere. This is another discovery
of bacteria that consume toxins, suggesting a strategy for bioremediation
of the environment.
Artificial organism and/or genetically engineer living bacteria used
in cleanup operations
Craig Venter, who sped up genomic research, is now trying to speed
up the creation of a partly artificial life form, by creating an artificial
chromosome. It would be a first step towards his eventual goal of creating
an artificial organism from scratch. The objective is to try to make microbes
that can clean the air of excess carbon dioxide or to produce cheap hydrogen
fuel. This is a different approach than genetically engineer living bacteria
to do dirty work, such as absorbing radiation or toxic chemicals that consist
in inserting genes from one species into another.
Source: Pollution-eating microbe may help clean up http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/18436/story.htm
Genome pioneer to try to build artificial life: http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/18751/story.htm
Some Nanotechnology may become
a new kind of pollution
Little is known about the range of biological impacts of the range
of potential nanotechnologies. Could nanotubes and other nanotech variations
create anomalies within the human immune system? What happens if they accumulate
in organs? What might the impacts be if they intermingle with other substances
in Nature? As a result, some like the ETC Group (Eco-Equity Erosion, Technology
Transformation and Corporate Control) are calling for a moratorium on further
nanotech work, until more is know. Others say the benefits of continued
research out weigh the risks. A new study via the Bochum Verification Project
(applied-physics research for automatic sensor systems) has produced a
paper for a joint NSF-EC workshop: "Risks from Military Uses of Nanotechnology
- The Need for Technology Assessment and Preventive Control.” Among
its recommends are international agreements “to prevent production or release
of systems capable of self-replication in the wild, binding both the civilian
and military sectors…
…The nanotechnology initiatives of various nations should work together to build confidence and common purpose…In the long run, containing the risks of the new powerful technologies - genetic engineering, pervasive computer networks, micro-systems, and nanotechnology - will probably require fundamental changes in the international system, particularly strengthening of law and political institutions, including international criminal law, and reorienting of the military mission from war fighting to organizing cooperative security.” It is very likely that environmental health concerns will initiate discussions for new agreements specifically addressing hazards from nano-size components.
Sources:
Risks from Military Uses of Nanotechnology: http://www.ep3.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/bvp/riskmilnt_lecce.html
The Lecce paper: http://www.ep3.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/bvp/RiskMilNT_Lecce.pdf
EPA reports: http://www.nsf.gov/home/crssprgm/nano/nsfnnireports.htm
New York Times article on hazards: http://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/19/technology/19NECO.html
Nanotechnology forecast: http://www.foresight.org/hotnews/NTRdraft.html
News story: http://www.enn.com/news/wire-stories/2002/09/09062002/ap_48366.asp
Strengthen a global ban on Biological
Weapons
Parties to the Biological Weapons Convention decided to hold annual
meetings to discuss a limited agenda until the next review conference in
2006. According to World Environment News, years of discussions on a legally
binding new protocol to the 30-year-old pact came to a shuddering halt
last December when the U.S. accused fellow members Iran, Iraq, Libya and
North Korea of violating the treaty and refused to continue negotiations
on new, tougher rules, including onsite inspections. Discussion at the
annual meetings would be limited to five subjects primarily addressing
ways that individual countries could improve domestic measures to control
and penalize biological weapons activities. However, "Compliance measures
are totally missing from this package," notes Chairman Tibor Toth.
Source:
States seek to salvage global ban on germ weapons http://www.planetark.org/avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=18561
Press Release of Fifth Review Conference of the BWC http://www.unog.ch/news2/documents/newsen/dc0240e.htm
U.N. General Assembly's Disarmament
and International Security Committee debated new disarmament-related resolutions
U.N. General Assembly's Disarmament and International Security Committee
debated and voted on more than 50 resolutions on nuclear, chemical and
biological weapons disarmament, small arms, the Register of Conventional
Weapons, missiles and the work of the Conference on Disarmament. The GA
adopted 53 texts; the only one defeated was the one concerning depleted
uranium, presented by Iraq. Draft G, on the observance of environmental
norms in the drafting and implementation of agreements on disarmament and
arms control calls upon States to adopt measures ensuring the application
of scientific and technological progress in the framework of international
security, disarmament and other related spheres, without detriment to the
environment.
Sources:
Comprehensive UN Press Release: GA/10105 (22 November 2002) http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/GA10105.doc.htm
Abstract Press Release: 53 First Committee Texts Adopted by the General
Assembly
http://disarmament.un.org/firstcom/index.html
Committee Debates The Future Of Multilateralism http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/util/display_stories.asp?objid=30114
EU Identifies Persistent and Bio-Accumulative
Chemicals
The European Chemicals Bureau (ECB) has produced a first list of persistent
and bio-accumulative substances that may eventually be classified as chemicals
of high concern, requiring authorization in terms of the EU’s new REACH
(Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) policy. Bureau
officials have reported that a definitive version of the list will be published
following consultation with industry. The list identifies 125 substances
from almost 2,700 high production volume chemicals that are registered
in the EU. All are either environmentally persistent, bio-accumulative
and toxic (PBTs), or are very persistent and very bio-accumulative without
necessarily being toxic (vPvBs). How PBTs and vPvBs should be handled under
REACH is one of the key issues being debated within the European Commission,
as it prepares legislation for a new EU chemicals policy.
Source: European Chemicals Bureau http://ecb.jrc.it/
Technical Guidance Document In Support Of Commission Directive 93/67/Eec
On Risk Assessment For New Notified Substances And Commission Regulation
(Ec) No 1488/94 On Risk Assessment For Existing Substances and the Existing
Substances Regulation – Results are available on the European Chemicals
Bureau (ECB) web site http://ecb.jrc.it/ under “What’s New”, November 2002
Europe Looks to Maritime Rules
After Tanker Spill
The breakup of the oil tanker "Prestige" spilling over a million gallons
of oil into the ocean and polluting 124 miles of the Spanish coast prompted
the European Commission to place the issue of oil tankers in EU waters
on the agenda for the Maritime Transport Council Meeting on December 6.
Until the oil tankers’ design, navigation, and maintenance improves, and
regulations about sea routes change, such disasters are expected to continue.
In cooperation with International Maritime Organization the World Wildlife
Fund has suggested a series of steps including the designation of particularly
sensitive and vulnerable sea areas, tanker design, improved maintenance
and inspection of all vessels, and limited routes for the ships carrying
dangerous and toxic material. It is reasonable to expect that some of these
recommendations will find their way into future international treaties.
Source: Europe Looks to Maritime Rules After Tanker Spill http://ens-news.com/ens/nov2002/2002-11-20-02.asp
European Union Debates Limits
to environmental liability
The EU is considering more open-ended liability of corporations that
cause environmental damage. Industry representatives want to put limits
to financial liability, while environmental groups argue that the polluter
should pay for total costs to repair damages caused to nature, even if
the corporation was acting within the laws at the time of damage. For example,
if the development of a genetically modified food caused a change in another
plant which intern destroyed some part of the ecology, the corporation
will be liable for all coasts to correct the situation.
Source: EU firms fight "blank cheque" eco-liability law http://www.planetark.org/avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=18573
Water issues
2003 will be the Year of Potable Water
UNEP designated 2003 as Year of Potable Water. The World Water
Forum will be held in Kyoto, Japan, in January 2003.
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
Initiates Program to Fight Water Shortages
The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
plans to launch a $100 million five-year initiative in 15 developing countries
to fight water shortages. Together with the International Food Policy Research
Institute (IFPRI), they have produced the Global Water Outlook to 2025:
Averting an Impending Crisis, that projects that by 2025 water scarcity
will cause annual global losses of 350 metric tons of food production -
more than the annual grain harvest of the US.
Environment, Water And Safety in Central Asia
Regional Environmental Center of Central Asia (CAREC) launched a competition
among experts focused on the preparation of the report Environment, Water
and Safety in Central Asia, that will be disseminated among interested
parties and presented during the Fifth Ministerial Conference Environment
for Europe (Kiev, May, 2003) and World Water Forum (Kyoto, March, 2003).
Israel-Lebanon: Water Project Launched Despite Mounting Tension
The water-pumping project at the southern Wazzani River launched by
Lebanon in October despite Israel’s disagreement, could lead to an escalation
of hostilities in the region. There is no formal agreement on sharing water
in the region. At a recent meeting at the AAAS, the Israeli Director of
Friends of the Earth organization stated the stringent necessity for enforced
treaties that clearly stipulate quotas and rules for shared watersheds
in the region, to avoid future conflicts.
Sources:
CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food: http://www.cgiar.org/iwmi/challenge-program/index.htm
Global Water Outlook to 2025: Averting an Impending Crisis
http://www.inq7.net/brk/2002/oct/31/brkpol_10-1.htm
Environment, Water And Safety in Central Asia, Towards Kiev-2003, European
ECO-Forum News Digest, Nov. 15, 2002; updates are also available at http://www.carec.kz
Israel-Lebanon: Water Project Launched Despite Mounting Tension http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/util/display_stories.asp?objid=29664
Gidon Bromberg, Israeli Director, Friends of the Earth; AAAS, After
Johannesburg symposium, November 21, 2002
Post-Conflict Environmental issues
The environmental consequences of conflicts and discussions about post-conflict
pollution, testing, and clean up accelerated by the recently established
UNEP Post-Conflict Assessment Unit increases the likelihood of new international
agreements on the obligations of clean-up and damage compensation.
UNEP Assessing Depleted Uranium Sites in Bosnia
At the request of the Bosnia and Herzegovina government, UNEP has begun
contamination testing in 12 sites that may have been targeted by ordnance
containing depleted uranium (DU) during the 1994-95 Bosnian conflict. Although
UNEP reported last year that the use of shells had not caused widespread
contamination, new concerns were raised when increased rates of cancer
were found among peacekeeping soldiers in Bosnia and Kosovo. UNEP is trying
to determine the current and future health or environmental risks of using
depleted uranium. The final conclusions will be presented in a report to
be published in March 2003.
Sources: UNEP Postconflict Assessment Unit: http://postconflict.unep.ch/actbihdu.htm
UN Wire, Oct. 15, 2002 http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/2002/10/15/current.asp#29607
Increased Funds for Study of Long-term Effects Atomic Radiation
The UN Special Political and Decolonization Committee approved a draft
resolution encouraging UNEP to increase funding for the UN Scientific Committee
on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. General Assembly Resolution 56/50 called
on the Committee to continue its 47 years of work on the problems in the
field of ionizing radiation.
The draft resolution also requests dissemination of the Scientific Committee's finding to the General Assembly, the scientific community and the public, and welcomes member states' readiness to provide the committee with relevant information on the effects of ionizing radiation in affected areas. Increased funding will ensure the Scientific Committee’s ability to successfully discharge its responsibilities and mandate.
Source: http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/2002/10/16/current.asp#29644
UNEP to Release a Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment in January
2003
Preliminary findings of the UNEP assessment mission to Afghanistan
reveal key environmental problems including deforestation, drought and
erosion. Military activities, refugee movements, overexploitation of natural
resources, and a lack of management and institutional capacity have damaged
the environment during nearly three decades of war. “UNEP will perform
an assessment to explore the opportunities and benefits from a wide range
of international environmental conventions…[including] Desertification,
Climate Change, Biodiversity, Ramsar, CITES, Migratory Species, POPs, Basel
and World Heritage.” The results of a six- month UNEP assessment with recommendations
for reconstruction and recovery will be published in January 2003.
Iraqi environmental harm in Kuwait invasion greater than thought
Kuwait's Public Authority for Assessment of Compensation for Damages
Resulting from the Iraqi Aggression presented the first results from U.N.-financed
studies into environmental damage to the Governing Council of the UN Compensation
Commission this month. The study found greater Iraqi environmental damages
than first estimated. Diplomats and U.N. sources said the commission was
expected to approve a payment of almost $700 million to Kuwait for damage
due to Iraqi mines and ordnance left behind as Iraq's troops fled. The
Commission is scheduled to end its work at the end of 2004.
Source: UN Wire, Oct. 03, 2002 http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/2002/10/03/current.asp#29366
Reuters Planetark, October 3, 2002 http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/18030/story.htm
Transgenic Plants to Decontaminate
the Environment
Researchers at the University of Georgia have announced the successful
development of a transgenic plant, a member of the mustard family, which
removes arsenic from contaminated soil and concentrates it in its leaves,
to be harvested and safely destroyed. Two arsenic-protective Escherichia
coli (E. coli) genes were transferred into thale cress, which then flourished
in a normally poisonous arsenic-rich soil, and concentrated two to three
times as much arsenic as wild specimens.
Although this particular approach applies only to the absorption of arsenic, it is possible that similar transgenic methods could be developed, to produce phytoremediants for chemicals that are more likely than arsenic to be battlefield contaminants. If so, then these could find their way into international agreements on post-conflict environmental agreements.
Source: Environment News Service, Engineered Plants Soak Up Arsenic,
by Cat Lazaroff, October 7, 2002 http://ens-news.com/ens/oct2002/2002-10-07-06.asp
Copies of the paper are available by e-mail from Dr. Richard Meagher
at meagher@uga.edu.
The Rotterdam Convention Expected
to Enter into Force with within a Year
The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure
for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade provides
guidelines for identification, management and trade of harmful chemicals
and requires warning labels on certain tradable substances. The Convention
has been signed by 72 governments (plus the EU) and ratified by 33 countries;
it will enter into force after the 50th ratification, which is expected
within a year. In the meantime, countries are expected to voluntarily comply
with the evolving terms of the Convention. Currently 26 pesticides
and 5 industrial chemicals are subject to the PIC procedure under the convention.
Chemicals and pesticides subject to the PIC procedure cannot be exported
unless the importing country is made aware of their dangers and gives explicit
consent.
The ninth session of it’s Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee met in September 30 to October 4, 2002 in Bonn. The Committee agreed to include monocrotophos to the list of chemicals subject to prior informed consent in Annex III of the Rotterdam Convention and to recommendations on the range and description of DNOC, asbestos, and Granox TBC and Spinox T.
Sources: Earth Negotiations Bulletin Vol. 15 No. 75, October 7, 2002,
International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), http://www.iisd.ca/linkages/download/asc/enb1575e.txt
The Rotterdam Convention: http://www.pic.int/en/ViewPage.asp?id=104
Annex III [Chemicals Subject to The Prior Informed Consent Procedure]
to the Rotterdam Convention: http://www.pic.int/en/ViewPage.asp?id=104#III
Annex
The Stockholm Convention May
Get Some Teeth
The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), which
has been signed by 151 countries and ratified by 21, will go into force
after 50 ratifications. It calls on governments to replace existing
POPs and prevent the development of new POPs, but it had no provisions
for liability and redress of infractions. This gap was explored by a recent
workshop of the Stockholm Convention. It discussed the possibility
of shifting liability from states to private actors; difficulties in establishing
retroactive liability; obstacles to creating a viable liability regime
(including difficulties in identifying the sources of release and victims
of damage, as well as in attributing damage to a particular POP); and status
of some relevant existing international instruments in the field of liability
and redress.
Note: Arctic Pollution 2002, report by the Arctic Monitoring Assessment Program, shows that industrial pollutants from other parts of the world are threatening humans and wildlife in the Arctic and therefore calls for a global ban of POPs to protect the Arctic. The World Wildlife Fund called on Russia and the US to ratify the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
Source: Summary of the Stockholm Convention workshop on liability and
redress
19-21 September 2002; http://www.iisd.ca/linkages/sd/scwlr/sdvol75num1.html
Arctic Pollution 2002: http://www.ngo.grida.no/wwfap/core/newsroom/stories2002/10/1.html
Press release from World Wildlife Fund http://www.worldwildlife.org/toxics/whatsnew/pr_30.htm
Environmental Strategy Preparations
for 12 Countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia
Georgian Ministry of Environment with support of UNDP and OECD held
a meeting in October for countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia to
explore how to: harmonize environmental polices and legislation; monitor
and prevent environmental pollution; manage natural resources; integrate
environmental concerns into sectoral policies; use debt for environment
strategies; develop public awareness for environmental decision-making;
and identify transboundary problems in participating countries. These discussed
are to lead to a regional environmental strategy by the “Steering Group
for Elaboration of the G12 Environmental Strategy.”
Source: Environmental Strategy For 12 Countries (NIS) - Meeting in Tbilisi http://kyiv-2003.info/docs/48.html#2
Nuclear-Free Zones Continue to Grow
Central Asia agrees to become a Nuclear Free Zone
Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan agreed
to become the world's next nuclear weapons-free zone after five years of
negotiations. The treaty bans all production, testing, and admittance of
nuclear weapons in the region, as well as helping any other country to
do so. This is the first such agreement to be negotiated under the UN.
It is expected to be signed by the end of this year. Other nuclear free
zones include the Antarctic, Africa, Latin America, South Pacific, South
Asia, and Mongolia. Currently Central Europe, South Asia and the
Peninsula of Korea, and the Middle East are in negations for their own
free zones.
Source: Washington Post, October 4, 2002: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45303-2002Oct4.html
Cuba’s ratification of the Treaty of Tlatelolco completes Latin American
and the Caribbean Nuclear Weapons Free Zone
Cuba was the last of 33 eligible states to ratify the Treaty of Tlatelolco
October 26,2002, which establishes a nuclear weapon-free zone in Latin
America and the Caribbean.
Source: UN Wire, October 29, 2002 http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/current.asp#29943
Proposal for additional Protocols and/or amendments to the Nuclear-Weapons-Free-
Zone treaties
The Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America
and the Caribbean (OPANAL) has presented the paper: What means Nuclear-Weapon-Free
Zones? which specifies some principles to be considered in the existent
and future NWFZ treaties such as: applications during wartime as well as
peacetime; prohibition of peaceful nuclear tests; prohibition of military
attacks on nuclear facilities of Member States; extension of denuclearization
to the maritime areas adjacent to Member States; and a new international
enforcement mechanisms for possible cases of violating the treaties (such
as the Bangkok Treaty mentions).
Source: http://www.opanal.org/NWFZ/NWFZ1.html
Nuclear Weapons Free Zones (NWFZs): http://www.opanal.org/NWFZ/NWFZ's.htm
Aarhus Convention
meeting
Lucca, Italy, 21 to 23 October 2002
The Parties to the UN Economic Commission for Europe Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters--the Aarhus Convention --held its first meeting from 21-23 October 2002 in Lucca, Italy. The Aarhus Convention seeks to strengthen the role of the public and non-governmental organizations in environmental decision-making. A high-level segment, attended by over 20 Ministers and vice-Ministers for the environment, adopted the Lucca Declaration on the first day of the meeting.
The key elements of the Declaration include: developing a system that requires industries to report certain annual pollution emissions, adoption of guidelines on genetically modified organisms, improving public access to electronic media and the public's ability to challenge environmental decisions, establishing compliance checks to follow-up on public environmental violation concerns, and adoption of a structure to allow NGOs to gain significant representation in the Convention's governing body. Parties of the Convention agreed to work towards the adoption of an effective protocol for a pollutant release and transfer register (PRTR) system at the Kiev Ministerial Conference, to be held 21 to 23 May 2003. The Aarhus Convention entered into force on 30 October 2001, and has been ratified by 20 countries not including the US.
Sources: UNECE, Draft Lucca Declaration, October 20, 2002 http://www.unece.org/env/documents/2002/pp/mp.pp.2002.crp.1.e.pdf
Prospective International Agreements
for Mountain Regions
The Bishkek Global Mountain Summit (BGMS) was held in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan,
29 October – 1 November 2002, as the final event of the International Year
of Mountains. No proposals for specific treaties or agreements are included
in the Draft BGMS Platform, whose final version will be the principal output
document from the Summit. However, in preparation for the Summit, a series
of Thematic Papers were prepared, one of which was "Prospective International
Agreements for Mountain Regions", by Wolfgang E. Burhenne, International
Council of Environmental Law, Bonn.
"Prospective International Agreements for Mountain Regions" reveals that there is no legally binding global agreement that specifically addresses mountains related issues. The document suggests the development of international legal instruments for mountain regions, and presents a checklist and some factors that should be considered in eventual regional mountain ecosystem agreements. The paper also applies outside of the specific "mountain" context and might be used in drafting future treaties for protection of specialized regions or ecosystems.
Source: "Prospective International Agreements for Mountain Regions",
by Wolfgang E. Burhenne: http://www.globalmountainsummit.org/papers/A1.doc
Bishkek, Global Mountain Summit, 29 October – 1 November 2002 http://www.globalmountainsummit.org/home_page.html
Committee on Emerging Issues
and Data on Environmental Contaminants
The National Academies' Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
has established a new Web site for the Committee on Emerging Issues and
Data on Environmental Contaminants: http://dels.nas.edu/emergingissues/
Source: NAS e-newsletter, Fri, 18 Oct 2002
Six-year deadlock may end at
the Geneva Conference on Disarmament talks, opening possibilities for new
UN treaty initiatives
Due to an inability to agree on priorities, the Geneva disarmament
talks had been stalled since 1996. Ambassadors from Algeria, Belgium, Colombia,
Chile, and Sweden have presented a “nonpaper” placing the following key
issues on parallel tracks with their own committees and workplans: 1) negative
security assurances, or guarantees not to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear
states; 2) nuclear disarmament; 3) a ban on production of weapons-grade
fissile materials; 4) prevention of an arms race in space, or PAROS.
According to the UN Wire, there was "general agreement" on recommendations concerning fissile materials and nuclear disarmament; the major obstacle is the space arms race issue. Russia and China have circulated a paper recommending elements for a new treaty on the peaceful uses of outer space "because they find the [existing] treaty is not good enough." On the other hand, the United States feels that the existing treaty is adequate and that there is no need for negotiations on another legal instrument.
Article at http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/2002/09/04/current.asp
The Treaty web site: http://disarmament.un.org/TreatyStatus.nsf
Environmental cleanup of depleted
uranium continues in Montenegro with calls for assistance, reimbursement,
and, in some NATO countries, a ban on such ammunition
The controversy over depleted uranium continues in Europe. According
to the New York Times, depleted uranium particles have been detected in
the air and ground two years after the NATO attack of the Cape Arza area
of Montenegro in 1999. Some research in the United States, Canada and Britain
has shown that uranium particles from depleted uranium-coated bullets can
have potentially dangerous health effects, though there is no agreement
on what a harmful dose would be. As a result, cleanup and storage is warranted
by UNEP guidelines, leading the director of the Montenegro Toxicological
Institute to call for NATO to "come and take back your radioactive waste
and pay for decontamination."
If such calls proliferate, they could lead to new agreements requiring the military that used the bullets to remove them from the battlefield after the conflict or could lead to an outright ban of such ammunition.
Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/02/international/europe/02MONT.html
Global
Mercury Assessment Working Group recommends actions to UNEP’s Governing
Council including potential new UN Treaty
The evidence of environmental and health impacts of mercury have led
the Global Mercury Assessment Working Group to recommend talks for a legally-binding
treaty, measures to reduce and/or eliminate the use, emissions, discharges
and losses of mercury and its compounds, international cooperation, risk
communication, and other such actions.
Source: UNEP Chemicals, Global Mercury Assessment, http://www.chem.unep.ch/mercury/default.htm
Antigua (Northeast Pacific) Environmental
Convention
The new Convention for Cooperation in the Protection and Sustainable
Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Northeast Pacific––known
as the Antigua Convention––is intended to reduce pollution and improve
conservation of fish supplies in the northeastern part of the Pacific Ocean.
The Convention will come into force when the countries concerned ratify
it. However, the action plan has already been approved.
The contracting parties are bound to prevent, reduce, control and avoid pollution of the marine and coastal environment of the Northeast Pacific, and to avoid pollution or other environmental harm to areas beyond their boundaries. Further, they must follow the "polluter pays" principle, and the precautionary principle. They also must endeavor to perform an environmental impact analysis of any activity that might cause pollution or other significant or harmful environmental alterations to coastal areas.
Source: http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=241&ArticleID=3023
Mexico launches a major nationwide
Program for Environmental Health
The Mexican Ministry of Health has launched a major nationwide Program
for Environmental Health. The main objective of the program is to increase
the protection of the population's health against unnecessary or excessive
exposure to physical, chemical, and biological agents that are present
in the environment.
Mexico has signed or ratified 46 environmentally-related multilateral treaties. This new program will cause the provisions of those treaties to be more rigorously enforced by the government agencies that are partners in the program. Military installations, training, and joint U.S.- Mexico exercises in the border region are likely to be more closely scrutinized after the implementation of this environmental program than before.
European Parliament decides that
countries must have the right to reject genetically modified (GM) organisms
The European Union assembly voted to support legislation that will
bring EU laws into line with the Cartagena Protocol, a global treaty on
trading genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that requires exporters to
seek permission from importer countries before shipping GMOs.
Source: Reuters, September 24, 2002, EU Parliament Backs Right to Reject GM Organisms http://www.reuters.com/news_article.jhtml?type=search&StoryID=1489710
Environment in Central Asia––the
role of the International Crisis Group (ICG) and the Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
The recently issued report by the International Crisis Group, "The
OSCE in Central Asia: A New Strategy", urges the OSCE to increase its activity
in Central Asia. The OSCE has wide involvement in the European environmental
arena and it's likely that it will extend its activities to Central Asia.
Political structures and economic development have first priority in the
area, but actions toward environmental improvement have begun as well.
As Central Asian governmental structures improve and OSCE’s environmental policy assistance continues in the region, it is reasonable to expect more rigorous enforcement of existing environmental laws and treaties as well as acceptance of improved environmental policy.
Source: Summary Report (with link to full report): http://www.crisisweb.org/projects/showreport.cfm?reportid=769
Strengthening the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) Return to Geneva: A Comprehensive List of Measures. Review Conference Paper No 7; Series Editors: Graham S Pearson and Malcolm R Dando, Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford
The Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) Fifth Review Conference is scheduled to resume on 11-22 November 2002 in Geneva. This Paper examines how to strengthen the Biological Weapons Convention. It is a comprehensive analysis of the BTWC (1972) and the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) (1997) and of the measures proposed by States Parties at the Fifth Review Conference in December 2001. It highlights the necessity that States Parties continue their efforts to strengthen the effectiveness and improve the implementation of the Convention through a legally-binding instrument.
The Paper suggests language for the Final Declaration and actions that would strengthen and move the BTWC forward. It also recommends two new conventions: Convention on Criminalization of CBW that would complement both the CWC and the BTWC; and Convention on Physical Protection of Dangerous Pathogens.
Source: Return to Geneva: A Comprehensive List of Measures. Editors:
Graham S Pearson and Malcolm R Dando, http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc/briefing/RCP_7.pdf
Bradford Project on Strengthening the BTWC and Preventing Biological
Warfare http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc/home.htm
SIPRI Chemical and Biological Warfare Project: http://projects.sipri.se/cbw/cbw-mainpage.html
World Summit on Sustainable Development
(WSSD)
Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August to 4 September 2002
The WSSD was a big step forward in global awareness of the necessity of sustainable development. The outcomes will be visible in time and they will surely influence changes towards more environmentally friendly economic development. Even though the Plan of Implementation contains no specific language referring to “environmental security” or military actions, there are several paragraphs (i.e. sound management of chemicals (par. 22); deal effectively with natural disasters and conflicts, including their environmental impacts [ref. to Africa] (par. 59); and enhanced partnership between all major groups (par. 150)) and approaches relevant to the military.
Observation: military–environmental linkages seems not to have been discussed directly during the conference; however, the earlier draft of the Political Declaration [2 September, 2002] included stronger language on military conflicts and sustainable development, but it was softened in the final The Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development [4 September 2002]. (Renat Perelet, Russian Academy of Science, participant at the Conference)
The Summit’s documents call upon governments to ratify or accede to and implement the conventions and/or protocols and other relevant instruments relating to the safety and protection of the environment and to consider stronger enforcement mechanisms. It also mentions repeatedly the importance of cooperation and technical assistance and capacity-building between the developed and developing countries. This might very well apply to military activities as well
One of the key outcomes of the Summit refers to “Chemicals” and calls for the achievement by 2020 of use and production methods that do not lead to significant adverse effects on human health and the environment. It also suggests schedules for implementing some specific international instruments such as the Rotterdam Convention (2003) and the Stockholm Convention (2004). The Summit also recommended the establishment of marine protected areas consistent with international law and based on scientific information by 2012.
Sources: WSSD web site: http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/index.html
Key Outcomes of the Summit: http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/documents/summit_docs/2009_keyoutcomes_commitments.pdf
Plan of implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development:
http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/documents/summit_docs/2309_planfinal.pdf
Multinational firms that allow
foreign local contractors or employees to violate human rights may be held
liable by their own courts
A US Federal Court of Appeals has reinstated a suit against Unocal
for its actions in Myanmar where, according to villagers, abuse was inflicted
by local military forces on behalf of France's Total Elf-Fina and U.S.-based
Unocal. The alleged abuses included murder, torture, and rape. The US suit
was filed against Unocal under a 200-year-old federal law, the Alien Tort
Claims Act that gives foreign citizens the right to use US courts when
suing corporations for violating their human rights, regardless of where
those violations occurred.
Sources: Institute for Global Ethics Newswire, September 23, 2002; Los Angeles Times, Sep.19, 2002 AP, Sep. 19 -- Dow Jones, Sep. 19 – Bloomberg News, Sep. 18
International Commission on Intervention
and Sovereign States
The mandate of the Commission is to promote a comprehensive global
debate on the relationship between intervention and state sovereignty.
The Commission completed its work during the 2000/01 Millennium Assembly
year and reported back to the UN Secretary-General and the international
community in December 2001. Recently the print report was published: The
Responsibility to Protect––Report of the International Commission on Intervention
and State Sovereignty. http://www.iciss-ciise.gc.ca/report-e.asp
The central point of the report is:
States have the responsibility to protect their citizens from avoidable
catastrophe, but if they are unwilling or cannot do so, other states may
take the responsibility.
“Off-switches” for bio-weapons
Just like land mines now have “off-switches, there is a need to develop
“off-switches” for bio-weapons.
Document source: Future International Environmental Security Issues
and Potential Military Requirements over the period of 2010 to 2025, a
report for AEPI by AC/UNU Millennium Project
The report is available from the AEPI "Jarrett, Robert - AEPI" <jarrett@aepi.army.mil>.
It is also included in the 2002
State of the Future by Jerome C. Glenn and Theodore J. Gordon,
AC/UNU, Washington, DC, 2002. http://acunu.org/millennium/sof2002.html
Microbes could be required as
part of post-battle field clean up protocol in the future
If we are able to create microbes that clean up a variety of environmental
damages, then such microbes could be required in future post-battle field
clean up treaties. In theory we could alter microbial DNA to do almost
anything conceivable including restoring training and battlefield environments.
“Scientists have long looked at extremophiles––bacteria that live in hotter,
colder, more toxic, and more radioactive environments than we do––as sources
for tools.”
Source: New research to find environment-cleansing bugs; Story by Maggie Fox, Health and Science Correspondent; Reuters News Service; USA: July 25, 2002
North America's Environment:
A Thirty–Year State of the Environment and Policy Retrospective, UNEP,
August 13, 2002
Focusing on UNEP's North American region, comprising Canada and the
United States, this report provides an integrated analysis of the state
of resource assets and 30–year trends in nine major themes: atmosphere,
biodiversity, coastal and marine areas, disasters, freshwater, forests,
human health and the environment, land, and urban areas.
This report expands on the North American regional contribution to the State of the Environment chapter of GEO-3, published in May 2002.
Basically the report suggests that Canada and the United States should give much more attention to environmental matters and therefore serious policy and behavior changes are needed. The two countries account for about 5 % of world population, are responsible for about 25% of CO2 emissions, consume nine times the world average in gasoline and have an "ecological footprint" four times greater than the world average. The report indicts the two countries for exporting environmental harm to the rest of the world.
The report also points out that non-renewable resources, including water, have been intensively exploited. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA) can be enforced and extended between the two countries similar to the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (1992) that exists for the Economic Commission for Europe state members.
North America's Environment: A Thirty–Year State of the Environment
and Policy Retrospective http://na.unep.net/publications/NA/geo-na.php3
UNEP Global Judges Symposium
on Sustainable Development and the Role of Law
UNEP convened a Global Judges Symposium on Sustainable Development
and the Role of Law in Johannesburg from 18 to 20 August 2002. Chief Justices
and other senior judges from approximately 70 countries around the world
participated in the Symposium. These experts are convinced that the world-wide
effort to crack down on environmentally-damaging developments and comply
with agreements covering issues ranging from hazardous wastes to the trade
in endangered species is being undermined. This is partly due to weaknesses
in many countries' legal systems, but mainly as a result of the lax enforcement.
Press release on the Symposium: http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=259&ArticleID=3110
An action plan or "programme of work" to strengthen the development, use and enforcement of environment-related laws has been drawn up by over 100 of the world's most senior judges in a move that signals a new era in the quest to deliver sustainable development. The action plan was presented on August 27, 2002 at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=259&ArticleID=3115
One of the statements adopted at the symposium reads: We emphasize the
importance of the peaceful resolution of conflicts to avoid situations
in which weapons of war degrade the environment and cause irreparable harm
directly through toxic agents, radiation, landmines and physical destruction
and indirectly destroy agriculture and create vast displacement of people
International Liability for Injurious
Consequences Arising Out of Acts not Prohibited by International Law
In an address to the Global Judges Symposium in Johannesburg preceding
World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), Hans Correll, General Counsel
of the United Nations, described the work of the UN International Law Commission
and its efforts in preparing Conventions that can provide bases for agreements
among states. He further stated, "The International Law Commission is also
presently considering a topic entitled 'International Liability for Injurious
Consequences Arising Out of Acts not Prohibited by International Law',
and has so far completed the first part of the study which focuses on the
prevention of transboundary damage from hazardous activities." 19 Draft
Articles have been formulated, and additional ones on liability and compensation
are being considered.
Hans Correll's speech:
http://www.un.org/law/counsel/english/symposium19-08-02.pdf
"Common but differentiated responsibility"
might become a new concept, with considerable implications for the developed
(mostly North American) countries.
South African President Thabo Mbeki, President of the World Summit
on Sustainable Development, in the opening of the Summit, on August 26,
2002 called for agreement on the controversial concept of "common but differentiated
responsibility" between the developed and developing worlds in tackling
poverty and environmental crises, which would point up the disproportionate
contributions of the United States and a handful of other industrialized
countries to global environmental damage.
http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/2002/08/26/current.asp#28563
Environmental Security:
Metaphor for the Millennium
by Kheryn Klubnikin and Douglas Causey, Harvard University. Paper to
be published in Summer/Autumn 2002 issue of Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy
and International Relations. http://diplomacy.shu.edu/journal/issues.html
The report is a comprehensive history of the concept of environmental security, its evolution, rising importance, and future implications in policymaking. Using three examples (Vietnam, the Gulf States of the Middle East, and Kosovo), the authors illustrate how military conflict, environmental health, and national security are related and perceived in international contexts.
The report highlights the serious damages that military actions can––and
do––cause to the environment. Damages listed in the report go unpunished
due to the lack of international treaties or insufficient enforcement of
the existing ones.
Global Assessment of the State-of-the-Science
of Endocrine Disruptors is a new report by the International Program on
Chemical Safety
released on August 12, 2002.
An assessment prepared by an expert group on behalf of the World Health
Organization, the International Labor Organization, and the United Nations
Environment Program http://www.who.int/pcs/emerg_site/edc/global_edc_TOC.htm
The report is a global assessment of the current state of scientific knowledge relative to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDS) and environmental endocrine disruption, focusing on the global peer-reviewed scientific literature where the associations between environmental exposures and adverse outcomes have been demonstrated or hypothesized to occur via mechanisms of endocrine disruption.
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